环氧化天然橡胶二次改性的研究进展

环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)分子链中存在易开环的反应性环氧基团,环氧基团的开环反应为ENR进行进一步的改性提供了极大的方便。ENR选择性氢化双键可以提高其抗热氧稳定性;ENR与胺类化合物和含磷化合物的反应,可以将防老剂和阻燃剂负载到ENR分子链上,从而达到在分子尺寸的分散;可以利用环氧基团的选择性氧化裂解制备NR基嵌段共聚物的前驱体遥爪型NR;通过环氧基团可以进行接枝改性其它聚合物;此外,分子链中的环氧基团使ENR与无机填料和其它极性聚合物共混相容性提高。     

一锅溶剂热法制备具有不同形貌特征的CdSe量子点负载石墨烯

利用Hummer氧化法制备了氧化石墨烯,并对氧化石墨烯的NaBH4化学还原法和乙二胺溶剂热还原法进行了比较,发现用乙二胺还原后可在石墨烯表面引入含氮基团,增加片层间的距离,提高分散性。采用乙二胺溶剂热还原法,发展了一锅法制备CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的简易方法。对CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的表征分析结果显示,氧化石墨烯在负载CdSe量子点的同时自身被还原,氧含量显著减少,而还原后的石墨烯表面引入了含氮基团。考察了反应温度及反应时间的影响,研究结果表明,反应温度的变化对氧化石墨烯的还原过程影响不大,而反应时间的影响相对明显。随着反应时间的延长,氧化石墨烯的还原程度越高,石墨烯表面负载的CdSe量子点则由颗粒逐渐长大成为纳米棒和支化的星状纳米结构。通过调控反应条件可在控制氧化石墨烯还原程度的同时改变石墨烯表面所负载CdSe形貌,这为形貌可控的CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的制备提供了一种有效方法。     

一锅溶剂热法制备具有不同形貌特征的CdSe量子点负载石墨烯

利用Hummer氧化法制备了氧化石墨烯,并对氧化石墨烯的NaBH₄化学还原法和乙二胺溶剂热还原法进行了比较,发现用乙二胺还原后可在石墨烯表面引入含氮基团,增加片层间的距离,提高分散性。采用乙二胺溶剂热还原法,发展了一锅法制备CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的简易方法。对CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的表征分析结果显示,氧化石墨烯在负载CdSe量子点的同时自身被还原,氧含量显著减少,而还原后的石墨烯表面引入了含氮基团。考察了反应温度及反应时间的影响,研究结果表明,反应温度的变化对氧化石墨烯的还原过程影响不大,而反应时间的影响相对明显。随着反应时间的延长,石墨烯的还原程度越高,石墨烯表面负载的CdSe则由量子点由颗粒逐渐长大成为纳米棒和支化的星状纳米结构。通过调控反应条件可在控制氧化石墨烯还原程度的同时改变石墨烯表面所负载CdSe量子点的形貌,这为形貌可控的CdSe量子点负载石墨烯的制备提供了一种有效方法。     

钾离子影响下凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面吸附行为的研究

FAM荧光基团标记的凝血酶适配子通过π-π相互作用、疏水作用等分子间相互作用力与氧化石墨烯(GO)结合;通过向反应体系中加入0~50mmol/L K~+,使用荧光分光光度计记录FAM基团的荧光变化,研究凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面的吸附行为。不存在K~+时,凝血酶适配子以单链形式吸附在氧化石墨烯表面;随着K~+的加入,凝血酶适配子形成G-四聚体结构,脱离氧化石墨烯表面;当K~+浓度从0mmol/L增加到50mmol/L,K~+屏蔽G-四聚体与氧化石墨烯之间的静电斥力,凝血酶适配子重新吸附到氧化石墨烯表面。研究结果证实,K~+影响下,凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面存在吸附-解吸-再吸附过程。     

氧化石墨烯吸附亚甲基蓝的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法研究了亚甲基蓝在不同氧化度的氧化石墨烯表面的吸附行为及其动力学性质, 从微观角度讨论了亚甲基蓝由体相到氧化石墨烯表面的吸附过程及主要作用机制, 并通过亚甲基蓝分子动力学性质解释了氧化石墨烯的氧化度和含氧官能团类型对吸附行为的影响. 结果表明, 吸附过程中, 亚甲基蓝主要受氧化石墨烯表面含氧官能团的静电作用, 以近似垂直氧化石墨烯表面的方向进入, 并以平行的方式吸附于氧化石墨烯表面; 亚甲基蓝不易脱离高氧化度氧化石墨烯的吸附位点; 吸附平衡过程中, 相对于低氧化度的氧化石墨烯, 高氧化度氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝的束缚性更强, 同时与亚甲基蓝间相互作用更强; 含氧官能团中的环氧基与亚甲基蓝间的作用势能更强, 且羟基能够与亚甲基蓝间形成氢键结构, 共同保障了亚甲基蓝吸附层的稳定性.     

乙烯基Ia3d介孔硅分子筛的环氧化及其固定化青霉素酰化酶(英文)

采用直接共聚法合成表面含有乙烯基的具有立方相Ia3d结构的介孔硅分子筛(V-ClMS),然后对乙烯基团进行环氧化制备得到表面环氧基功能化的介孔硅分子筛(E-CIMS),采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、透射电镜、热重分析和13C固体核磁共振对制备的介孔硅分子筛进行了表征.结果表明,表面含有乙烯基的V-ClMS介孔硅分子筛能被一步成功合成,并易于发生环氧化而获得表面环氧基功能化的E-CIMS介孔硅分子筛.将E-CIMS介孔硅分子筛作为载体用于固定化青霉素G酰化酶(PGA),研究了表面环氧基团对固定化PGA初活性和操作稳定性的影响.结果表明,随着表面环氧基团数量的增加,介孔硅分子筛孔径减小,表面疏水性增加,导致载酶量和初活性减小.但介孔硅分子筛表面适量的环氧基团能增强E-CIMS介孔硅分子筛与PGA之间的相互作用,从而提高固定化PGA的操作稳定性.     

氧化锌有序结构在Au(111)和Cu(111)上的生长（英文）

利用NO_2或O_2作为氧化剂,研究了氧化锌在Au(111)和Cu(111)上的生长和结构。NO_2表现了更好的氧化性能,有利于有序氧化锌纳米结构或薄膜的生长。在Au(111)和Cu(111)这两个表面上,化学计量比氧化锌都形成非极性的平面化ZnO(0001)的表面结构。在Au(111)上,NO_2气氛下室温沉积锌倾向于形成双层氧化锌纳米结构;而在更高的沉积温度下,在NO_2气氛中沉积锌则可同时观测到单层和双层氧化锌纳米结构。O_2作为氧化剂时可导致形成亚化学计量比的ZnOx结构。由于铜和锌之间的强相互作用会促进锌的体相扩散,并且铜表面可以被氧化形成表面氧化物,整层氧化锌在Cu(111)上的生长相当困难。我们通过使用NO_2作为氧化剂解决了这个问题,生长出了覆盖Cu(111)表面的满层有序氧化锌薄膜。这些有序氧化锌薄膜表面显示出莫尔条纹,表明存在一个ZnO和Cu(111)之间的莫尔超晶格。实验上观察到的超晶格结构与最近理论计算提出的Cu(111)上的氧化锌薄膜结构相符,具有最小应力。我们的研究表明,氧化锌薄膜的表界面结构可能会随氧化程度或氧化剂的不同而变化,而Cu(111)的表面氧化也可能影响氧化锌的生长。当Cu(111)表面被预氧化成铜表面氧化物时,ZnOx的生长模式会发生变化,锌原子会受到铜氧化物晶格的限域形成单位点锌。我们的研究表明了氧化锌的生长需要抑制锌向金属基底的扩散,并阻止亚化学计量比ZnOx的形成。因此,使用原子氧源有利于在Au(111)和Cu(111)表面上生长有序氧化锌薄膜。     

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯由于特殊的电子、光学、力学性能已成为当今科学研究的热点.重点综述了近年来石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性研究进展.首先介绍了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯的基本结构与性质.然后将表面功能化分为非共价键结合改性、共价键结合改性和元素掺杂改性.非共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：π-π键相互作用、氢键作用、离子键作用以及静电作用.共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：碳骨架功能化、羟基功能化、羧基功能化和环氧基功能化.元素掺杂改性分为N、B、P等不同元素的掺杂功能化.总结了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯基体与改性分子的相互作用和反应类型,以及改性产物的性能与应用.最后对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯在表面功能化改性方面的发展前景作了展望和预测.     

高介电常数石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料的制备与性能

在原位聚合制备氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料的过程中,加入季铵盐表面活性剂,抑制氧化石墨烯在高温亚胺化时的聚集,同时将氧化石墨烯原位还原,获得高介电常数的石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料.结果表明,采用四丁基溴化铵和四丁基碘化铵作为还原剂,利用原位化学还原方法所制备的石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料的介电常数超过聚酰亚胺薄膜40倍以上,复合材料的热稳定性和机械性能也优于聚酰亚胺薄膜.热重分析结果表明,在复合材料高温亚胺化过程中,季铵盐发生热分解,未残留在复合材料中.     

氧化锌有序结构在Au(111)和Cu(111)上的生长

利用NO₂或O₂作为氧化剂,研究了氧化锌在Au(111)和Cu(111)上的生长和结构。NO₂表现了更好的氧化性能,有利于有序氧化锌纳米结构或薄膜的生长。在Au(111)和Cu(111)这两个表面上,化学计量比氧化锌都形成非极性的平面化ZnO(0001)的表面结构。在Au(111)上,NO₂气氛下室温沉积锌倾向于形成双层氧化锌纳米结构;而在更高的沉积温度下,在NO₂气氛中沉积锌则可同时观测到单层和双层氧化锌纳米结构。O₂作为氧化剂时可导致形成亚化学计量比的ZnO_x结构。由于铜和锌之间的强相互作用会促进锌的体相扩散,并且铜表面可以被氧化形成表面氧化物,整层氧化锌在Cu(111)上的生长相当困难。我们通过使用NO₂作为氧化剂解决了这个问题,生长出了覆盖Cu(111)表面的满层有序氧化锌薄膜。这些有序氧化锌薄膜表面显示出莫尔条纹,表明存在一个ZnO和Cu(111)之间的莫尔超晶格。实验上观察到的超晶格结构与最近理论计算提出的Cu(111)上的氧化锌薄膜结构相符,具有最小应力。我们的研究表明,氧化锌薄膜的表界面结构可能会随氧化程度或氧化剂的不同而变化,而Cu(111)的表面氧化也可能影响氧化锌的生长。当Cu(111)表面被预氧化成铜表面氧化物时,ZnO_x的生长模式会发生变化,锌原子会受到铜氧化物晶格的限域形成单位点锌。我们的研究表明了氧化锌的生长需要抑制锌向金属基底的扩散,并阻止亚化学计量比ZnO_x的形成。因此,使用原子氧源有利于在Au(111)和Cu(111)表面上生长有序氧化锌薄膜。     

Photovoltaic properties of graphene oxide sheets beaded with ZnO nanoparticles

A hybrid material of graphene oxide (GO) sheets beaded with ZnO nanoparticles was prepared. The material extends over a few hundred square nanometers, in which the ZnO nanoparticles (average diameter (∼5 nm)) are dispersed evenly on the GO sheet. Both the surface photovoltage or surface photocurrent intensity for the material are much stronger than for pure ZnO nanoparticles, meaning that the free charge carriers can effectively be transferred from ZnO nanoparticles to GO sheets, which can serve as a probe to monitor the electron transfer from excited ZnO to GO. Anchoring ZnO nanoparticles on two dimensional carbon nanostructures such as GO can pave a way towards the design of ordered nanostructure assemblies that can harvest light energy efficiently.     

Conducting film from graphite oxide nanoplatelets and poly(acrylic acid) by layer-by-layer self-assembly

A [poly(acrylic acid)/graphite oxide]n [(PAA/GO)(n)] film with a conductivity of 60 S.cm(-1) was grown layer-by-layer (LbL) using Langmuir-Blodgett self-assembly techniques. GO nanoplatelets were prepared from natural graphite by oxidizing, ball milling, exfoliating, and modifying with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that PAA and GO stack orderly LbL and repeatedly in the (PAA/GO)(n) films, and about three carbon molecular layers are superposed on each GO sheet. Fourier transform infrared spectra offer evidence for the interaction between the carboxylic groups on PAA and the CTAB on the surface of the GO nanoplatelets. Electrochemistry measurements show that the conductivity of the (PAA/GO)(n) film depends on the carbon-carbon interlayer height of the GO sheet, and the (PAA/GO)(n) film has a typical positive temperature coefficient effect above the PAA melting temperature. The atomic force microscopy images reveal that CTAB molecules stack in a well-ordered head-to-head structure on both surfaces of the GO nanoplatelets and the GO nanoplatelets are embeded between PAA layers.     

纯水中氧化石墨烯的超声裁剪及机理研究

采用超声在纯水中对氧化石墨烯(GO)进行裁剪, 研究了超声时间对GO片层尺寸、 官能团种类和含量的影响, 探讨了超声裁剪GO的机理. 用原子力显微镜(AFM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物进行观测, 结果表明, 随着超声时间延长, GO片层平均直径从2000 nm减小至200 nm. 红外光谱(FTIR)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及热分析结果表明, 随着超声时间延长, GO的含氧官能团种类没有变化, 但是GO含氧官能团总量逐渐升高, 其中环氧基团含量逐渐下降, 羧酸基团含量变化不大, 酮基基团含量先下降后升高, 羟基基团含量先升高后下降, 醚氧基团含量逐渐升高. 基于上述结果, 提出了超声裁剪GO的机理: 超声空化现象形成的剪切力使GO的碳碳键、 环氧、 酮基基团断裂, GO片层尺寸变小; 在超声诱导下水分子形成的羟基自由基和氢自由基与片层上断裂形成的碳自由基结合生成羟基或醚氧基团, 未发生水解的碳自由基形成新的碳碳键, 长时间的超声作用还会使羟基基团发生断裂并转化成酮基基团. 利用超声在纯水中裁剪GO的条件温和, 不使用其它化学试剂, 可以有效控制GO片层尺寸, 是一种具有应用前景的二维材料裁剪技术.     

环氧树脂/氧化石墨纳米复合物的等温固化行为研究

用示差扫描分析仪(DSC)研究了氧化石墨(GO)对N,N,N',N'-四缩水甘油基-4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷环氧树脂(TGDDM)/4,4'-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)体系的等温固化反应的影响,用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了GO上存在的官能团及其对TGDDM/DDS体系固化行为的影响,用热失重分析仪(TGA)研究了天然石墨和GO的热力学稳定性.XPS、FTIR和TGA结果表明,GO上存在的大量羟基、羧基、环氧基等官能团能够影响环氧树脂的固化行为.DSC研究发现,环氧树脂/氧化石墨纳米复合物的固化反应属于自催化类型,随着GO含量的增加,达到最大反应速率的时间不断减小,初始反应速率不断增大,这说明GO对环氧树脂的固化反应有促进作用.Kamal模型计算得到的结果表明,随着GO含量的增加自催化反应初期阶段表观活化能E1先减小再增大,而自催化反应结束后表观活化能E2略微减小.经Kamal模型扩散控制函数修正后,整个固化过程中拟合得到的结果与实验数据相当吻合.以上结果说明,少量的GO对TGDDM/DDS体系的固化反应起着催化作用.     

ZnO/graphene-oxide nanocomposite with remarkably enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance

In this work, a high-performance photocatalyst of ZnO/graphene-oxide (ZnO/GO) nanocomposite was synthesized via a facile chemical deposition route and used for the photodegradation of organic dye from water under visible light. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N(2) adsorption-desorption analysis, and UV-Vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy. The ZnO/GO nanocomposite consisting of flower-like ZnO nanoparticles anchored on graphene-oxide sheets has a high surface area and hierarchical porosity, which is benefit to the adsorption and mass transfer of dye and oxygen species. For the photodegradation of organic dyes under visible light, ZnO/GO nanocomposite exhibited remarkably enhanced photocatalytic efficiency than graphene-oxide sheets and flower-like ZnO particles. Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO/GO nanocomposite could be further improved by annealing the product in N(2) atmosphere. The outstanding photocatalytic performance was ascribed to the efficient photosensitized electron injection and repressed charge carriers recombination in the composite with GO as electron collector and transporter, thus leading to continuous generation of reactive oxygen species for the degradation of methylene blue.     

Anchoring calcium carbonate on graphene oxide reinforced with anticorrosive properties of composite epoxy coatings

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano‐CaCO₃) anchored graphene oxide (GO) sheet nanohybrids (GO‐CaCO₃) are fabricated, and their structure can be measured by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Afterwards, composite epoxy coatings, filled with GO and GO‐CaCO₃ nanohybrids, are prepared via a curing process. The dispersion and anticorrosive properties of composite epoxy coatings are investigated. The results reveal that GO‐CaCO₃ nanohybrids achieve a homogeneous dispersion as well as reinforce corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings. Furthermore, the anticorrosive mechanisms are tentatively proposed for the GO‐CaCO₃/epoxy coatings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氧化石墨烯在氧化锌衬底上的电化学还原及其光电性能

采用阳极电泳法,在氧化锌(ZnO)衬底上沉积氧化石墨烯(GO)以形成GO-ZnO双层复合膜;采用阴极恒电位法,对复合膜上的GO进行还原。对不同还原时间的GO,通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS),傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱,场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)等手段对其结构变化进行表征,采用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度法和电化学测试手段对其能级演变进行考察,并对两者的对应关系进行了讨论。研究发现,当GO膜达到最大还原态后,随还原时间增加还会出现进一步的结构转变,并最终碎裂生成边缘羧基增多的小尺寸GO。GO能隙均减小至可见光范围,其能级位置及半导体极性也产生了不同的改变。由对复合膜的光电化学测试可见,除1800 s GO能级不再与ZnO匹配外,60 s到600 s GO-ZnO复合膜均可作为阳极光电极进行太阳光电转换。对光电性能差异的讨论则可得,GO膜碎裂造成叠层形貌向无序形貌的转变有利于光电转换性能的提升。     

Acetone‐Induced Graphene Oxide Film Formation at the Water–Air Interface

Graphene oxide (GO) is an amphiphilic soft material, which can accumulate at the water–air interface. However, GO sheets diffuse slowly in the aqueous phase because of their large size. It is still challenging to form high quality GO films in a controllable and simple way. In this study, we showed that GO sheets can quickly migrate to the water–air interface and form thin films when a suitable amount of acetone is directly mixed with a GO aqueous dispersion. The film formation rate and surface coverage of GO sheets depend on the volume of acetone added, GO dispersion concentration, and formation time. Among several organic solvents, acetone has its advantage for GO film formation owing to its three properties: a nonsolvent to GO aqueous dispersions, miscible with a GO aqueous dispersion, and fast evaporation. Furthermore, we have found that the film formation also is governed by the size of GO sheets and their oxygen content. Although smaller GO sheets could migrate to the water–air interface faster, the overlapping of small GO sheets and the increase in contact resistance is not desirable. A higher oxygen content in GO sheets could also result in smaller GO sheets. Multilayer GO films can be obtained through layer‐by‐layer dip‐coating. These findings open opportunities in developing simple scalable GO film fabrication processes.     

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy-based nanocomposite

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles particles on the mechanical properties and the curing behavior of an epoxy nanocomposite were studied. Nanocomposites were prepared using different loadings of pre-dispersed ZnO nanoparticles having an average size of 40 nm. The surface topography and morphology of the nanocomposites were studied using atomic force microscope (AFM). The mechanical properties of nanocomposites were studied using analytical techniques including dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and micro-Vickers hardness. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the curing behavior of these nanocomposites were investigated utilizing isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimeter techniques. In addition, chemical compositions of coatings containing different ZnO nanoparticles contents were studied using a Fourier transform inferred. It was found that, ZnO nanoparticles can effectively influence the mechanical properties of epoxy coating. In addition, lower curing degrees, and therefore crosslinking density of epoxy coating including higher ZnO nanoparticles were obtained. This effect was completely different at low and high loadings of the particles.     

Rational Design of Carboxyl Groups Perpendicularly Attached to a Graphene Sheet: A Platform for Enhanced Biosensing Applications

Graphene oxide (GO)‐based materials offer great potential for biofunctionalization with applications ranging from biosensing to drug delivery. Such biofunctionalization utilizes specific functional groups, typically a carboxyl moiety, as anchoring points for biomolecule. However, due to the fact that the exact chemical structure of GO is still largely unknown and poorly defined (it was postulated to consist of various oxygen‐containing groups, such as epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and peroxy in varying ratios), it is challenging to fabricate highly biofunctionalized GO surfaces. The predominant anchoring sites (i.e., carboxyl groups) are mainly present as terminal groups on the edges of GO sheets and thus account for only a fraction of the oxygen‐containing groups on GO. Herein, we suggest a direct solution to the long‐standing problem of limited abundance of carboxyl groups on GO; GO was first reduced to graphene and consequently modified with only carboxyl groups grafted perpendicularly to its surface by a rational synthesis using free‐radical addition of isobutyronitrile with subsequent hydrolysis. Such grafted graphene oxide can contain a high amount of carboxyl groups for consequent biofunctionalization, at which the extent of grafting is limited only by the number of carbon atoms in the graphene plane; in contrast, the abundance of carboxyl groups on “classical” GO is limited by the amount of terminal carbon atoms. Such a graphene platform embedded with perpendicularly grafted carboxyl groups was characterized in detail by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and its application was exemplified with single‐nucleotide polymorphism detection. It was found that the removal of oxygen functionalities after the chemical reduction enhanced the electron‐transfer rate of the graphene. More importantly, the introduction of carboxyl groups promoted a more efficient immobilization of DNA probes on the electrode surface and improved the performance of graphene as a biosensor in comparison to GO. The proposed material can be used as a universal platform for biomolecule immobilization to facilitate rapid and sensitive detection of DNA or proteins for point‐of‐care investigations. Such reactive carboxyl groups grafted perpendicularly on GO holds promise for a highly efficient tailored biofunctionalization for applications in biosensing or drug delivery.