正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝疲劳分析

基于焊缝的局部三维断裂力学模型和超重多轴货车的载荷谱,进行正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹的疲劳寿命分析。采用Schwartz-Neuman交替法计算肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子,基于裂尖反向塑性区模型考虑循环载荷中压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的作用。正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝的应力计算结果表明:超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处的横向应力峰值和应力幅都有明显增加;相比于标准疲劳荷载车,超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的裂纹扩展率增大了6.1倍;对应于正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝处的拉-压循环应力,平面应变状态下的裂尖反向塑性区使裂纹扩展率增加了3.7倍;基于所得裂纹扩展速率,本研究给出仅在严重超载的五轴和六轴货车作用下正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝疲劳寿命不足20年,远远低于桥梁的设计寿命。因此,考虑超载多轴货车的载荷谱和循环载荷中的压应力对肋-面板焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的影响十分重要。     

可靠性设计中的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型

首先导出了疲劳裂纹扩展的确定性方程，然后将疲劳裂纹扩展确定性方程随机化，导出了疲劳裂纹随机扩展的概率公式，并推导了疲劳裂纹随机扩展的置信限公式，最后，给出了二种材料疲劳裂纹随机扩展数据的处理结果。     

含缺口试件疲劳全寿命预测一种建议的方法

传统的研究含缺口构件的疲劳的方法是将疲劳启裂和疲劳裂纹扩展两个过程完全独立起来,用不同的方法来模拟,相互间并没有定量的关系。本文是基于最新发展的多轴疲劳损伤理论,建立了一种适用于各种载荷条件下的疲劳启裂和裂纹扩展的普适方法。根据从弹塑性分析中得到的应力应变,确定疲劳损伤模型,建立能够预测疲劳启裂、裂纹扩展速率和扩展方向的新方法。整个模拟可以分为两步:弹-塑性应力分析得到材料的应力应变分布;再运用一个通用的疲劳准则预测疲劳裂纹启裂和裂纹扩展。通过对1070号钢含缺口试件的疲劳全寿命预测,得到了与实验非常吻合的模拟结果。     

随机超载下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的计算

针对在基本循环载荷上加入随机超载序列的疲劳裂纹扩展问题，应用裂纹闭合的概念考虑超载的迟滞效应，将延迟时间描述成纯离散型马尔可夫过程。对相应的柯尔莫哥洛夫－费勒微积分方程进行了分步求解，结合疲劳断裂分别出现在基本循环峰载作用时和超载作用时两种情况，计算出不同可靠度下裂纹的扩展寿命，并研究了超载大小和发生强度对扩展寿命的影响。     

基于随机点过程理论的疲劳裂纹随机扩展模型

本文根据疲劳裂纹扩展特性，运用随机点过程理论导出了求取裂纹扩展随机过程低阶矩的公式。同时根据二阶矩近似法用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布近似给定寿命下的疲劳纹长度分布。给出了求取给定寿命下裂纹超值概率分布和给定裂纹长度下疲劳寿命分布公式。最后，用小样本孔边短裂纹扩展数据对模型适用性进行了初步验证。     

疲劳裂纹荷载门槛值的一种光测方法

针对工程构件的疲劳纹扩展问题，从具有初始裂纹ａａ的构件裂尖应变状态着手进行实验分析，提出一种光弹塑性模型实验方法，用以再现金属构件上疲劳裂纹开裂初始时刻的应务分布状态，通过控制裂纹尖塑性区直径Ｒｔｈ的大小，可确定原型与模型的材料相似关系，进而使用该相似关系，确定带有初始裂纹ａ０的工程构件的荷载门槛值。     

地磁场环境下烧结钕铁硼疲劳破坏在线监测方法研究

作为一种典型的硬磁材料,烧结钕铁硼在疲劳断裂时具有突发性、不确定性和紧迫性等特性,难以对其疲劳裂纹扩展过程进行在线监测。为了实现对烧结钕铁硼零构件在长期服役期间疲劳破坏全过程的在线监测,本文根据力磁耦合效应构建了地磁场环境下烧结钕铁硼的疲劳状态演变方程,将磁感应强度值作为描述疲劳破坏的状态参数。利用高精度测磁传感器采集微磁信号,通过获取的磁感应强度值对烧结钕铁硼疲劳破坏过程进行在线监测。疲劳试验结果表明：磁感应强度值与多项式拟合曲线残差值变化趋势能够准确地预测烧结钕铁硼疲劳裂纹扩展过程中脆性疲劳断裂的时刻。同时,磁感应信号曲线的变化可以无失真地反映钕铁硼材料在应力作用下产生疲劳破坏的全过程。     

缺口试样疲劳短裂纹行为研究

采用复型方法对中碳结构钢单边钝缺口试样的非穿透和穿透疲劳短裂纹的演化过程进行了研究。结果表明：试样的疲劳破坏主要是由形成于缺口根部的表面短裂纹扩展引起的；形成穿透裂纹以前的短裂纹形成和扩展过程占试样疲劳寿命的７０％以上；线弹性断裂力学不适合于描述表面裂纹和穿透裂纹早期阶段的扩展特性；某些条件下，裂纹初始几何形状的影响是导致穿透裂纹早期扩展出现奇异特性的主要原因。     

过载作用下聚乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

论文针对中密度聚乙烯材料(MDPE)，采用平板试样进行了I型疲劳裂纹扩展和单次过载下裂纹扩展试验．发现与金属材料类似，单次拉伸过载对聚乙烯(PE)的疲劳裂纹扩展有明显的迟滞作用，降低了裂纹扩展速率．试验还通过变载荷刻线法获取疲劳裂纹扩展前缘的实际形貌和变化规律，对常规变载荷刻线方法进行了调整和验证，其修正方法对高分子材料的疲劳裂纹扩展前缘刻线具有较好的效果．通过观察发现含楔形塑性区的裂尖钝化是裂纹迟滞的主要原因．过载引入的塑性区内残余应力对裂纹迟滞也起了重要作用．论文利用Dugdale模型计算了塑性区尺寸，使用基于残余应力的Wheeler模型对过载迟滞进行了很好的拟合．     

干态下车轮材料表面疲劳裂纹萌生试验研究

利用WR-1轮轨滚动磨损试验机,结合安定极限理论研究了干态下影响车轮材料表面疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的因素,探究了表面疲劳损伤形成机理和演变规律.结果表明:随垂向力、横向力和冲角增大,表面疲劳裂纹越容易萌生扩展;冲角对表面疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展起着重要作用,大冲角下斜线状表面疲劳裂纹萌生扩展明显;只有横向力而不存在冲角时,试样表面不会出现斜线状表面疲劳损伤;车轮试样在周期性循环载荷作用下在表面先形成塑性流动,然后沿轮轨表面切向力方向扩展成斜线状的表面疲劳起皮剥落损伤;垂向力是影响表面裂纹萌生时间的重要因素之一.     

STOCHASTIC PROPAGATION OF SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACK

The semi-elliptical surface crack growth of structural components withuncertain material resistance under random loading is studied by using the stochasticaveraging principle.The FPK equation governing the transition probability densityfunction of crack lengths is derived.The analytical solution of the FPK equation forthe case of that the equations for the crack growth in the surface and depth directionsare uncoupled is obtained.The effects of the parameters of the stress process and of thematerial property on the behavior of semi-elliptical fatigue crack growth of thecomponents with deterministic resistance to crack growth in the stationary Gaussianstress process are examined.The comparison of the analytical result with digitalsimulation shows the effectiveness of the present method.     

Inclined semi-elliptical crack for predicting crack growth direction based on apparent stress intensity factors

Linear elastic criterion of the inclined semi-elliptical crack growth direction is elaborated on the basis of the strain energy density theory. Stress and displacement fields are presented for higher order terms asymptotic expansion. Solutions for elastic stress intensity factors are accounting for the function describing of the crack tip fields near the free surface of plate. The mixed mode behavior of crack growth direction angle along the semi-elliptical crack front for different combination of biaxial loading, inclination crack angle and surface flaw geometry is determined.     

含表面半椭圆裂纹板裂纹尖端应力强度因子的三维光弹分析

本文用三维光弹法得到了含表面半椭圆裂纹板拉伸载荷下应力强度因子 K_Ⅰ沿整个裂纹前缘的分布及由不同裂纹深度引起的有限厚度效应,得到的实验结果与理论结果进行了比较和分析,并对角点上的奇异性进行了定性分析.     

表面裂纹准静态扩展的有限元模拟计算

由于现有断裂准则未能考虑表面裂纹前沿各点实际断裂阻力的变化，所作的表面裂纹准静态扩展模拟计算不能很好地预测几何形貌的真实变化规律。本文提出了一个考虑应力状态不同对实际断裂阻力影响的变阻力断裂准则；并以该准则作为表面裂纹前沿局部断裂扩展的判据，通过三维有限元法进行了表面裂纹准静态扩展的模拟计算；还将模拟预测值与用多试件法测得的实验值进行比较，验证了变阻力断裂准则作为裂纹稳态扩展判据的有效性     

应力梯度不均匀时平板表面裂纹的应力强度因子

本文采用考虑裂纹面上具有任意分布载荷的线弹簧模型,在Kirchhoff板弯曲理论的假设下,将含半椭圆型表面裂纹的平板问题化为一组耦合的积分方程组进行求解,对均匀拉伸和纯弯曲两种载荷作用下的应力强度因子数值解,同经典线弹簧模型和有限元解进行了比较,并给出了经典线弹簧模型不能得到的、裂纹面上承受幂次不均匀应力分布时应力强度因子的数值解.     

Fatigue life prediction of in-plane gusset welded joints using strain energy density factor approach

Fatigue crack growth behavior of in-plane gusset welded joints is studied using the strain energy density factor approach. Fatigue tests were performed in order to estimate fatigue strength under tension. Fatigue crack growth analysis was carried out to show the effects of the initial crack shape, the initial crack length, and the stress ratio on the crack types of in-plane gusset welded joints. The assumed crack types were edge crack, semi-elliptical crack, and corner crack. Fatigue crack growth parameters were obtained from crack growth curves assuming constant crack shapes for the given crack types. The results of analysis for the assumed crack types agreed well with the experimental data. The fatigue life did not change as initial crack shape varied for a given initial crack length.     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

A MOVING CRACK IN A NONHOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL STRIP

This paper considers an anti-plane moving crack in a nonhomogeneous material strip of finite thickness. The shear modulus and the mass density of the strip are considered for a class of functional forms for which the equilibrium equation has analytical solutions. The problem is solved by means of the singular integral equation technique. The stress field near the crack tip is obtained. The results are plotted to show the effect of the material non-homogeneity and crack moving velocity on the crack tip field. Crack bifurcation behaviour is also discussed. The paper points out that use of an appropriate fracture criterion is essential for studying the stability of a moving crack in nonhomogeneous materials. The prediction whether the unstable crack growth will be enhanced or retarded is strongly dependent on the type of the fracture criterion used. Based on the analysis, it seems that the maximum 'anti-plane shear' stress around the crack tip is a suitable failure criterion for moving cracks in nonhomogeneous materials.     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。