人教版高中化学教科书“研究与实践”栏目分析与实施策略*

对人教版高中化学教科书新设计的“研究与实践”栏目的主题内容、功能价值进行分析,就如何充分发挥该栏目的教学功能和价值,发展学生的化学学科核心素养,提出了创设教学情境线索、开发为研究性学习课题、开发为校本选修课程、开发为STEM课程等实施策略。     

高中化学教材习题中生态文明教育内容选取与呈现的比较分析——以新3版必修教材为例

高中化学教材是学校开展生态文明教育不可或缺的重要载体,而习题又是教材的重要组成部分。以依据《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》编写的人教版、苏教版、鲁科版等普通高中化学必修教材为分析文本,比较分析3版教材习题中生态文明教育内容在内容选取、习题数量、习题类型、呈现形态、习题价值等方面所呈现的特点,以期为高中化学教师有效使用教材习题系统开展生态文明教育提供参考与借鉴。     

“素养+知识”视野下的化学教材习题比较研究——以“硫及其化合物”为例

基于布卢姆教育目标分类学理论,并以化学学科核心素养及其水平划分为依据,从核心素养水平、知识和认知等3个维度对高中化学不同版本教材“硫及其化合物”的课后习题进行统计分析比较。结果表明,在核心素养上,3版教材主要在核心素养的水平1和水平2上设计习题,突出“宏观辨识与微观探析”;在知识维度上更侧重“程序性知识”的考查;在认知维度上,3版教材聚焦于“理解”“运用”和“分析”层次,但是各有侧重。据此提出教材习题使用建议。     

深港两地高中化学教科书的比较研究——以“乙醇”为例

以“乙醇”为例,以中国大陆课程目标和香港课程目标为基准,从内容设置、栏目设置、图像系统、课后练习及版面设计5个方面比较深港两地高中化学教科书,得出2种版本的教科书均能较好地体现各自的课程目标,对化学教科书的编写提出了几点建议。     

关注学习进阶彰显学科核心素养——鲁科版高中化学新教材《化学反应原理》编写思路及使用建议

基于2017年版高中化学课程标准的要求,分析了化学反应原理模块学科核心素养发展内涵及其进阶.从内容结构组织、活动性栏目设计、情境素材选取与使用、微项目设置和习题评价系统设计等方面,阐述了鲁科版高中化学反应原理新教材编写思路,并提出新教材的使用建议.     

化学学科核心素养在高中教材习题中的表现—以人教版教材为例

教材习题是落实新课标倡导的基于化学学科核心素养进行评价的重要载体。以化学学科核心素养的水平划分和学业质量水平为依据,分析人教版高中必修化学教材课后习题考查的核心素养及其水平。结果表明,2007年版和2019年版教材均注重全面考查核心素养和对基础性的考查,突出考查宏观辨识与微观探析素养,突出化学本质;但2019年版教材习题在数量上有所减少,加强了科学思维和科学实践的考查,合理拓展了核心素养考查的广度和深度。最后,依据习题特征获得相应的教学启示,以促进学生核心素养的发展。     

高中化学课程模块设置的反思及建议

结合普通高中新课程化学学科模块教学的实际情况,分析了现行化学学科模块教学体系中知识体系松散、实验教学弱化以及教科书繁多等主要问题和不足,提出了必修模块重学科基础及知识体系、选修模块重个人爱好和专业发展等改进和优化高中化学学科模块体系的若干建议。     

我国现行“鲁科版”高中化学教材研究现状分析

山东科学技术出版社出版的《普通高中课程标准实验教科书·化学》,即“鲁科版”高中化学教材已经在我国4个省实验区,就中学化学教师和研究者对该套教材的内容评价和使用情况进行了综述和分析,其中包括教材编排体系、教材难度广度评价、实验内容、教材“栏目”和插图设计以及习题的呈现等几个主题。结果表明大多数教师和研究者认可该套教材的编排体系和内容设计,不过实施中也出现了一些问题,例如教材内容涉及知识范围较宽,实验设计安全性还需加强,插图缺乏吸引力,习题难度较大等。     

原始化学问题的内涵与价值

在化学教育中落实化学学科核心素养,是我国当前化学教育教学改革的现实问题。与传统习题不同的是,原始化学问题关注学生在解决“复杂的、不确定的现实问题”时的综合品质,是一种能够考查学生高水平化学学科核心素养的新型问题。对原始化学问题的内涵进行深入解读,厘清原始化学问题与化学习题的关系,发掘原始化学问题的教育价值,有助于落实化学学科核心素养,促进学生系统思维的发展,引导化学教育评价理念的变革。     

高中生对化学教科书习题的态度和评价的调查研究

以人教版高中化学教科书(必修)为例,调研了高中生对化学教科书习题的态度及评价。研究表明,学生不够重视教科书习题;学生根据教师要求及兴趣有选择地做教科书习题;学生认为教科书习题的题量、难度适中,但题型偏少,趣味性不够,功能不够突出。师生应转变观念,重新认识教科书习题的教学功能;教科书习题编制要考虑学生兴趣和需求;要为教科书习题的有效实施建立配套资源。     

充满生机和科学机遇的磷化学研究所

简要地综述了第十五届国际磷化学会议的报告内容，介绍了目前磷化学的主要 研究领域，包括不对称合成、配合化学，生物碱化学，药物化学，农业化学等相关 领域的研究动态及新进展。     

Biologically inspired 3Fe4S cluster as structural mimics of FeMoco M-cluster

A 3Fe4S cluster related to M-cluster of Mo-nitrogenase is reported. [K(THF)₅][Fe₃(μ-bdt)₂(μ-PPh₂)(CO)₅] ( 1 ) is synthesized from photo-assisted structural rearrangement of [K(THF)₂][(μ,κ²-bdt)Fe₂(μ-PPh₂)(CO)₅] under visible light irradiation. The molecular structure of 1 consists of a Fe₃ core bearing one dithiolate bridge and the second dithiolate group capping onto the metallic plane. The structural motif of 1 is analogous to that of Mo-participated 3Fe4S unit in M-cluster of Mo-nitrogenase, with the similar Fe-Fe and Fe-S bond distances. Upon protonation in 193 K, a Fe-hydride species ( 1H ) is generated and characterized to possess the bridging hydride group (δ = −12.57 ppm) by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculation. In CH₃CN solution, complex 1 exhibits a reversible reduction and oxidation process at $E_{1/2}^{\mathrm{red}}$ = −1.94 V and $E_{1/2}^{\mathrm{ox}}$ = −0.18 V, respectively, at 273 K. The reduction behavior of 1 in CH₂Cl₂ solution at 243 K displays a slight modification in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, revealing a moderate anodic potential shift (~50 mV). The current amplitude of the reduction wave is linearly increased with the increasement of acid added, indicative of the catalytic event.     

Dual zinc catalysts for L‐lactide polymerization and reaction of CO2 with cyclohexene oxide

A series of zinc complexes, [ L ^X ZnEt] ( 1–5 ) and [ L ^X Zn ₂ (OAc) ₃ ] (6–9) , associated with NNO‐tridentate Schiff base ligands (2‐(((2‐((cyclohexyl[methyl]amino)methyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenolate (CAP) derivatives), were synthesized, and their activity toward ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (LA) and the reaction of CO₂ with cyclohexene oxide were also investigated. All of [ L ^X ZnEt] revealed excellent catalytic activity to ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of LA in the presence of benzyl alcohol. Among them, [ L ^H ZnEt] (1) showed the highest activity with 82% conversation within 45 s. In contrast, [L ^X Zn ₂ (OAc) ₃ ] (6–9) were inactive in ROP of L‐lactide. In addition, all of these Zn complexes demonstrated moderate activity in the reaction of CO₂ with cyclohexene oxide in the presence of Bu₄NCl.     

环戊二烯类有机金属含硫族化学的新进展

本文系统地综述了环戊二烯类有机过渡金属含硫族(S, Se, Te) 化学领域的研究现状和进展。参考文献136 篇。     

The Chemistry of Protactinium

Protactinium exhibits an ambivalent chemical behavior. In non-aqueous solutions and in the solid state, both quadrivalent and quinquevalent protactinium has properties which characterize it as a typical actinide element. On the other hand, investigations in aqueous solution show quinquevalent protactinium to be a homologue of niobium and tantalum. It exhibits – except in hydrofluoric acid solutions – a marked tendency to undergo irreversible hydrolysis and condensation reactions, which leads to the situation that tracer amounts (ca. 10^?12 mole/l) and macroscopic amounts (10^?3–10^?6 mole/l) of protactinium often behave differently. Reduction with strong reducing agents gives aqueous solutions of Pa(IV), the properties of which again correspond in general to those of Th(IV) and show no relation to Nb(IV). Our knowledge of the chemical behavior of this rare radioelement has been advanced, in particular, by the production in 1958–1960 of 100 g of pure protactinium – the largest amount so far – from residues of the British production of uranium.     

化学学科的新视角及其在化学教育中的反映

传统化学以研究变化,关注变化前后的结果而著称。化学与其他学科,特别是生命科学的相互渗透使得化学的动态特征更加突出,化学学科格局也因之发生了变化。因此,化学需要新认识。     

有机化学进展(2011~2012)

本文综述了中国大陆地区有机化学研究人员2011至2012年两年内在合成方法学、有机合成化学、元素有机化学以及天然产物化学等领域获得的重要成果。文章中共引用参考文献355篇,其中110多篇手性金属配合物和有机小分子催化的不对称反应、金属催化的碳氢键活化等合成方法学论文和30余篇氟有机化学论文基本来源于德国《应用化学》(国际版)和《美国化学杂志》。本文汇集了中国有机化学家两年中合成的150多个具有生物活性和化学结构多样性的天然产物,其中不乏具有高度挑战性的复杂天然分子。在近两年中中国有机化学家从陆地和海洋的生物体内发现各种不同类型新天然产物90多个。     

Novel arylpyridine‐based 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles: Synthesis,antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory evaluation

In view of developing novel bioactive compounds, a series of 2‐(5‐[2‐methyl‐6‐arylpyridin‐3‐yl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐ylthio)‐1‐arylethanones (6a–n) were designed and synthesized in good yield. Novel compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities. All synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bascillus subtilis, Eschericia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Compounds 6a , 6b , 6c , 6h , and 6i displayed the highest antibacterial activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 6.25–12.5 μg/mL in comparison with the standard Ciprofloxacin. The results of anti‐inflammatory activity of carrageenan‐induced footpad edema assay indicated that tested compounds exhibited remarkable anti‐inflammatory activity with percentage of inhibition of 63.9–70.1% (potency 96.8–106.20% of indomethacin activity) after 3 hr. Particularly, 6c – e and 6j – l were found to be excellent inhibitors of inflammation, with potential higher than that of the standard, Indomethacin.     

Novel [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives embedded with benzimidazole moiety as potent antioxidants

Fourteen novel [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives bearing benzimidazole moiety ( 7a-n ) have been synthesized using the one-pot nitro reductive cyclization method. All the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), ¹³C NMR, fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), mass spectrum, and elemental analyses. All the title compounds were subjected to in vitro antioxidant activity. The free radical scavenging activity of the compounds was examined using DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide radical scavenging methods. The results demonstrated that compound 3-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-6-4-tolyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine ( 7c ) was potent in scavenging both DPPH and nitric oxide radical with IC₅₀ values of 13.57 and 18.55 μg/ml when compared to the standard with IC₅₀ values of 23.75 and 23.14 μg/ml, respectively, which was due to the presence of electron-donating groups. The activity was found to decline when electron-donating groups were replaced by electron-withdrawing groups. Moderate scavenging activity was observed for the superoxide radical. Structure activity relationship and physiochemical properties were studied for all the derivatives.