民国时期“复兴”初高中化学教科书述评

"复兴"化学教科书由商务印书馆在20世纪30年代初出版,内容丰富,体系完整,注重联系国情。其使用贯穿整个三四十年代,是民国时期的代表性化学教科书。但也存在初、高中教材内容重复,化学理论未充分发挥指导作用,教科书栏目和实验设置不足等局限。     

中美高中化学教科书职业生涯教育栏目的比较与启示*

人民教育出版社2019年出版的普通高中化学必修教科书的“化学与职业”栏目是我国中学化学教科书中首次出现的职业生涯教育栏目,而职业生涯教育比较成熟的美国,其高中主流教科书Chemistry: Concepts and Applications中也有此类栏目。从职业的选择、职业的描述、栏目的特点等3个方面对美国教科书“在此领域”栏目与我国教科书“化学与职业”栏目进行比较,从中得出几点启示。     

深港两地高中化学教科书的比较研究——以“乙醇”为例

以“乙醇”为例,以中国大陆课程目标和香港课程目标为基准,从内容设置、栏目设置、图像系统、课后练习及版面设计5个方面比较深港两地高中化学教科书,得出2种版本的教科书均能较好地体现各自的课程目标,对化学教科书的编写提出了几点建议。     

化学课程结构的横向衔接性与创新思维

化学课程结构的横向衔接性包括化学教科书内容的横向衔接性和化学课程设置类型的横向衔接性。从化学教科书内容的横向衔接性分析,化学学科在培养学生的创新思维、提高学生的实践能力上发挥着重要的作用;从化学课程类型的横向衔接性分析,化学学科有利于增强学生探索未知世界的兴趣和能力等。在义务教育阶段的理科综合不能普及的情况下,化学课程结构的横向衔接性对于培养学生的创新思维和实践能力具有独特的作用。     

中美化学教科书中生涯教育思想的渗透比较与分析

对美国高中《化学概念与应用》和我国高中课程标准人教版、鲁科版、苏教版共4种化学教材里生涯教育内容进行比较,从功能定位、目标定向、对象呈现3个维度对中美2国的价值取向进行了分析,为我国高中化学教科书中生涯教育栏目的设置提出建议.     

值得关注的修订——美国Chemistry For Changing Times第9次修订的启示

《变化时代的化学》(Chemistry For Changing Times)是历经9次改版的一套美国化学教科书。从体系结构、呈现方式、栏目设置等方面对该书的几个版本进行分析、比较后指出：重视批判思维训练、重视学习活动安排、重视联系生命科学,是该书值得关注的发展走向,还讨论了这些走向对我国教科书编写的几点启示以及需要注意的一些问题。     

对理科化工基础实验内容的设置与改革构想

探讨了理科化学类专业如何设置化工基础实验内容。认为理科化工基础实验内容的设置应贯彻少而精的原则 ,即实验的量不宜多 ,但要精选 ,所选实验要有代表性。对理科化学类专业化工基础实验的进一步改革提出了一些设想     

中美化学教科书对"促进学生概念转变"的差异分析

概念转变在近年来的科学教育中备受关注,教科书作为重要的教学资源对于学生转变概念进行化学学习能起到怎样的作用? 以Roth"科学教科书促进概念转变的原则"为框架,对上海地区通用的化学教材和美国高中主流理科教材"Chemistry:Concepts and Applications"进行对比,分析中美化学教科书在"促进学生...     

人教版高中化学必修教科书的内容呈现方式及特点分析*

高中化学教科书是发展学生化学学科核心素养的重要载体和资源平台。依据《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》编写的人教版普通高中化学必修教科书作为分析文本,着重从栏目系统、图像系统、习题系统角度对其呈现方式进行分析,具体特点表现为:栏目系统强化功能性,图像系统凸显直观性,习题系统体现针对性、情境性、开放性,以期为高中化学教师有效使用教科书、落实化学学科核心素养的培养发挥积极作用。     

初中化学教材“调查与研究”栏目探究功能的开发

“调查与研究”栏目是义务教育化学人教版实验教科书的一部分。分析了目前“调查与研究”栏目教学的现状,提出了实施“调查与研究”栏目的有效策略,以及做好“调查与研究”栏目教学的现实意义。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。