CT试样三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟

在循环载荷下疲劳裂纹的裂纹形貌在稳定扩展区近似为半椭圆形状,因此通过Paris方法根据疲劳裂纹表面尖端点应力强度因子的变化幅值(△K)得到扩展速率与真实的裂纹速率会有误差.为了更好的研究疲劳裂纹的性质,本文通过分析紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展后的三维形貌,采用Jiang-Sehitoglu循环塑性模型和疲劳准则以...     

考虑材料循环塑性的疲劳裂纹扩展模拟

提出了一种考虑材料循环塑性性能的研究疲劳裂纹扩展与闭合行为的有限元模拟方法．对所选用的循环塑性本构关系进行了基本实验检验．探讨了在疲劳裂纹扩展有限元分析中网格尺寸的影响，给出了网格优化准则．研究了在循环硬化条件下考虑裂纹合效应时裂纹面张开廓形、裂纹尖端应力、应变场和正反向塑性区的演变规律．对于循环硬化和不同循环应力比Ｒ等因素对裂纹张开应力水平的影响也作了考察     

疲劳裂纹塑性闭合特性的数值分析方法

塑性诱导裂纹闭合是导致裂纹闭合发生的主要机理之一.利用弹塑性有限元法模拟含中心裂纹矩形板试件的疲劳裂纹扩展,并确定疲劳裂纹张开、闭合应力水平.通过计算,考察应力比R、裂纹长度、最大应力强度因子Kmax等对疲劳裂纹张开闭合应力的影响规律.论文阐述了所采用的裂纹扩展模拟方法及确定裂纹张开和闭合应力的原理.采用了等K加载方式,即在裂纹扩展中裂尖应力强度因子的最大值Kmax保持不变(给定R比,最大应力σmax随裂纹长度变化).分析了两种Kmax水平下R比分别为0.3,0,-0.5和-1.0共8种载荷工况.结果表明,对各个载荷工况,用瞬时最大应力σmax正则化的裂纹张开、闭合应力水平σop/σmax和σcl/σmax与裂纹长度无关.等K循环加载比等幅循环加载更有利于分析影响裂纹闭合水平的因素和闭合效应对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律,为建立基于裂纹闭合效应的疲劳裂纹扩展规律模型提供了一种新的思路.     

论侧向应力与疲劳裂纹扩展

本文通过对Ⅰ型平裂纹及复合型斜裂纹的疲劳试验说明:虽然平行于裂纹面的正应力(侧向应力)对应力强度因子不起作用,但是对裂纹顶端的塑性变形,从而对疲劳裂纹扩展速率却有明显的影响.相应于同样的应力强度因子幅值,当双轴载荷比λ=1时,侧向应力为零,裂纹扩展最慢;随着λ值减小,裂纹扩展速率增大.因此,在估算疲劳寿命时,如果只考虑应力强度因子幅值的作用,而忽略实验加载条件和实际加载条件下侧向应力差别的影响,必然会带来较大的误差,甚至是不安全的.     

拉压循环载荷下正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹扩展分析

采用四步法计算了考虑循环载荷中压应力影响的正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。第一步是基于正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳分析模型,计算肋-面板焊缝处的应力,第二步是通过肋-面板焊缝的三维局部模型,用Schwartz-Neumann交替法计算焊缝表面裂纹的应力强度因子分布,第三步是用二维断裂力学模型和增量塑性损伤模型,计算循环载荷中的压应力对裂纹扩展的影响,第四步是用第二步中的三维裂纹分析结果和第三步中的二维断裂力学模型得到的裂纹扩展公式,计算钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。计算结果表明,对应于正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝处的循环应力,本文所用模型的裂纹尖端反向塑性区导致裂纹扩展率增加50%以上。研究结果为正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹的疲劳寿命分析提供了研究基础。     

复合载荷下脆性材料紧凑拉伸试件疲劳裂纹的预制

本文针对脆性材料的紧凑拉伸（CT）试件,提出了在复合疲劳载荷作用下预制疲劳裂纹的新方法,用此方法预制出7060-T6铝合金的CT试件疲劳裂纹并测试其断裂韧性。由于采用了框架结构和螺旋结构在CT试件的两侧面施加压缩载荷,在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下产生与之方向相反的压缩疲劳载荷,形成复合疲劳载荷,引起应力强度因子范围ΔK的下降,导致裂纹扩展速率的降低,从而控制了疲劳预制裂纹长度。此压缩疲劳载荷值用贴电阻片方法和组成全桥原理测定出。在一定拉伸疲劳载荷和压缩载荷下,可成功地预制出所需的疲劳裂纹长度。     

疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的研究进展

Ⅰ.引言 大量的研究和疲劳裂纹扩展的试验表明,对于存在一定尺寸裂纹及缺陷的材料或构件,只有当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子达到或超过某一值时,裂纹才会在交变应力的作用下扩展。当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子小于这一值时,裂纹在交变应力作用下不发生扩展。这个应力强度因子值,就是界限应力强度因予幅值△K_(th),在疲劳研究中称为裂纹扩展的门槛值。 门槛值△K_(th)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN一样,是反映带裂纹或缺陷构件抗疲劳性能的     

循环J积分作为疲劳裂纹扩展驱动力的研究

对循环Ｊ积分ΔＪ可否作为应力强度因子幅ΔＫ不再适用的场合的裂纹扩展驱动力进行了研究。用Ｄ－Ｂ法估计了中心裂纹板（ＣＣＰ）和单边裂纹板（ＳＥＣＰ）试件受单调加载作用的Ｊ积分的塑性部分Ｊｐ，并与有限元结果进行了比较。本文还对Ｖ型和半圆切口根部萌生的短裂纹在循环载荷下进行了弹塑性大应变有限元分析。结果表明ΔＪ有一定的路径相关性，即由较靠近裂尖的积分路径得的ΔＪ值小于较远路径上获得的，两者又都小于Ｄ－Ｂ法估计得ΔＪ值，切口根部短裂纹扩展实验和表面裂纹远场大应变控制下低周疲劳实验表明，由Ｄ－Ｂ法估计的ΔＪ在一定条件下可以作为疲劳裂纹扩展驱动力，深度方向和表面长度方面的裂纹扩展率皆可由线性似合线来表示。考虑闭合效应后，ｄａ／ｄＮ－ΔＪｅｆｆ也是Ｐａｒｉｓ型关系，而且可在切口根部萌生出的裂纹很短的条件下使用     

随机超载对疲劳裂纹扩展迟滞效应的模拟

考虑超载的迟滞效应,对随机超载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展进行了模拟计算．载荷谱为在基本恒幅循环载荷基础上加入一以泊松流发生的随机超载序列,超载的大小为均匀分布．采用裂纹闭合模型考虑超载的迟滞效应,认为裂纹张开应力在超载引起的塑性区内按线性规律衰减．循环续循环模拟计算出裂纹从初始长度一直到疲劳破坏的扩展曲线．据此,计算了各种超载发生强度和大小下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的平均值与标准差。     

常幅载荷下结构元件断裂可靠度估算的应力强度因子模型

给出了一个估算结构元件疲劳可靠度的应力强度因子模型,系统阐述了元件在常幅载荷下疲劳可靠性的分析方法。该模型研究了常幅载荷作用下材料瞬时裂纹长度和应力强度因子的分布形式,建立了应力强度因子与断裂韧性之间的干涉关系。对7075-T7351铝合金中心裂纹试件试验数据分析的结果表明：裂纹的瞬时扩展长度和可靠度的预测结果均与试验结果符合很好,本文给出的基于应力强度因子的可靠性分析模型是合理的。     

Modeling of fatigue crack growth from a notch

When a fatigue crack is nucleated and propagates into the vicinity of the notch, the crack growth rate is generally higher than that can be expected by using the stress intensity factor concept. The current study attempted to describe the crack growth at notches quantitatively with a detailed consideration of the cyclic plasticity of the material. An elastic–plastic finite element analysis was conducted to obtain the stress and strain histories of the notched component. A single multiaxial fatigue criterion was used to determine the crack initiation from the notch and the subsequent crack growth. Round compact specimens made of 1070 steel were subjected to Mode I cyclic loading with different R-ratios at room temperature. The approach developed was able to quantitatively capture the crack growth behavior near the notch. When the R-ratio was positive, the crack growth near a notch was mainly influenced by the plasticity created by the notch and the resulted fatigue damage during crack initiation. When the R-ratio was negative, the contact of the cracked surfaces during a part of a loading cycle reduced the cyclic plasticity of the material near the crack tip. The combined effect of notch plasticity and possible contact of cracked surface were responsible for the observed crack growth phenomenon near a notch.     

Review of brittle fracture criteria in case of static and cyclic mixed mode loading

The paper gives in the first part in pressed form a survey of brittle fracture criteria using a reference intensity factor in case of static mixed mode loading. Criteria (expressed in terms of different quantities such as stress, deformation and strain energy) usually refer to a parameter that is characteristic of the material response at fracture. Criteria include information on two basic hypotheses (crack propagation direction and unstable crack growth). In the second part a generalized method is suggested for application of cyclic reference intensity factor in case of cyclic mixed mode loading. Three basic hypotheses describe crack growth direction, stable crack growth steps and unstable crack growth.     

Mixed mode fatigue crack growth in test coupons made from 2024-T3 aluminum

In this paper, two different fracture criteria are applied to determine the crack trajectory or angle of crack propagation in test specimens containing inclined cracks emanating from open holes. Also, different crack growth rate models are assumed for each criterion. The maximum principal stress criterion is used with a crack growth-rate equation based on an effective stress intensity factor. The strain energy density criterion is used with a crack growth-rate equation corresponding to an effective strain energy density factor. The crack growth-rate models for each criterion were constructed using unpublished fatigue crack growth data for 2024-T3 aluminum.     

A model for predicting the retardation effect following a single overload

Many engineering components are subjected to variable amplitude loading history. It is well known that retardation in fatigue crack growth occurs due to application of single overloads in a constant amplitude loading block. Many models have been proposed to capture this counter intuitive phenomenon which has resulted in improved understanding of retardation effect following tensile overloads and consequently resulting in better life prediction models. The proposed study is focused on to evaluation of retardation in fatigue life due to application of a single overload. A model for prediction of crack growth and crack growth rate following single overloads is presented. Several modifications to Wheeler’s growth idea are proposed, which incorporate a consideration for effective stress intensity factor, based on Elber’s concept of crack closure, relationship between overload ratio and the Wheeler’s exponent, and fatigue growth rate calculations. The results presented here show that plastic zone interaction following overload and the consideration of crack closure explain retardation effect following a single overload. Correlation between analysis and experimental data obtained from several sources in literature show that the scheme, is robust and provides an insight into the nonlinear aspect of crack growth results. The model has been tested for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and thorough calibrations performed, established the fidelity of the program.     

Damage accumulation for growth of anti-plane crack in work-hardening material

Elastic–plastic solutions of an anti-plane crack in an infinite body are used in conjunction with a continuum damage model to describe the conditions necessary for the onset of crack instability, fatigue crack propagation due to cyclic loading, and rates of crack growth due to time dependent events. A power law relates the stress to the strain of the material. The damage, which invokes nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids due to elevated strain, is confined to the plastic zone surrounding the crack tip. For applied loading below the yield stress, the small-scale and large-scale yielding solutions are used to determine the influence of strain hardening on crack instability and failure. Crack growth due to cyclic loading and time-dependent deformations are studied using the small-scale yielding solution of the deformation theory of plasticity.     

Experimental Investigation and Finite Element Analysis of Fatigue Crack Growth in Pipes Containing a Circumferential Semi-elliptical Crack Subjected to Bending

In this paper, a circumferential external surface flaw in a metallic round pipe under cyclic bending loading is considered. Because of very rapid changes in the geometrical parameters around the crack front region, the mesh generation of this region must be done with great care. This may lead to an increase in the run time which makes it difficult to reach valid results and conclusions. Because of the advantages of the sub-modeling technique in problems which need very high mesh density, this method is used. Stress intensity factors in mode I condition are determined using three-dimensional finite element modeling with 20 node iso-parametric brick elements in the ANSYS 9.0 standard code and the singular form of these finite elements at the crack front. In order to estimate the analysis error, the structural parameter error in energy norm criterion was used. Because of the advantages of non-dimensional analysis, this method is employed, and the stress intensity factors are normalized. For the analysis of the fatigue crack growth, the Paris law is used. The propagation path of the surface flaw is obtained from the diagram of aspect ratio versus relative crack depth. The fatigue crack growth analysis (the relative crack depth against loading cycles diagram) of different initial crack aspect ratio under cyclic loading is also considered. Fatigue shape development of initially semi-elliptical external surface defects is illustrated. The effect of the Paris exponent (material constant) on fatigue crack propagation is shown as well. Moreover, the fatigue crack growth of several specimens is assessed experimentally using a manually-constructed experimental set up. Finally, the experimental results obtained by cyclic bending loading tests are compared with the numerical results. The experimental results show good conformity with the finite element results.     

NiTi形状记忆合金裂纹尖端热力耦合行为研究

本文对NiTi形状记忆合金I型裂纹尖端热力耦合行为进行了数值仿真分析和实验验证。建立了包含相变和热力耦合的本构模型,通过有限元计算得到了裂纹尖端附近的纵向应变、马氏体体积分数和温度场分布,依据马氏体相变情况对裂纹尖端有效应力强度因子进行了修正,揭示了加载速率对形状记忆合金裂纹尖端有效应力强度影子的影响规律。参数研究表明,随着加载频率的增加,裂纹尖端附近温度逐渐升高,马氏体相变区域逐渐缩小,有效应力强度因子呈下降趋势,形状记忆合金表现出增韧效应,有助于减缓裂纹扩展。本研究结果对于揭示热力耦合作用下超弹性形状记忆合金疲劳裂纹扩展规律具有重要参考意义。     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

CTS试件中复合型疲劳裂纹扩展

针对复合型循环载荷作用下的金属构件中的裂纹扩展问题进行了实验分析和理论建模. 首先 采用紧凑拉剪试件(CTS)和 Richard研制的复合型载荷加载装置，对承受复合型循环载荷的裂纹进行了实验研究. 实验选择了两种金属材料试件，分别承受3种形式的复合型循环载荷的作用，在裂纹尖端具 有相同的初始应力场强度的条件下考察复合型循环载荷对裂纹扩展规律的影响. 实验结果表明，疲劳裂纹的扩展速率与加载角度有关. 对于同样金属材料的试件，当裂尖处 初始应力场强度相等时，载荷越接近于II型，裂纹增长速率越快. 采用等效应力强度 因子(I型和II型应力强度因子的组合)、裂纹扩展速率及复合强度等参数，以实验数据为 基础，建立了一个疲劳裂纹扩展模型，用来预测裂纹在不同模式疲劳载荷作用下的扩展速率. 为验证其有效性，该模型被应用于钢制试件的数值模拟计算中. 实验结果与模拟计算曲线保 持一致，表明该模型可以用来估算带裂纹金属构件的寿命.