基于液相色谱-质谱法的不同花期金银花代谢组学分析

基于液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)建立了金银花代谢组学分析方法,优化得到最佳提取试剂为甲醇-水(体积比3∶1),并对方法的重复性和精密度进行了考察。结果表明方法的稳定性良好,满足代谢组学分析的要求。通过质量数、保留时间和二级质谱数据对金银花中的初生和次生代谢物进行了定性分析,共鉴别出157个代谢物,包括氨基酸、核苷、脂肪酸、脂质等初生代谢物以及酚酸、黄酮、环烯醚萜苷等次生代谢物。不同花期的金银花代谢组学分析发现,次生代谢物酚酸类、黄酮类和环烯醚萜苷类的含量随着花期的增加而显著下降。初生代谢物中,大部分氨基酸、核苷、氧化脂肪酸的含量显著下降,而大部分的溶血磷脂酰胆碱(Lyso PC)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(Lyso PE)和脂肪酸的含量显著上升。该研究结果可为金银花药效成分代谢调控机制的深入研究及后期种植采收提供理论指导。     

基于空气动力辅助离子化-超高分辨质谱成像技术的大鼠肾脏组织中多种类代谢物的分布研究

质谱成像是近年来发展迅速的新型分子成像技术,在生物医药领域受到越来越广泛的关注。本研究采用敞开式的空气动力辅助离子化-高分辨质谱技术,建立了大鼠肾脏组织中内源性代谢物的质谱成像分析方法(AFAI-MSI)。大鼠肾脏组织经冷冻处理后制备冷冻组织切片,以乙腈-异丙醇-水(4∶4∶2,V/V)为喷雾溶剂,流速为5μL/min,喷雾气(N_2)压力为0.6 MPa,空气辅助气流速为45 L/min,质谱扫描范围为70~1000 Da,质量分辨率为70000。采用正离子检测模式的AFAI-MSI方法对大鼠肾脏组织切片进行了成像分析,结果发现有机胺、糖、神经递质、维生素、多肽、有机酸、甘油磷脂、鞘脂、甘油脂、固醇酯等38种不同类型、其含量差异达4个数量级的内源性代谢物,并观察到这些代谢物在肾脏中呈组织特异性分布,直观地呈现了与肾脏渗透压梯度形成有关的胆碱、乙酰胆碱、甜菜碱、磷酸胆碱和甘油磷酸胆碱等多种小分子代谢物的皮质-髓质轴向分布特征。上述结果表明,基于超高分辨质谱的AFAI-MSI分析方法无需样品预处理,灵敏度高,代谢物覆盖范围宽,可同时获取多种小分子代谢物的结构、含量及其空间分布信息,有望为肾脏中内源性代谢物的原位表征和代谢调控机制研究提供一种新的分析方法。     

基于UPLC-Q/TOF MS技术探讨竹节参总皂苷对HepG2细胞脂质代谢的改善作用

基于细胞代谢组学技术研究竹节参总皂苷改善HepG2细胞脂质代谢的机制。应用棕榈酸和油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂质沉积模型，竹节参总皂苷干预24 h后进行油红O染色和甘油三酯分析。采用改良的Bligh-Dyer法将细胞内源性代谢物分为极性和非极性部位，运用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q/TOF MS）技术检测代谢物，结合多元统计分析和火山图筛选差异代谢物，并富集代谢通路。结果显示，竹节参总皂苷可显著改善HepG2细胞脂质沉积模型的脂质代谢。从极性部位鉴定了34个差异代谢物，主要为脂肪酸和氨基酸类成分；从非极性部位鉴定了28个差异代谢物，主要为磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、神经酰胺类成分。差异代谢物在竹节参总皂苷干预后均有恢复至正常水平的趋势。该研究提示竹节参总皂苷改善HepG2细胞脂质沉积模型的脂质代谢与调控鞘脂代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、脂肪酸代谢、炎症反应密切相关。     

气相色谱-质谱结合主成分分析方法用于鼻咽癌病人血清中代谢产物的定性定量分析

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定鼻咽癌患者和健康人血清样本中多种代谢物的方法。采用肟化-硅烷化的两步衍生方法,利用DB-5MS毛细管柱程序升温法分离血清中的多种成分。利用NIST标准质谱库和标准品对尿液中的代谢物进行定性定量分析,共鉴定出氨基酸、糖类、脂肪酸、有机酸和酯类等28种内源性代谢物质;进而使用主成分分析(PCA)模式识别方法分析健康人和病人血清中代谢产物差异。结果表明,该方法简便快捷,易于操作,且灵敏度高,能够同时检测血清中的多种组分,且在主成分分析下有明显的分类,因此可为鼻咽癌的早期诊断和发病机制研究提供新的策略。     

气相色谱-质谱法结合偏最小二乘-判别分析用于血清和血浆中代谢物的比较分析

建立了肟化-硅烷化衍生血清和血浆中代谢物的方法,结合气相色谱-质谱法,可实现有机酸、氨基酸、脂肪酸和胆固醇等多类代谢物的同时分析测定。方法学考察结果表明,该方法准确可靠,重复性、精密度和回收率良好,满足血清和血浆样本代谢物分析的要求。利用建立的方法,对40个健康人血清样本和34个健康人血浆样本中的代谢物进行对比分析。结果表明,吲哚-3-乙酸是血浆中特有的代谢物;共有的39个代谢物中,有32种在血清和血浆中的含量有显著性差异。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析(PLSDA)建立血清和血浆的判别模型,并筛选出了5种区分血清和血浆的重要代谢物,即磷酸、异亮氨酸、2,3,4-三羟基丁酸、柠檬酸和硬脂酸。研究结果为代谢组学研究中血清和血浆样本的选择提供了依据。     

离子色谱在中草药成分分析中的应用

离子色谱是用于分离分析不同基质样品中离子性物质的一种新型高效液相色谱技术。自1975年发展至今,已被广泛应用于环境、能源、食品、医药等多个领域,具有操作简单、分析快速、灵敏度和选择性高,且能同时分离测定多种组分等优点。近年来,随着离子色谱技术自身迭代发展,可测定分析的样品种类已包括离子、糖类、氨基酸、有机酸(碱)等,同时离子色谱法也越来越成为针对中草药复杂组分中单个有效成分分析与鉴定的重要手段。本文介绍了离子色谱技术的不同类型、原理及研究进展,整理了近几十年离子色谱在中草药糖苷类、氨基酸、蛋白质、无机盐以及有机酸、生物碱类和黄酮类等复杂成分中的应用情况;检索文献发现,离子交换色谱、电导检测法为离子色谱中最常用的技术类型和检测方式,且目前离子色谱在生物碱类成分分析中的应用展现出较传统分析方法更好的优势,但在无机阴离子的形态分析和黄酮类、苯丙素类、甾体类等主要活性物质中的直接应用研究报道较少。最后,综述了离子色谱(联用)新技术及其在中草药中的最新进展,并对该色谱方法未来在复杂组分分离分析方面的应用进行了探讨和展望,为离子色谱技术分析中草药复杂化学成分的进一步发展提供理论参考。     

基于亲水作用色谱和反相色谱四极杆-飞行时间质谱技术的水稻叶片代谢轮廓分析

采用四极杆-飞行时间液相色谱-质谱联用(Q-TOF LC/MS)方法,比较不同提取方法对水稻叶片中代谢物提取结果的影响,建立了HSS T3和XBridge Amide相结合的水稻叶片代谢轮廓分析方法。以检出峰数目、初步鉴定的代谢物数量、种类以及代谢途径为指标,探讨了甲醇-氯仿-水,甲醇-氯仿-氨水,甲醇-甲基叔丁基醚-水3种提取方法和不同色谱系统对水稻叶片中代谢物提取及分离的效果。结果表明,甲醇-氯仿-水对水稻叶片中代谢物的检出覆盖率最高,提取到的独有代谢物最多,分别为苯甲酸、木樨草素、α-亚麻酸、乌头酸、赤霉素A12醛、异牧荆素、L-谷氨酸;HSS T3和XBridge Amide色谱柱同时应用实现了对极性不同的代谢物较全面的检测,初步鉴定到16种有机酸、17种核苷酸、21种氨基酸、66种脂肪酸、11种磷脂、7种鞘脂,XBridge Amide在分离检测磷脂和鞘脂类化合物方面具有明显优势;鉴定到的代谢物所涉及的代谢途径为嘌呤代谢、嘧啶代谢、三羧酸循环、精氨酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢、磷脂代谢、鞘脂代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢以及维生素B2的合成。两种色谱柱初步鉴定到的代谢物和涉及的代谢途径均存在一定的互补性,本方法可望用于水稻代谢表型的差异性研究。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定人血浆中多种内源性代谢物

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法同时测定人血浆中脂肪酸、氨基酸、糖类、有机酸、酯类及胆固醇等多种内源性代谢物的方法。以十七烷酸为内标,利用甲醇除蛋白,肟化-硅烷化法衍生化来预处理样品;气相色谱-质谱测定中,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱,程序升温分离血浆中多种物质。实验获得二维数据后用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)解析重叠色谱峰,用NIST质谱库和标准品共鉴定出45种内源性代谢物。结果表明方法简便、灵敏度高,已成功应用于健康人和冠心病人血浆中多种内源性代谢物的同时定性定量分析。     

基于UPLC/Q-TOF MS的糖尿病尿液代谢组学研究

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用开展糖尿病尿液代谢组学研究。尿液样品经稀释过滤后进样分析,对采集的谱图进行峰提取、峰匹配和过滤后,采用主成分分析的偏最小二乘-判别分析进行数据分析。结果发现,糖尿病人较正常人尿液的代谢表型发生了显著变异,主成分分析得分散点图中健康对照组与患病组分类良好;根据谱库共筛选了18个表征标记物,对其中14个进行了结构鉴定。糖尿病患者尿液中的糖、脂、氨基酸等代谢通路均发生了紊乱,在糖类代谢物中,钠葡萄糖醛酸含量明显高于正常对照组;在脂肪酸类物质中,20-羧基花生四烯酸、棕榈酸及磷脂酰肌醇在糖尿病患者尿液中含量高于正常对照组;氨基酸类代谢物中,酪氨酸、N-β-丙氨酰-L组氨酸、色氨酸含量较正常人低,戊二酸、烟酰甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、苯丙氨酸等含量升高。     

气相色谱-质谱结合化学计量学方法用于2型糖尿病小鼠尿液代谢物的定性定量分析

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定2型糖尿病(Type 2Diabetes Melli-tus,T2DM)KK-ay小鼠尿液中多种代谢物的方法。样品预处理中,以核糖醇为内标,用甲醇去除蛋白,尿酶去除尿素,经N2吹干后用肟化-硅烷化法进行衍生;气相色谱-质谱测定中,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱程序升温法分离尿样中的多种成分。获得二维数据后用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)对重叠色谱峰进行解析,并结合NIST标准质谱库和标准品对尿液中的代谢物进行定性定量分析,共鉴定出氨基酸、糖类、脂肪酸、有机酸和酯类等43种内源性代谢物质。结果表明,该方法简便快捷,易于操作,且灵敏度高,能够同时检测尿液中的多种组分。     

Metabolomics Analyses of Cotyledon and Plumule Showing the Potential Domestic Selection in Lotus Breeding

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seeds are widely consumed as functional food or herbal medicine, of which cotyledon (CL) is the main edible part, and lotus plumule (LP) is commonly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the chemical components of CL and LP in dry lotus seeds, not to mention the comparison between wild and domesticated varieties. In this study, a widely targeted metabolomics approach based on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-electrospray ionization-Tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was utilized to analyze the metabolites in CL and LP of China Antique (“CA”, a wild variety) and Jianxuan-17 (“JX”, a popular cultivar). A total of 402 metabolites were identified, which included flavonoids (23.08% to 27.84%), amino acids and derivatives (14.18–16.57%), phenolic acids (11.49–12.63%), and lipids (9.14–10.95%). These metabolites were classified into ten clusters based on their organ or cultivar-specific characters. Most of these metabolites were more abundant in LP than in CL for both varieties, except for metabolites belonging to organic acids and lipids. The analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) demonstrated that more than 25% of metabolites detected in our study were DAMs in CL and LP comparing “JX” with “CA”, most of which were less abundant in “JX”, including 35 flavonoids in LP, 23 amino acids and derivatives in CL, 7 alkaloids in CL, and 10 nucleotides and derivatives in LP, whereas all of 11 differentially accumulated lipids in LP were more abundant in “JX”. Together with the fact that the seed yield of “JX” is much higher than that of “CA”, these results indicated that abundant metabolites, especially the functional secondary metabolites (mainly flavonoids and alkaloids), were lost during the process of breeding selection.     

Studies on the Alkaloids of Lotus Receptacle

From lotus receptacle (seed pod of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., four alkaloids, nuciferine (I), N-nornuciferine (VIII), oxoushinsunine (IX) and N-norarmepavine (X) were isolated. Identification of these bases were carried out by their spectral data and direct comparison with authentic samples. It is interesting that oxoushinsunine (IX), a cytotoxic alkaloid shows tumor inhibitory activity against nasopharynx carcinoma reported recently by D. Warthen et al¹³⁾. The biscoclaurine (IV and V) and quaternary water soluble base (VI) only occures in the embryo. Comparison their alkaloids distribution in each part of Formosan lotus was listed in the Table 1.     

Distribution of Primary and Specialized Metabolites in <em>Nigella sativa</em> Seeds, a Spice with Vast Traditional and Historical Uses

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L., Ranunculaceae) is an annual herb commonly used in the Middle East, India and nowadays gaining worldwide acceptance. Historical and traditional uses are extensively documented in ancient texts and historical documents. Black cumin seeds and oil are commonly used as a traditional tonic and remedy for many ailments as well as in confectionery and bakery. Little is known however about the mechanisms that allow the accumulation and localization of its active components in the seed. Chemical and anatomical evidence indicates the presence of active compounds in seed coats. Seed volatiles consist largely of olefinic and oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly p-cymene, thymohydroquinone, thymoquinone, γ-terpinene and α-thujene, with lower levels of sesquiterpenes, mainly longifolene. Monoterpene composition changes during seed maturation. γ-Terpinene and α-thujene are the major monoterpenes accumulated in immature seeds, and the former is gradually replaced by p-cymene, carvacrol, thymo-hydroquinone and thymoquinone upon seed development. These compounds, as well as the indazole alkaloids nigellidine and nigellicine, are almost exclusively accumulated in the seed coat. In contrast, organic and amino acids are primarily accumulated in the inner seed tissues. Sugars and sugar alcohols, as well as the amino alkaloid dopamine and the saponin α-hederin accumulate both in the seed coats and the inner seed tissues at different ratios. Chemical analyses shed light to the ample traditional and historical uses of this plant.     

Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Great Changes in Nonvolatile Metabolites of Oolong Teas during Long-Term Storage

As a semifermented tea, oolong is exceedingly popular worldwide for its elegant, flowery aroma and mellow, rich taste. However, recent marketing trends for old oolong teas and their chemical quality largely remain unexplored. In this study, we applied widely targeted metabolomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) combined with multivariate analysis to investigate the chemical change of oolong teas in the aging process. With the increasing of store time, most nongalloylated catechins; tannins, including TFs and proanthocyanidins; flavonols and glycosylated flavonols; amino acids and their derivatives; nucleotides and their derivatives; and lots of alkaloids and phospholipids declined, while most fatty acids and organic acids increased, and galloylated catechins, GA, and caffeine were almost stable. The result also suggested that approximately seven years (but not an infinite extension) was a special period for oolong tea storage, which brings about excellent taste.     

Determination of Lotus Leaf Alkaloids by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection

Lotus (nelumbo) is a traditional Chinese medical herb, and alkaloids are responsible for its pharmaceutical activities. Therefore, a rapid, validated method to determine alkaloids in lotus leaves is useful for its quality control. The goal of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the identification and quantitation of the bioactive alkaloids of extracts from lotus leaf and classification of lotus germplasm based on alkaloid concentrations. Solid-phase extraction was used prior to high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection at 272 nm and tandem electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for analysis. Nuciferine and O-nornuciferine were the dominant compounds in lotus used for seed production and some used for flower production. However, anonaine, roemerine, and N-nornuciferine were abundant only in some lotus flowers. All the lotuses were classified into four groups by principal component analysis of alkaloid content: 10 flower and three seed lotuses characterized by high nuciferine and O-nornuciferine content; 12 flower lotuses with high N-nornuciferine, roemerine, and anonaine content; two flower lotuses with a relatively high content of all five alkaloids; and cultivars with a low alkaloid content and without dominant alkaloids.     

Chromatographic Analysis for Fatty Acids and Lipid-Soluble Bioactives of Derris indica Crude Seed Oil

A combination of column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of Derris indica crude seed oil. Hexane extract of Derris indica oilseeds was found to be 56%. Level of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by α-linolenic, palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterized by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. γ-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol while the rest being α-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition of Derris indica oil is of major importance.     

The Analgesic Properties of Corydalis yanhusuo

Corydalis yanhusuo extract (YHS) has been used for centuries across Asia for pain relief. The extract is made up of more than 160 compounds and has been identified as alkaloids, organic acids, volatile oils, amino acids, alcohols, and sugars. However, the most crucial biological active constituents of YHS are alkaloids; more than 80 have been isolated and identified. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the phytochemical and pharmacological effects of these alkaloids that have significant ties to analgesia.     

Correlation among Metabolic Changes in Tea Plant Camellia sinensis (L.) Shoots,Green Tea Quality and the Application of Cow Manure to Tea Plantation Soils

Traditionally, the supplement of organic manure in tea plantations has been a common approach to improving soil fertility and promoting terroir compounds, as manifested by the coordinated increase in yield and quality for the resulting teas. However, information regarding the effect of organic manure in the metabolome of tea plants is still inadequate. The metabolite profiles of tea shoots applied with cow manure, urea or no fertilizer were studied using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In total, 73 metabolites were detected, and the modulated metabolites included mainly amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids. In particular, glutamine, quinic acid and proline accumulated more in tea shoots in soils treated with cow manure, but octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and eicosanoic acid were drastically reduced. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that organic acids and amino acids in tea shoots were the two major metabolite groups among the three treatments. The analysis of metabolic pathways demonstrated that the cow manure treatment significantly changed the enrichment of pathways related to amino acids, sugars and fatty acids. Sensory evaluation showed that the quality of green teas was higher when the plants used to make the tea were grown in soil treated with cow manure rather than urea during spring and late summer. The results indicated that the application of cow manure in soils changed the metabolic characteristics of tea shoots and improved the qualities of the resulting teas.     

Composition of the phospholipids of the cotton plant Gossipium barbadense

Summary 1. The fatty-acid compositions of the oil, the total phospholipids, and the main groups of phospholipids of the seed kernels of the fine-fibered cotton plant of variety 5904-I have been determined. The complete qualitative identity of the acids present in them and quantitative similarity of the acids in the oil and in the total phospholipids have been shown: in the degree of increasing saturation the phospholipids form the following sequence: phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols.2. It has been established by enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A₂ of kufi venom that the unsaturated fatty acids are present in position of the PCh, PE, and PI molecules — to the extent of 90.6%, 96.5%, and 85.4%, respectively.3. From the position distribution of the fatty acids in the phospholipids, their possible molecular compositions have been calculated.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 693–697, November–December, 1975.     

Lipids and flavolignans from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silybum marianum</Emphasis>

Lipids from the air-dried aerial part (AP) and seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth. (Asteraceae) were studied. The class and fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (AP, seeds) and glyco- and phospholipids (AP) were determined. Neutral lipids (NL) with a complicated set of lipophilic components, mainly triterpenols, sterols, and their esters predominated in the AP. The fatty acids of the AP were dominated by 16:0, 18:2 (glycolipids), and 18:3 (neutral lipids, phospholipids); of seed NL, by 18:2 and 18:1. The content and composition of flavolignans isolated from defatted seeds and the content of total protein in the meal were found.