基于液相色谱-质谱法的不同花期金银花代谢组学分析

基于液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)建立了金银花代谢组学分析方法,优化得到最佳提取试剂为甲醇-水(体积比3∶1),并对方法的重复性和精密度进行了考察。结果表明方法的稳定性良好,满足代谢组学分析的要求。通过质量数、保留时间和二级质谱数据对金银花中的初生和次生代谢物进行了定性分析,共鉴别出157个代谢物,包括氨基酸、核苷、脂肪酸、脂质等初生代谢物以及酚酸、黄酮、环烯醚萜苷等次生代谢物。不同花期的金银花代谢组学分析发现,次生代谢物酚酸类、黄酮类和环烯醚萜苷类的含量随着花期的增加而显著下降。初生代谢物中,大部分氨基酸、核苷、氧化脂肪酸的含量显著下降,而大部分的溶血磷脂酰胆碱(Lyso PC)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(Lyso PE)和脂肪酸的含量显著上升。该研究结果可为金银花药效成分代谢调控机制的深入研究及后期种植采收提供理论指导。     

基于液相色谱-串联质谱技术的新疆一枝蒿植物代谢组学分析方法研究

药用植物化学成分种类繁多、结构复杂,而传统方法难以获得全面反映其所含成分随时间、品种和生态环境等因素发生的变化信息,因此需要建立系统、全面的分析方法以进行整体物质基础研究。本研究开展了基于液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术的新疆一枝蒿植物代谢组学分析方法研究,并将其应用于该植物不同组织器官代谢组的差异分析。重点考察了样品前处理过程中的提取溶剂及比例、复溶溶剂比例、超声时间对非靶向代谢组学研究的影响,以代谢物覆盖度为主要指标选择了最优条件并进行了方法学验证。采用上述前处理方法和LC-MS/MS分析方法,获得了新疆一枝蒿根、茎、枝、叶、花不同组织器官的代谢组信息,并构建多变量统计模型进行分析,发现花与其它组织器官的代谢组存在显著差异。结合数据库检索与化合物质谱裂解规律分析,获得差异代谢物的结构类型,包括61个黄酮类、97个一枝蒿酮酸衍生物、7个绿原酸类化合物及15个其它类型化合物。进一步采用聚类热图分析针对上述180个差异代谢物在各组织器官的分布情况进行表征,初步揭示了各类化合物在不同组织器官的分布特征。本研究不仅为新疆一枝蒿植物化学成分的组织器官分布及其有效成分的合理利用提供了重要信息,同时为药用植物的质量控制、品种改良以及合理开发提供了新的研究策略。     

蜂蜜中松二糖的核磁检测

建立了一种测定蜂蜜中松二糖含量的核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)法。在酸性条件下,蜂蜜样品用磷酸盐缓冲液溶解后与重水混合,经400 MHz液体核磁共振仪采集~1H NMR,以邻苯二甲酸氢钾为内标定量。该方法不同加标水平的平均回收率在90.6%～94.4%之间,平均相对标准偏差为0.74%～1.9%。分析比较了我国3种新鲜原料蜜(洋槐蜜、荆条蜜和油菜蜜)中水分和松二糖的含量分布,结果表明洋槐蜜品质较高,其松二糖含量最高而水分最低;油菜蜜中松二糖含量最低而水分含量最高;荆条蜜的情况介于洋槐蜜与油菜蜜之间。该研究可为蜂蜜中松二糖的测定及蜂蜜质量的控制提供技术支持。     

基于MALDI质谱成像技术分析莲子中代谢物的组织分布

该文建立了一种可对莲子中多种代谢物进行高覆盖分析的基质辅助激光解吸附质谱成像(MALDI-MSI)方法,实现了莲子中生物碱类、黄酮类、氨基酸类、脂肪酸类、有机酸类、胆碱类、磷脂类等多种代谢物的组织原位可视化表征。结果表明,生物碱类代谢物主要分布在莲子胚芽中;黄酮类代谢物主要分布在莲子胚芽和种皮中;氨基酸类代谢物在莲子子叶中的含量显著高于莲子胚中;脂肪酸类代谢物在莲子不同组织中的分布差异很小;胆碱类代谢物在莲子胚芽和莲子子叶底部的含量更高,甘油磷酸胆碱在莲子子叶顶部的含量更高;有机酸类代谢物以及绝大多数磷脂类化合物在莲子子叶中的含量高于莲子胚。该研究为评价莲子药物质量、探究莲子中化合物的时-空代谢网络提供了新的技术支持。     

基于非靶向代谢组学的茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮代谢产物的差异分析

为了探究西洋梨品种茄梨及其红色芽变红茄梨成熟期果皮代谢产物差异,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,对茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮进行非靶向代谢组学研究。通过主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析,构建了多变量统计分析模型,结合模型和变量重要性投影与最大差异倍数值,基于精确质量数、二级碎片以及同位素分布,使用PMDB(Plant Metabolome Database)数据库进行定性,筛选并鉴定出茄梨和红茄梨果皮中显著性变化(P<0.05, VIP(variable importance in project)≥1)的差异代谢物有83种,主要包括酚酸类、黄酮类和氨基酸类物质,涉及类黄酮代谢、氨基酸代谢、苯丙烷类代谢等代谢途径,其中53种物质含量上调,30种物质表达下调。通过KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)数据库进一步对差异代谢物质进行通路富集分析,差异代谢物主要分布在20条代谢途径中,P<0.05的代谢途径有6条,分别是类黄酮生物合成、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成、苯丙烷生物合成、丁酸酯代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢。这些差异代谢物的变化可能是导致茄梨和红茄梨果皮色泽不同的原因。该研究从植物代谢组学角度初步揭示了茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮的代谢产物差异性。     

丹酚酸A甲基结合代谢物的制备与结构鉴定

利用具有高儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)活力的大鼠肝细胞液体外温孵代谢反应,首次制备了4种丹酚酸A(SAA)的甲基结合代谢物。HPLC分析结果显示,这些体外温孵代谢产物与大鼠经静脉途径给予SAA后在体内生成的代谢产物一致。以ODS为固定相,甲醇-水混合溶剂体系梯度洗脱,经中压柱层析分离,制得纯度在95%以上的代谢产物单体成分。综合应用ESI-MS、MS2,以及1H NMR,13C NMR,HSQC和HMBC等波谱方法,并与母体化合物SAA进行波谱数据的对比分析,鉴定这4种甲基结合代谢物分别为3-甲氧基丹酚酸A(1)、3’-甲氧基丹酚酸A(2)、3,3″-二甲氧基丹酚酸A(3)和3’,3″-二甲氧基丹酚酸A(4)。     

黄酮类化合物糖苷化修饰研究进展

黄酮类化合物是植物产生的一种多酚类次生代谢产物,许多黄酮类化合物具有诸如抗菌、抗癌、抗氧化等生理活性,对这些物质进行糖苷化修饰有望提高其生理活性和稳定性、改善其水溶性。本文综述了黄酮类化合物糖苷化修饰的研究进展。     

山茱萸炮制过程中环烯醚萜苷类成分的质谱研究

利用高效液相色谱-电喷雾多级串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MSn)联用技术, 对传统中药山茱萸炮制过程中环烯醚萜苷类成分的变化进行了研究. 采用反相C18色谱柱, 二元线性梯度洗脱, 分离并获得了山茱萸中7个环烯醚萜苷类化合物. 并通过电喷雾一级质谱获得了上述7种化合物的分子量信息, 利用电喷雾质谱的源内碰撞诱导解离技术, 获得了该类化合物在负离子模式下的碎裂特征, 在此基础上, 对其进行了结构鉴定和含量分析. 首次发现了差向异构体7α-乙氧基莫诺苷和7β-乙氧基莫诺苷化合物. 研究结果表明, 当采用HPLC-ESI-MS法分析山茱萸环烯醚萜苷类化合物时, 通过色谱保留时间色谱峰面积和质谱特征两方面信息能够提供更加准确可靠的定性定量结果.     

千里光中几种黄酮和酚酸类成分的分离与鉴定

对千里光(Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.)全草的乙酸乙酯提取部位进一步分离,得到4个黄酮类化合物和2个酚酸类化合物,经理化性质和NMR及MS谱学数据鉴定分别为槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（Ⅰ）、金丝桃苷（Ⅱ）、槲皮素（Ⅴ）、异鼠李素（Ⅵ）、绿原酸（Ⅲ）和咖啡酸（Ⅳ）。 其中化合物Ⅰ~Ⅵ均为首次从千里光属植物中分离鉴定。     

基于超高效液相色谱－串联质谱的不同加工干燥方法下的杜仲代谢组学分析

考察了不同加工干燥方法对杜仲整体代谢产物的影响。分别制备新鲜杜仲、堆置“发汗”、烫泡“发汗”和阴干杜仲样品,进行超高效液相色谱－串联质谱代谢组学分析。通过主成分分析（PCA）、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS－DA）等多元统计分析方法,筛选出不同加工干燥方法下杜仲的差异代谢物,比较其相对含量。结果显示,4个组的杜仲样品在PCA得分图中可明显区分。与新鲜杜仲相比,杜仲加工干燥后有170种以上的代谢物发生显著变化,其中超过80%的代谢物表达上调。3种加工干燥方法之间,堆置“发汗”杜仲的上调代谢物数量较多,且有利于木脂素和香豆素类、环烯醚萜类、醌类成分的合成;阴干有利于酚酸类成分的保留,烫泡“发汗”则有利于黄酮类成分的保留。通过比较不同加工干燥方法下杜仲的差异代谢物,为探究杜仲药材的品质形成机制及优选其加工方法提供了科学依据。     

Quality Evaluation of Light- and Dark-Colored Hungarian Honeys,Focusing on Botanical Origin,Antioxidant Capacity and Mineral Content

Melissopalynology, antioxidant capacity and mineral and toxic element contents were analyzed in eight types of Hungarian honeys. Based on color, two groups were distinguished: light honeys comprised acacia, amorpha, phacelia and linden honeys; while dark honeys included sunflower, chestnut, fennel and sage honeys, with 100 to 300 and 700 to 1500 mAU, respectively. The unifloral origin of each sample was supported using pollen analysis. The absorbance of honey correlated positively with antioxidant capacity determined by three different methods (TRC, DPPH, ORAC), and also with mineral content. The exception was the light amber linden honey with significantly higher K content and antiradical activity than other light honeys. The Mn, Zn and Fe contents were the highest in chestnut, sunflower and fennel honeys, respectively. The black meadow sage honey performed best regarding the content of other elements and antioxidant activity. The concentrations of several toxic elements were below the detection limit in the samples, indicating their good quality. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed correlations between different antioxidant assays and minerals, and furthermore, confirmed the botanical authentication of the honeys based on the studied parameters. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first to provide a complex analysis of quality parameters of eight unifloral Hungarian honeys.     

A solid-phase extraction procedure coupled to 1H NMR, with chemometric analysis, to seek reliable markers of the botanical origin of honey

The aim of this work was to establish an analytical method for identifying the botanical origin of honey, as an alternative to conventional melissopalynological, organoleptic and instrumental methods (gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC). The procedure is based on the ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profile coupled, when necessary, with electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and two-dimensional NMR analyses of solid-phase extraction (SPE)-purified honey samples, followed by chemometric analyses. Extracts of 44 commercial Italian honeys from 20 different botanical sources were analyzed.Honeydew, chestnut and linden honeys showed constant, specific, well-resolved resonances, suitable for use as markers of origin. Honeydew honey contained the typical resonances of an aliphatic component, very likely deriving from the plant phloem sap or excreted into it by sap-sucking aphids. Chestnut honey contained the typical signals of kynurenic acid and some structurally related metabolite.In linden honey the ¹H NMR profile gave strong signals attributable to the mono-terpene derivative cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid (CDCA) and to its 1-O-β-gentiobiosyl ester (CDCA-GBE). These markers were not detectable in the other honeys, except for the less common nectar honey from rosa mosqueta. We compared and analyzed the data by multivariate techniques. Principal component analysis found different clusters of honeys based on the presence of these specific markers.The results, although obviously only preliminary, suggest that the ¹H NMR profile (with HPLC–MS analysis when necessary) can be used as a reference framework for identifying the botanical origin of honey.     

基于液相色谱-高分辨质谱的代谢组学技术用于麦卢卡蜂蜜的甄别

采用基于液相色谱-高分辨质谱的代谢组学技术对麦卢卡蜂蜜以及国内主要蜂蜜品种的代谢谱进行全面分析，实现了麦卢卡蜂蜜与其他蜂蜜的区分，建立了偏最小二乘法判别模型，对测试样品能够取得很好的鉴定效果。实验从麦卢卡蜂蜜中筛选出高度表达的3-苯乳酸、甲氧基苯乙酮、二氢麻醉椒苦素、芹菜素等黄酮和肉桂酸类等34种代谢标志物，所构建的标志物组合模型的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积达到了0.99。该文建立的代谢组学方法为麦卢卡蜂蜜的质量控制提供了新的思路。     

Conventional and Organic Honeys as a Source of Water- and Ethanol-Soluble Molecules with Nutritional and Antioxidant Characteristics

The benefits of natural honeybee products (e.g., honey, royal jelly, beeswax, propolis, beevenom and pollen) to the immune system are remarkable, and many of them are involved in the induction of antibody production, maturation of immune cells and stimulation of the immune system. The type of plants in the geographical area, climatic conditions and production method have a significantly influence on the nutritional quality of honey. However, this variability can influence consumer liking by the sensory attributes of the product. The aim of this work was to compare the most popular honeys from Poland in terms of nutritional value, organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity. In the study, five varieties of honey (honeydew, forest, buckwheat, linden and dandelion) from conventional and organic production methods were tested. The nutritional characteristics of honey samples included acidity, content of water, sugars, vitamin C, HMF and phenolics (total and flavonoids), while honey color, taste, aroma and consistency were investigated in the organoleptic characteristics. The antioxidant activity was determined in water- and ethanol-soluble honey extracts using DPPH and ORAC tests. The results showed that organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of popular Polish honeys differ significantly in relation to plant source and production method. The significant effect of honey variety on the content of HMF, saccharose and phenolics, as well as acidity and antioxidant capacity were noted. The impact of variety and variety × production method interaction was significant in the case of the content of vitamin C, glucose and fructose. A visible difference of buckwheat and forest honeys from other samples was observed. The highest content of total phenolics with antioxidant activity based on the SET mechanism was found in buckwheat honeys, while forest honeys were richer in flavonoids.     

The European Food Legislation and its impact on honey sector

The paper discusses the role of EC Directive 2001/110 on honey trading. Authors have demonstrated that, being the amount of developed hydroxymenthylfurfural (HMF) also correlated to honey chemical composition, the limit of 15mg\Lg, in low enzume honeys, is unjustifiable and become a barrier to trade for some unifloral honeys (citrus) Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at Presented at AOAC Europe/Eurachem Symposium, March 2005, Brussels, Belgium     

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry reveals the widespread occurrence of flavonoid glycosides in honey,and their potential as floral origin markers

HPLC-MS–MS analysis of unifloral honey extracts has shown the occurrence of flavonoid glycosides in most of the analyzed samples. These compounds are not present in large amounts, but can reach up to 600 μg/100 g honey in canola and rapeseed honeys. Rhamnosyl-hexosides (tentatively rutinosides and neohesperidosides) and dihexosides (hexosyl(1→2)hexosides and hexosyl(1→6)hexosides) of flavonols such as quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and 8-methoxykaempferol, are the main flavonoid glycosides found in honey. However, flavonoid triglycosides and monoglycosides are also detected in some floral origins. Eucalyptus and orange blossom nectars were collected and analyzed showing that nectar flavonoid glucosides, as is the case of eucalyptus flavonoids, can be readily hydrolyzed by the bee saliva enzymes, while flavonoid rhamnosyl-glucosides, as is the case of citrus nectar flavonoids, are not hydrolyzed, and because of these reasons the flavonoid glycoside content of citrus honey is higher than that of eucalyptus honey that contains mainly aglycones. The flavonoid glycoside profiles detected in honeys suggest that this could be related to their floral origin and the results show that the HPLC-MSn ion trap analysis of flavonoid glycosides in honey is a promising analytical method to help in the objective determination of the floral origin of unifloral honeys.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中的5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱

建立了强阳离子固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法用于测定蜂蜜中野百合碱、克氏千里光宁、倒千里光碱、千里光菲啉和千里光宁等5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱。蜂蜜样品用0.1 mol/L盐酸溶解,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱富集净化后,高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行定性和定量。以Phenomenex C₁₈柱(100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm)为分析柱,乙腈和0.1%(体积分数)甲酸-5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式下进行检测。结果表明,5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.99。在1、20和50 μg/kg加标水平下,11种不同种类蜂蜜中的5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱的平均回收率为73.1%~107.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.1%~17.0%,方法检定量限可达到1.0 μg/kg。该方法准确灵敏,可适用于不同种类进出口蜂蜜中双稠吡咯啶类生物碱的监控分析。利用该方法对来自中国8个省及自治区的洋槐蜜、葵花蜜、棉花蜜、油菜蜜、荆条蜜、枣花蜜、荞麦蜜和来自新西兰、西班牙、澳大利亚等国家的进口蜂蜜进行了筛查。结果发现,野百合碱、克氏千里光宁和倒千里光碱均未检出,而千里光菲啉和千里光宁在大多数蜂蜜中均能检出,千里光菲啉含量在11.0~31.1 μg/kg范围内,千里光宁含量在8.3~29.1 μg/kg范围内。     

全自动在线固相萃取-液相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定麦卢卡蜂蜜中的特征标志物

建立了全自动在线固相萃取-液相色谱-高分辨质谱(SPE-LC-HRMS)测定麦卢卡蜂蜜中特征标志物3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯-4-双葡萄糖糖苷(leptosperin)的方法。以Dikma Diamonsil Plus C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为分析柱,0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾负离子、目标二级离子扫描模式下进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.5~100.0 mg/L范围内该分析物的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 3,方法的检出限(LOD,S/N≥3)和定量限(LOQ,S/N≥10)分别为3 mg/kg和10 mg/kg。在不同蜂蜜样品中分别添加50.0、100.0、200.0 mg/kg(洋槐蜜中添加10.0、20.0、50.0 mg/kg)特征化合物标准品进行加标回收率试验,平均回收率为82.0%~95.2%,相对标准偏差为2.7%~9.7%(n=6)。利用该方法对来自新西兰12种不同品种的95个蜂巢成熟原蜜和来自4个国家50个商品化蜂蜜进行了验证。该法快速、灵敏、准确,可为解决进口新西兰麦卢卡蜂蜜的判别难题提供技术支持。     

An approach to acyclo-1-deazathymidine c-nucleosides via 3,5-dichloro-6-methyl-2H-1,4-oxazin-2-one.

An approach to the synthesis of acyclo-1-deazathymidine nucleosides is described. Diels-Alder reaction of 3,5-dichloro-6-methyl-2H-1,4-oxazin-2-one with acetylenic compounds 4 and 5 yielded the 3-[(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy]-methyl- and 3-bromomethyl-5-methyl-2,6-dichloropyridine intermediates 7 and 8. The bromomethyl group of compound 8 underwent easy substitution with the appropriate nucleophiles, permitting the introduction of acycLo sugar moieties. The resulting 3-substituted 2,6-dichloro-5-methyl pyridines 9a,b - precursors for some acyclo pyridine-C-nucleosides - were treated with sodium phenylmethoride to afford 2,6-dibenzyloxypyridines 10a,b. Debenzylation using a palladium-strontium carbonate catalyst gave the unstable C-nucleosides 2a,b of the 6-hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one type. A stable 6-hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one 2c, exempt from benzylic oxygen, was obtained via cycloaddition of THP-protected 6-hydroxy-1-hexyne.     

Bioactive Molecules for Discriminating Robinia and Helianthus Honey: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electron Spray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Polyphenolic Profile and Physicochemical Determinations

Bioactive molecules from the class of polyphenols are secondary metabolites from plants. They are present in honey from nectar and pollen of flowers from where honeybees collect the “raw material” to produce honey. Robinia pseudoacacia and Helianthus annuus are important sources of nectar for production of two monofloral honeys with specific characteristics and important biological activity. A high-performance liquid chromatography–electro spray ionization–mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS) separation method was used to determine polyphenolic profile from the two types of Romanian unifloral honeys. Robinia and Helianthus honey showed a common flavonoid profile, where pinobanksin (1.61 and 1.94 mg/kg), pinocembrin (0.97 and 1.78 mg/kg) and chrysin (0.96 and 1.08 mg/kg) were identified in both honey types; a characteristic flavonoid profile in which acacetin (1.20 mg/kg), specific only for Robinia honey, was shown; and quercetin (1.85 mg/kg), luteolin (21.03 mg/kg), kaempferol (0.96 mg/kg) and galangin (1.89 mg/kg), specific for Helianthus honey, were shown. In addition, different phenolic acids were found in Robinia and Helianthus honey, while abscisic acid was found only in Robinia honey. Abscisic acid was correlated with geographical location; the samples collected from the south part of Romania had higher amounts, due to climatic conditions. Acacetin was proposed as a biochemical marker for Romanian Robinia honey and quercetin for Helianthus honey.