负载型钙钛矿催化氧化NO及抗SO_2性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合浸渍法制备了负载型钙钛矿氧化物La1-xCexCoO3/CeO2(x=0~0.3)催化剂,考察了不同Ce掺杂量对其催化氧化NO和抗硫性能的影响,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气物理吸附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性与其比表面积大小和氧化还原性质密切相关;其中,负载型钙钛矿La0.8Ce0.2CoO3/CeO2催化剂在300℃时催化氧化NO的转化率达78%。在添加CeO2作载体后,不仅改善了非负载性钙钛矿的低温活性,而且抗硫性能也显著提高。     

碱土金属对钴铈复合氧化物催化剂催化N2O分解的影响

采用低温柠檬酸络合法制备了添加不同碱土金属的钴铈复合氧化物(Ce/Co摩尔比为0.05)催化剂, 考察了其催化N2O分解的活性. 结果表明, 碱土金属对钴铈催化剂催化N2O分解的活性有明显促进作用, 助催化效果递变顺序为Mg相似文献   

碱土金属对钴铈复合氧化物催化剂催化N2O分解的影响

采用低温柠檬酸络合法制备了添加不同碱土金属的钴铈复合氧化物(Ce/Co摩尔比为0.05)催化剂,考察了其催化N2O分解的活性.结果表明,碱土金属对钴铈催化剂催化N2O分解的活性有明显促进作用,助催化效果递变顺序为Mg相似文献   

金属Sr、Fe掺杂对LaCoO3催化氧化碳烟及抗硫性能影响

利用柠檬酸-EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)配位法制备了La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3催化剂,展现出较好的催化氧化碳烟(soot)活性和抗硫性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅利叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和SO2程序升温脱附(SO2-TPD)等研究了Sr、Fe掺杂对催化剂物理化学性质及抗硫能力影响。当Sr掺杂LaCoO3时有利于形成较多的表面吸附氧(O2^-、O^-)和氧空位,且低温氧化还原性能亦有较大改善,提高了催化氧化碳烟活性,其Ti(起燃温度)和Tm(最大碳烟燃烧速率温度)分别为284和347℃。当催化剂同时掺杂Sr、Fe时,其低温氧化还原性能进一步改善,并形成较多Fe^4+离子,有利于提高催化氧化碳烟活性。催化剂SO2中毒失活主要来源于Co^2+/Co^3+和表面吸附氧的硫酸化(SO3^2-、SO4^2-)。XPS和SO2-TPD结果表明,LaSrCoFeO3抗硫性主要来源于Fe^3+与SO2结合形成的硫酸盐物种,降低了SO2对活性组分表面吸附氧和Fe^4+毒化。TPO(程序升温氧化)结果表明,硫化后的LaSrCoFeO3-S仍具有较好的催化氧化碳烟活性,其Tm仅为361℃,表明Sr、Fe同时掺杂具有较好的低温催化氧化碳烟活性和良好的抗硫性能。     

Ce_(0.64)Mn_(0.13)R_(0.23)O_x催化剂催化燃烧柴油机碳烟的研究

采用共沉淀法制备一系列Ce0.64Mn0.13R0.23Ox(R=La,Zr和Y)催化剂,并用低温N2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时考察了该系列催化剂对柴油车排放碳烟的催化燃烧性能。研究结果表明该系列催化剂均形成了具有立方萤石结构的固溶体。加入Rn+离子后,催化剂的抗老化性能有了很大的提高,其中加入La的催化剂具有最好的抗老化性能,老化后碳烟催化燃烧的Tm为319℃,适合于柴油车的排气温度,具有较好的应用前景。     

La_(1-x)Ca_xMnO_(3+δ)钙钛矿催化剂制备及其甲烷催化燃烧性能研究

采用柠檬酸配合法制备了系列La1-xCaxMn O3+δ(x=0,0.03,0.05,0.07,0.1,0.15,0.2)催化剂,采用低温N2物理吸附,氢程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧程序升温脱附(O2-TPD),X-射线衍射(XRD)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了其物理化学性质,并考察了甲烷催化燃烧活性.结果表明,当Ca摩尔掺杂量为0.1时,催化活性最好.XRD和BET表征结果表明Ca可以进入钙钛矿结构中,Ca掺杂对催化剂的比表面积无显著影响.H2-TPR和XPS表征结果表明Ca掺杂增加了Mn4+的含量.O2-TPD表征结果表明适量Ca掺杂可以降低晶格氧脱出温度.Mn4+具有较强氧化性,因此提高了催化活性,但随着Ca掺杂量增加,催化剂表面吸附氧含量有所减少,表明气相中氧难以迅速补充消耗的晶格氧,Ca掺杂量继续增加又会使催化活性有所下降.依据反应机理,Ca掺杂一方面可以促进Mn4+含量增加,有利于催化活性;另一方面会使催化剂表面吸附氧含量有所下降,降低了催化活性.     

氧化铝担载的贵金属铱基催化剂的制备及其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能

 以ZrO2, La2O3或MgO为助剂制备了氧化铝担载型铱基催化剂,考察了其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能,并用X射线光电子能谱、程序升温还原、 H2程序升温脱附和CO程序升温脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, ZrO2, La2O3和MgO助剂的引入均能提高主产物氢气和CO的选择性. ZrO2是甲醇裂解反应的优良助剂,可以显著提高甲醇的转化率和氢气的收率. 氧化铝担载型贵金属铱基催化剂上存在强的氢溢流现象,这使催化剂具有良好的反应性能,同时有利于产物的脱附,氧化物助剂的加入能够进一步促进氢的溢流.     

过渡金属对燃烧法制MgO负载 Cu2O催化剂的改性研究

本文以柠檬酸燃烧法制备MgO(B)载体,采用浸渍还原法以水合肼为还原剂制备Cu2O/MgO(B)催化剂,以环己醇脱氢制环己酮为探针反应,考察了过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni、Mo、Mn的添加对Cu2O/MgO(B)催化性能的影响;采用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)以及环己醇、环己酮程序升温脱附(环己醇/环己酮-TPD) 等手段对催化剂进行了表征.研究结果表明,Mn-Cu2O/MgO(B) 、 Ni-Cu2O/MgO(B)的催化性能优于Cu2O/MgO(B).其原因主要是Mn、Ni的添加使Cu2O的抗还原能力增强,Cu2O更稳定;同时,Mn和Ni的添加使Cu2O/MgO(B)催化剂对反应物和产物的吸附强度减弱;这些都有利于脱氢反应的进行.所有催化剂都呈碱性,是其具有高环己酮选择性的原因之一.     

SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物固体酸催化剂的长叶烯芳构化催化性能

本工作用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同组成的SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物固体酸催化剂,用微型催化反应评价结合X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、孔结构/BET表面积测试和NH3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等表征了SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物固体酸催化剂结构、表面酸性和长叶烯芳构化催化性能。复合氧化物固体酸SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有优良的长叶烯芳构化催化性能,并且其芳构化催化性能与催化剂组成和表面酸性密切相关。随催化剂中nZr/(nZr+nTi)增加,催化剂表面中等强度的酸中心量增加,芳构化产物选择性和收率明显增加,在nZr/(nZr+nTi)=0.5时达极大值。随nZr/(nZr+nTi)进一步增加,不仅催化剂表面酸中心量减少、原料转化率明显下降,而且催化剂酸强度增强,导致芳构化产物选择性和收率下降。催化长叶烯芳构化的二元复合氧化物固体酸SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂适宜的组成为nZr/(nZr+nTi)=0.5。     

煅烧温度对Mn/TiO_2催化剂催化NO氧化活性的影响

以浸渍在二氧化钛上的锰基催化剂为对象,研究了制备过程中煅烧温度对锰基催化剂催化NO氧化活性的影响。结果表明,较低的煅烧温度有利于提高Mn/TiO2催化剂对于NO氧化的催化效率。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和O2程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等表征手段研究了煅烧温度影响Mn/TiO2催化剂催化活性的作用机理。结果表明,在NO氧化过程中发挥主要作用的是Mn2O3,较低的煅烧温度有利于提高Mn2O3在锰氧化物中所占的比例,同时增加锰氧化物在载体表面的分散度,从而改善催化剂活性;当煅烧温度超过500℃时,催化剂会发生烧结,载体TiO2的晶形开始由锐钛型向金红石型转变,Mn2O3也从非晶相向晶相转变。H2-TPR和O2-TPD测试结果表明,低温煅烧有利于提高催化剂的还原性能和表面化学吸附态O2-的脱附性能,良好的还原性能和脱附性能的相互作用使催化剂表面的氧有较好的移动能力,从而促进催化剂的活性。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.