变压器油中溶解气体分析专用气相色谱仪的检定与校准

为解决检定变压器油中溶解气体分析专用气相色谱仪时遇到样品进样量计算不准,检测器对甲烷气体标准物质无响应,专用软件分析方法不能更改等问题,建立变压器油中溶解气体分析专用气相色谱仪的检定与校准方法。当进样模式为一次进样双柱分流时,按分流比计算分流到检测器的样品体积,其它进样模式按进样体积计算进样量;因色谱软件禁止积分导致CH_4在热导检测器上无响应时,应采用有证标准物质中的H_2或O_2进行检定与校准。以7890B型专用气相色谱仪为例,详细说明了变压器油中溶解气体分析专用气相色谱仪的检定与校准流程。该法为检定人员检定该类专用仪器时提供了参考。     

应用交流脉冲氦离子化检测器于气相色谱法测定变压器油中溶解气及水分

用自制的交流脉冲氦离子化检测器于气相色谱法测定变压器油中溶解气及水分.该检测器采用双向交流脉冲高压电源放电,避免了阳极溅射消耗和阴极污染问题.在未加任何净化、氦气纯度99.999%情况下,用气相色谱法测定了变压器油中7种溶解气体(H2,CO,CH4,CO2,C2H4,C2H6及C2H2),其检出限(3S/N)在0.1×10-6uL·L-1以下.检测器与程序升温、双柱切换等操作过程配合良好,而且可同时检测油中微水.     

改变相比/顶空气相色谱法测定变压器油中溶解气体的分配常数

采用改变相比/顶空气相色谱法测定了甲烷、乙炔、乙烯、乙烷和丙烷在变压器油中的分配常数。顶空瓶中的气体样品经石英毛细管送到气相色谱仪的六通进样阀样品管中,然后进行分离和定量。采用标准曲线法定量,通过测定5个不同相比时轻烃组分的顶空浓度,计算顶空浓度倒数与相比之间的线性回归方程,测定了20 ℃和50 ℃时烃类气体在变压器油中溶解气体的分配常数。除甲烷外,计算所得的分配常数与文献值基本吻合,油中溶解气体浓度的实验值与实际值之间的相对误差小于4.14%,表明用此方法可以测定不同温度下变压器油中溶解气体的分     

电力变压器油中溶解气体分析用标准物质的研制

采用称量法制备了电力变压器油中溶解气体分析用气体标准物质,分别用F检验和回归曲线法对研制的标准物质进行了均匀性和稳定性检验。结果表明,研制的电力变压器油中溶解气体分析用标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,标准物质定值结果为5 000μmol/mol,定值结果的相对扩展不确定度为1%(k=2)。该标准物质可用于电力部门变压器油中溶解气体的分析及测试。     

变压器油中溶解气体奥斯特瓦尔德系数的测定方法

设计了一套以气相色谱测定变压器油中溶解气体奥斯特瓦尔德系数的装置。它包括恒温水浴、磁力搅拌器、油气平衡瓶、六通阀以及在线气相色谱仪。测定了20℃和50℃温度下变压器油中溶解气体CH4、C2H2、C2H4、C2H6和C3Hg的奥斯特瓦尔德系数和平衡时间,测量的重复性误差RSD小于1．2％。为气相色谱在线分析变压器油中溶解气体积累了重要的基础数据。     

顶空-毛细管气相色谱法预测变压器潜伏性故障的初步探讨

本文选用自动顶空毛细管气相色谱分流进样体系对多种空白变压器油、正常变压器油及故障变压器油进行了分析,探讨用这种方法对变压器故障判断的可能性。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中多环芳烃

1　引　　言多环芳烃是一类重要的致癌物质 ,故对环境样品中痕量的多环芳烃分析具有重要意义。高效液相色谱 荧光检测器检测是测定多环芳烃最常用的方法。由于传统方法样品处理需用溶剂萃取 ,操作麻烦 ,污染大 ,引入误差因素多 ,故我们研究了用固相萃取预分离和富集 ,高效液相色谱程序波长荧光检测器检测的方法 ,并用二极管矩阵检测器 (ＰＤＡ)辅助作峰识别和纯度分辨。该方法采用固相萃取小柱富集 ,具有富集倍数高 ,节省时间 ,环境污染小 ,不易乳化的优点 ,采用程序波长荧光检测器检测的同时又用ＰＤＡ检测器作了辅助峰识别和纯度分辨 ,利…     

高效液相色谱法同时检测蜂蜜中的5类抗生素残留

建立了蜂蜜中氯霉素类、硝基咪唑类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、四环素类5类共15种抗生素残留同时检测的高效液相色谱分析方法.蜂蜜经pH 2.0的磷酸水溶液溶解后直接用PCX固相萃取小柱净化富集,以乙腈-磷酸溶液(pH 2.5)作流动相,梯度洗脱,紫外检测器在274、315 nm波长下进行检测.15种抗生素在0.2 ～20.0 m...     

反相可切换亲水性溶剂液－液微萃取/电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定变压器油中铜和铁离子含量

以电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP－MS）为检测手段,研究了反相可切换亲水性溶剂液－液微萃取（SHS－LLME）同时分离富集变压器绝缘油中Cu2+和Fe3+的方法。优化的萃取条件为：以50 μL三乙胺（TEA）萃取25 mL变压器油样,0.60 mol/L硝酸溶液为触发剂,TEA和HNO3摩尔比为1∶1.5,涡旋萃取反应5 min,亲水切换反应5 min,经离心分离后,取水萃取相直接进样测定。变压器油中Cu2+和Fe3+的质量浓度在0.100～10.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性系数（r2）均为0.999 6,检出限分别为16.8 ng/L和29.0 ng/L,富集倍数分别为23.7和24.1倍。对模拟老化变压器油样中Cu2+和Fe3+的含量进行测定,其加标回收率为93.3%～112%,相对标准偏差（n = 6）为3.6%～5.6%。该文所建立的样品前处理方法与现行标准所用的灰化法无显著性差异,可实现老化变压器油中痕量Cu2+和Fe3+的同时测定。     

在线富集高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中的多环芳烃

1　　引　　言多环芳烃是一类重要的致癌物质 ,环境样品中痕量的多环芳烃分析具有重要意义。其中高效液相色谱 程序波长荧光检测器检测是测定多环芳烃最常用的方法。紫外二极管矩阵检测器具有检验峰纯度、比较未知光谱与谱库光谱辅助定性的功能 ,其检测结果可靠性比程序波长荧光检测器高。但是紫外检测器灵敏度比荧光检测器低近两个数量级 ,对于清洁水样 ,多环芳烃含量很难达到紫外检测器的定量范围。为了解决清洁水样中多环芳烃的紫外二极管矩阵检测器检测 ,我们研究了色谱柱在线富集的方法 ,大大提高了多环芳烃的富集倍数 ,清洁水样中多…     

Determination of volatile elements in biological materials by isotopic dilution ETV-ICP-MS after dissolution with tetramethylammonium hydroxide or acid digestion

Isotopic dilution for the determination of Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb and Tl in biological materials by ETV-ICP-MS is proposed. The sample was simply dissolved with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or acid digested in a microwave furnace, with an on line matrix separation. When the dissolution was employed, Ir was used as a chemical modifier for Hg and Pb and Pd was used for Cd and Tl. No modifier was used for Ag. The pyrolysis temperatures were taken from pyrolysis temperature curves. The on line preconcentration was performed in a flow injection system with solenoid valves and was based on the analyte complexation with ammonium diethyldithiophosphate and sorption of the complexes on C(18) bonded to silica gel in a minicolumn. For the digested sample submitted to the analyte preconcentration procedure, a modifier, Ir, was only used for Hg. For the other analytes, since a low pyrolysis temperature, 300 degrees C, was employed, no modifier was added. The isotopic dilution calibration was applied to two certified materials, bovine liver and dog fish muscle, dissolved with TMAH or acid digested, and to another two certified materials, corn bran and rice flour, acid digested and submitted to analyte preconcentration. The obtained concentration values agree with the certified ones, showing that this calibration procedure leads to accurate results in the determination of low concentrations of volatile elements. Due to simplicity, the dissolution with TMAH is very attractive.     

Crucible atomizer for determining dissolved and suspended forms of elements in natural waters

A model of a specialized microcolumn has been proposed and tested, namely, a crucible atomization microcolumn for electrothermal atomic absorption analysis of natural waters in which the zone of isolation of suspended matter and the zone of dynamic preconcentration of dissolved forms of elements are separated. A direct independent analysis of solid suspended matter and DETATA concentrate is possible upon completion of preconcentration. Such an approach is used to determine suspended and dissolved forms of cadmium and lead in river water and soil groundwater.     

Determination of trace elements Cd,Co, Mo,Se, Ti and V in natural waters by neutron activation analysis

The concentration of cadmium, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, titanium and vanadium in natural water was determined by neutron activation analysis, using a prior preconcentration by a coprecipitation. The preconcentration of these trace elements was accomplished by converting the dissolved trace ions into the pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate (PDC) chelates, followed by coprecipitation on Bi as well as Pb-PDC chelates. This technique has been applied to the elements in natural waters: fresh water and sea waters (Mediterranian and Dead Sea).     

Determination of dissolved selenium(VI) in freshwater

A procedure is proposed for the determination of selenate in freshwaters with a high content of dissolved organic material. After passage through an XAD-8 column, selenate is collected on a strong anion exchanger and subsequently eluted with hydrochloric acid. Following conversion into the tetravalent state, selenium is determined using atomic absorption spectrometry after hydride generation and preconcentration in a cold trap system. The two-column procedure effectively separates selenium(VI) from possible organic interferents and allows quantification at the low ng/l. level. Results from the investigation of waters from lakes and streams indicate that selenium(IV) and (VI) may constitute a very small part of total dissolved selenium.     

Multielement monitoring for dissolved and acid-soluble concentrations of trace metals in surface seawater along the ferry track between Osaka and Okinawa as investigated by ICP-MS.

Multielement monitoring of the concentrations of trace metals dissolved in surface seawater collected at sampling stations along the ferry track between Osaka and Okinawa was performed by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The surface seawater samples were collected by an automated sampling system for on-board sampling, which was installed on the bottom of a ferryboat. A part of each seawater sample was filtered with a membrane filter (pore size of 0.45 microm) immediately after sampling. Both filtered and non-filtered seawater samples were acidified to pH ca. 1 by adding conc. HNO3, and were subjected to chelating resin preconcentration for the determination of trace metals by ICP-MS, where the concentrations of analyte metals in the filtered and non-filtered seawater samples were referred to as the dissolved and total concentrations, respectively. According to the thus-obtained results, it was found that most trace metals, especially below the 0.01 microg l(-1) as the dissolved and total concentrations, sensitively reflected the environmental pollution in the Osaka Bay and Seto Inland Sea area, as well as near to the Bungo Canal and the outlet of Kagoshima Bay.     

Potentiometric stripping analysis for lead in urine

Potentiometric stripping analysis is based on the preconcentration of analytes by means of potentiostatic reduction and amalgamation at a thin-film mercury electrode. After preconcentration, the potentiostatic circuitry is disconnected and the amalgamated metals are oxidized either by mercury(II) ions or by dissolved oxygen. Lead can be determined in acidified urine samples by potentiometric stripping analysis after the addition of Triton X-100. In deaerated samples the detection limit is 1 μg l^?1, and in non-deaerated samples 12 μg l^t-1, the preconcentration time being 16 min.     

贵州红枫湖溶解态稀土元素地球化学研究

以中国西南碳酸岩盐地区的红枫湖及环湖河流水体为研究对象,采用液-液萃取和ICP-MS测试方法,对水中溶解态稀土元素浓度进行了测定,借以探讨碳酸盐岩水体环境下稀土元素的地球化学行为和环境效应。研究结果表明,红枫湖湖水溶解态稀土含量相对较低,∑REE总浓度分布于14.3～27.2 ng.kg-1之间,平均含量为18.24 ng.kg-1,明显低于地表水体浓度平均值。环湖河水溶解态∑REE浓度分布于4.07～102.28 ng.kg-1,平均为24.12 ng.kg-1。湖水和河水的页岩(PAAS)标准化的溶解态稀土元素配分模式都显示了显著的重稀土富集特征以及Ce元素负异常,而水化学络合计算结果显示,水体中溶解态稀土几乎以占绝对优势的碳酸盐无机络合形态存在,其他络合方式所占比例非常微小。这些都显示与相对偏碱性的水化学环境有关。     

Integrated micro/nano-fluidic system for mixing and preconcentration of dissolved proteins

An integrated micro/nano-fluidic system is presented for protein analysis. It is comprised of an integrated micromixer (IMM) and a preconcentrator with a separation column. The passive and planar type of IMM is based on an unbalanced split and the cross collision of the fluidic streams. The IMM can be easily fabricated and integrated to the microfluidic system. The preconcentrator has nanochannels formed by the electrical breakdown of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane by applying a high electrical shock, but without any nano-lithography. The integrated microdevice was used for sample preparation (mixing with tagging molecules) and subsequent concentration of proteins. Proteins were electrokinetically trapped near the junction of the micro/nanochannels. We show a conceptual design and a simple microfluidic system for purposes of mixing and preconcentration.

Preconcentration of gallium by coprecipitation with synthetic zeolites prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

Synthetic zeolites were dissolved in nitric acid, and the resulting solution used as a coprecipitant for the preconcentration of trace amounts of gallium in water samples prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The gallium preconcentration conditions and the ETAAS measurement conditions were optimized. Gallium was quantitatively concentrated with the zeolites coprecipitate from pH 6.0 to 8.0. The coprecipitate was easily dissolved in nitric acid, and an aliquot of the resulting solution was introduced directly into a tungsten metal furnace. The atomic absorbance of gallium in the resulting solution was measured by ETAAS. An ashing temperature of 400 degrees C and an atomizing temperature of 2600 degrees C were selected. The calibration curve was linear up to 3.0 microg of gallium and passed through the origin. The detection limit (S/N > or = 3) for gallium was 0.08 microg/100 cm3. The relative standard deviation at 1.0 microg/100 cm3 was 3.0% (n = 5). The proposed method has been successfully applied to trace gallium analysis in environmental water samples.