小体积常压气体中微量水分分析方法研究

本文在卡尔·费休库仑法的基础上建立了一套独特的分析系统和相应的分析方法,用以分析常温常压下小体积气体中微量水分。通过检测高纯氮气中的微量水分考核了方法的精密度,分析数据的实验标准偏差U<10%;通过分析空气中的水分含量验证了方法的准确度,空气中水分的测量值与计算值在误差范围内一致。小体积常压气体中微量水分的卡尔.费休分析方法的建立,对分析贮存环境气体内水分变化规律及采取有效措施控制封装气体内水分含量,建立较干燥的贮存环境具有指导作用。     

不同底气中微量CO,CO2和CH4的定量分析

对不同底气中微量CO, CO_2和CH_4进行定量分析。考察了在HayeSep D,Porapak Q和5A分子筛色谱柱上,不同底气中2μmol/mol的CO, CO_2和CH_4在气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)上的响应值,并且对这3种气体在不同色谱柱上的出峰情况进行了讨论。选择氮气为底气的混合气作为标准,分别对氢气,氩气和氦气为底气的混合气进行校准,比较不同底气相同浓度的3种气体在FID上校准值和重量值的相对偏差。在5A分子筛柱上,以氢气为底气的混合气中一氧化碳和甲烷的校准偏差分别为–19%和–20%;在Porapak Q柱上,以氢气为底气的混合气中二氧化碳和甲烷的校准偏差小于1.0%。当采用以氮气为底气的混合气校准氦气、氩气、氢气为底气的混合气时,在5A分子筛柱上,以氢气为底气的一氧化碳和甲烷校准偏差最大。该方法具有良好的重复性和准确度,适用于高纯气体中常见杂质的测定。     

TG-DSC-MS联用研究不同气氛下腰果壳油改性热塑性酚醛树脂的热裂解特性

采用热重-差示扫描量热-质谱联用技术(TG-DSC-MS)研究了腰果壳油改性热塑性酚醛树脂在不同气氛下热分解过程中质量、能量、气体产物的变化规律,利用Coats-Redfern法计算了腰果壳油改性热塑性酚醛树脂热分解的动力学参数。结果表明,裂解气氛能显著影响样品的热解过程:与氮气气氛下相比,样品在空气气氛下的失重区间总数和主失重区温度范围均增加,且有2个主失重区,裂解更加完全;氮气气氛下,在主失重区表现明显的吸热效应,而在空气气氛下,第Ⅰ主失重区的热效应与升温速率有关,第Ⅱ主失重区放热明显;在反应深度α为0.10~0.90的区间内,分别采用一级四段、一级六段对样品在氮气、空气气氛下的热裂解过程进行模拟,得到氮气气氛下各段的平均活化能为17、65、32、13 kJ·mol-1,空气气氛下各段的平均活化能为72、23、14、12、19、57 kJ·mol-1。不同气氛下,MS总离子流图信号强度与TG曲线的变化规律具有一致性,但气氛种类对裂解产物种类和相对含量有较大影响:惰性气氛(Ar气)下,样品更容易裂解成烷基酚(苯酚、甲基苯酚、乙基苯酚、二甲苯酚、三甲苯酚)、烷基苯(苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯、乙基甲苯)等芳香烃类和烷烃类(甲烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、己烷)等气态产物,芳香烃化合物为主产物,生成量在305~333℃达到第一个峰值,408~460℃附近达到第二峰值;而在有氧的空气气氛中,CO2、H2O和甲酸为主要气体产物,释放量明显比惰性气氛下大,芳香烃类化合物只在第一个主失重区有逸出,种类和释放量明显较少,且未检测到烷烃类化合物。     

用气相色谱仪测定变压器油中气体

本文采用多柱自动切换气相色谱仪和真空全脱气装置对变压器和互感器用油中的气体进行了系统的分析，除可测定油中的氢、甲烷、乙炔、乙烯、乙烷、二氧化碳和一氧化碳等气体外，还可根据不同需要测定氮、氧以及Ｃ３和Ｃ４烃的含量。本方法已用于诊断变压器和互感器内部变化及故障。     

气相色谱法分析超高纯六氟化钨中杂质气体

采用气相色谱-放电离子化检测器分析超高纯六氟化钨中微量杂质气体的含量。自行设计了一套反吹双通路分析系统,当六氟化钨中的气相杂质进入检测器后,将六氟化钨及时反吹出去,避免六氟化钨对仪器的腐蚀。通过正交试验确定了气相色谱仪的最佳工作参数,确定了采用不同的色谱柱进行分析时,仪器的最佳反吹时间。据此提出了气相色谱法分析六氟化钨中的四氟化碳、二氧化碳、六氟化硫、氧气、氮气和一氧化碳等痕量杂质气体。     

生物油部分氧化气化制备合成气研究

以生物油为原料,在常压和空气氛围下进行非催化部分氧化气化实验制备合成气,考察了气化温度、氧油比对合成气形成特性及合成气品质的影响,并对生物油非催化部分氧化气化制备合成气的主要反应过程进行了讨论。结果表明,升高温度可以促进生物油经非催化部分氧化气化制合成气过程中相关转化反应的进行,合适的氧油比有利于合成气的增加。当温度为1 050℃,空气量为0.2 L/min,进料量为72 g/h时,生物油经部分氧化产生的气体中H₂含量最高,CH₄、CO和CO₂很少;H₂/CO和H₂/(CO+CO₂)均达到最大值,分别为4.3和3.2。     

微拟球藻热解及其催化热解制备生物油研究

在氮气气氛下对微拟球藻直接热解及其在H-ZSM-5上的催化热解实验进行了研究。在573K～773K考察了热解温度对热解油产物分布的影响。与木质纤维素生物质的热解相比,微拟球藻的热解不仅温度更低,而且油的收率更高。催化剂H-ZSM-5在热解中起到了脱极性官能团和芳构化的作用,使得热解油中的芳香族化合物含量增多,极性化合物含量减少。与木质纤维素生物质相比,微拟球藻热解获得的油热值更高,适合进一步加工为燃油。     

氦气置换过程中未知杂质分析

用美国GOW—MAC公司的气相色谱仪和Agilent公司的气相色谱仪对某卫星气体贮箱在氦气置换化验过程中发现的未知杂质进行试验分析,经分析未知杂质的来源可能是所用气体贮箱处理时的残留物。试验发现,氧化剂贮箱氦气和燃烧剂贮箱氦气经3次氦气置换后未知杂质的色谱峰消失。提出了消除未知杂质的的建议。     

稻壳生物油的燃烧及污染物排放特性研究

对稻壳生物油在空气气氛下进行了热重分析,并计算得到生物油的挥发、降解和残炭燃烧的活化能分别为63.11kJ/mol、81.01kJ/mol和161.29kJ/mol。在自砌的小型工业窑炉上开展了生物油燃烧实验,研究了生物油的点火工艺和燃烧污染物的排放规律。通过调整喷雾速度和喷嘴结构,在炉膛预热并使用明火点火源的情况下,生物油可以顺利点火。生物油燃烧容易生成CO,提高过量空气系数能有效地控制CO的生成,但同时会生成更多的NOx。在生物油中添加甲醇和乙醇助剂后,点火容易,燃烧温度提高,尾气中CO和NOx含量都一定程度的下降。     

动态预浓缩法富集变压器油中溶解的C2烃

利用动态预浓缩方法对溶解在变压器油中的乙炔、乙烯和乙烷进行了富集,在１０ｍＬ顶空气体的进样量下得到了１００倍的富集效果,因此可以用热导检测器替代氢火焰离子化检测器,使在线检测成为可能,通过比较溶解气体从变压器油中脱出的方法发现,超声振荡比机械振荡的脱气效率提高几十至上百倍。     

温室气体监测及所需标准气体的研究

综述温室气体监测的意义及监测工作的现状。介绍温室气体监测用空气中二氧化碳、甲烷标准气体的制备方法,对两种标准气体的各项性能指标、组分含量范围、定值不确定度、均匀性,以及随时间、压力变化的稳定性作了详细讨论。     

标准气体在检测可燃气体报警器中的重要性

介绍可燃气体报警器的检测现状，分析可燃气体报警器检测元件中毒的原因，强调了检测可燃气体报警器时使用标准气体的重要性，以及标准气体的正确使用。     

三检测通道-气相色谱法快速分析天然气的组成

采用配有五阀(2个十通阀和3个六通阀)、七柱(2根毛细管柱和5根填充柱)和三检测器(氢火焰离子化检测器A、热导检测器B和C)的气相色谱法测定了天然气的组分。借助阀的切换系统及设置的分析程序,一次进样便可实现天然气常规组分的测定。检测器A用于烃类气体的检测,检测器B用于永久气体的检测,检测器C用于氢气检测。根据标准样品组分的保留时间对未知样品作定性检测,用外标法进行定量测定。方法的精密度符合国家标准GB/T 13610-2003中的规定,本方法所测得的由标准气体所混合组成的标准样品中,各组分的测定值与标准值之间的相对误差均小于5%。     

三通道气相色谱法监测大气中CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)、N_(2)O和SF_(6)北大核心CSCD

我国正处于“碳达峰、碳中和”的关键时期,准确认识我国温室气体浓度时空格局以及变化对于评估“碳达峰”和“碳中和”行动成效非常重要。当前我国近地面温室气体高精度监测主要依赖进口的光学监测主机,单台仪器成本高且监测要素有限。为此,该研究基于传统的气相色谱法,自主设计了一套三通道气相色谱分析系统,在单台仪器上实现了5种主要长寿命温室气体(CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)、N_(2)O和SF_(6))的高精度监测。对该系统的精密度、线性响应情况和准确度进行的针对性测试实验表明系统检测性能满足世界气象组织/全球大气观测(WMO/GAW)质控标准。针对环境浓度的CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)、N_(2)O和SF_(6)的连续分析精密度分别达0.08%、1.90%、0.05%、0.08%、0.66%。准确度测试中,5种气体(CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)、N_(2)O和SF_(6))使用回归方程计算所得值与标称摩尔分数间的偏差分别达0.15×10-9、0.20×10-9、0.37×10-6、0.35×10-9、0.02×10-12(摩尔分数),CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)、N_(2)O和SF_(6)仪器响应值与标称摩尔分数的线性拟合相关系数(R2)均为0.9999,线性拟合残差和准确度基本达到WMO/GAW拓展质控目标。该系统对杭州城区大气温室气体在线连续监测结果显示,2021年5~7月期间大气CH_(4)、CO、CO_(2)和N_(2)O呈明显的日变化特征,主要受人为活动影响。综合测试和试运行结果表明,该研发系统具备良好的精密度、准确度、线性和稳定性,与目前国内广泛进口的仪器相比,具有技术自主可控、运行成本更低、自动化水平更高等优势,能满足多种温室气体在线监测研究的需求。     

Essential methodological improvements in the oxygen isotope ratio analysis of N‐containing organic compounds

The quantitative conversion of organically bound oxygen into CO, a prerequisite for the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O analysis of organic compounds, is generally performed by high‐temperature conversion in the presence of carbon at ～1450°C. Since this high‐temperature procedure demands complicated and expensive equipment, a lower temperature method that could be utilized on standard elemental analyzers was evaluated. By substituting glassy carbon with carbon black, the conversion temperature could be reduced to 1170°C. However, regardless of the temperature, N‐containing compounds yielded incorrect results, despite quantitative conversion of the bound oxygen into CO. We believe that the problems were partially caused by interfering gases produced by a secondary decomposition of N‐ and C‐containing polymers formed during the decomposition of the analyte. In order to overcome the interference, we replaced the gas chromatographic (GC) separation of CO and N₂ by reversible CO adsorption, yielding the possibility of collecting and purifying the CO more efficiently. After CO collection, the interfering gases were vented by means of a specific stream diverter, thus preventing them from entering the trap and the mass spectrometer. Simultaneously, a make‐up He flow was used to purge the gas‐specific trap before the desorption of the CO and its subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Furthermore, the formation of interfering gases was reduced by the use of polyethylene as an additive for analytes with a N:O ratio greater than 1. These methodological modifications to the thermal conversion of N‐containing analytes, depending on their structure or O:N ratio, led to satisfactory results and showed that it was possible to optimize the conditions for their individual oxygen isotope ratio analysis, even at 1170°C. With these methodological modifications, correct and precise δ¹⁸O results were obtained on N‐containing analytes even at 1170°C. Differences from the expected standard values were below ±1‰ with standard deviations of the analysis <0.2‰. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

System for the generation of standard gas mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds for calibrations of solid-phase microextraction and other sampling devices

Standard gases are used for quality control and quality assurance, development of analysis methods and novel air sampling devices. The use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and other novel technologies for research in the area of air sampling and analysis requires systems/devices for reliable standard gas generation and sampling. In this paper we describe a new gas standard generating system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-VOCs that was designed, built, and tested to facilitate fundamental and applications research with SPME. The system provided for the generation of a wide range of VOC/semi-VOC concentrations and mixing various standard gases, estimation of detection limits, testing the effects of sampling time, air temperature and relative humidity, testing the effects of air velocity and ozone on sampling/extractions. The system can be also used for calibrations of analytical instrumentation, quality control and quality assurance checks, and cross-validations of SPME with/and other sampling techniques.     

Heats of solution of gaseous hydrocarbons in water at 25°C

The heats of solution at 25°C for a number of hydrocarbon gases are reported as measured by a calorimetric method. There is excellent agreement between the standard enthalpy changes of solution measured calorimetrically and those derived from high precision temperature dependent solubility measurements. However the calorimetrically determined standard enthalpies of solution of a number of gases are greatly improved over values obtained from low precision temperature dependent solubility measurements. A method is presented to readily estimate the standard errors in the standard enthalpy change for any process derived from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the process. Comparison of the standard enthalpies and entropies of solution of hydrocarbon gases in water shows that the standard free energies of solution for all hydrocarbon gases investigated are dominated by unfavorable entropy contributions. A strong linear correlation between the standard entropy of solution and the number of hydrogens in the hydrocarbon molecule is found. This correlation suggests that the hydrocarbon hydrophobic effect is regulated by the number of allowable configurations of a water molecule in contact with each C–H group.     

Enthalpies of aqueous solution of noble gases at 25°C

The standard enthalpies of solution of rare gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) in water at 25°C have been measured by a high precision steady-state calorimetric method. The aqueous solvation process is energetically favorable at 25°C for the gases studied. Values of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes are found to be well correlated with cavity surface areas and the number of water molecules in the first solvation shell. Also, the values of the standard enthalpy and entropy of solution for the rare gases are found to have the same dependence on the number of solvation shell water molecules as inorganic and hydrocarbon gases. These results imply that the dominant source of enthalpy and entropy change resides in the first solvation shell.     

Determination of volatile metal and metalloid compounds in gases from domestic waste deposits with GC/ICP-MS

Low temperature GC coupled on-line with ICP-MS was used to identify volatile metal and metalloid compounds in gases and condensates from a domestic waste deposit. Seven tin species could be identified by external standard addition and further volatile compounds of tin, bismuth, mercury, arsenic, antimony and tellurium could be found by boiling point calibration, respectively. Some technical and methodical concepts towards quantification of the results are indicated.     

金属材料分析(Ⅱ)

评述了2006～2007年两年间, 金属材料分析领域的国内现状与进展概况. 内容包括: 称量分析法;滴定分析法;分子光谱分析(分光光度法、催化动力学分光光度法);原子光谱分析(原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、原子发射光谱法、质谱分析法、 X-射线荧光光谱法);电化学分析;金属中气体分析;原位分析;标准分析方法制定与标准物质(标准样品)研制;不确定度评定等在金属材料分析中的应用进展.参考文献420篇.