The parametric source method for measuring characteristics of underwater acoustic materials in a pressure vessel

A truncated broadband parametric array with a primary frequency of 500 kHz and difference frequency range of 1 kHz to 30 kHz was designed as a sound source of the underwater acoustic material measurement system.By analyzing the theoretical calculation and actual measurement results in array directivity of the truncated broadband parametric source at typical frequencies,we observed that the curves of the two results were basically consistent,which proved that the calculation model was correct.Application of bell-shaped short-duration pulse to achieve broadband measurement for characteristics of underwater acoustic materials was beneficial to reduce the effects of diffraction from the panel edges.The measurement system was established for measuring the sound pressure reflection coefficients,sound pressure transmission coefficients and absorption coefficients of the large panel sample in the pressure vessel.The size of this tank is φ4 m×12 m,the maximum hydrostatic pressure is 4.5 MPa,and the corresponding measuring frequency range is from 1 kHz to 30 kHz.The measured curves had a good agreement with theoretical curves,which verified that the parametric source measurement method was feasible.Then,the sound absorption properties of the rubber plate sample were measured under different hydrostatic pressures.The studying results could show that the parametric source measurement method had the potential application in the limited space water,such as the pressure vessel.     

Construction and cosmic-ray test of the new inner drift chamber for BESIII

A new inner drift chamber has been built which can replace the aged part of the BESIII drift chamber when needed. The design of the new inner drift chamber can minimize the ineffective area in the very forward and backward region and hence reduce the background event rate. With this design, the new inner drift chamber is expected to have a longer lifetime and improved performance due to the lower occupancy. The endplates and the cylinder were machined with high precision. Wire stringing was performed after the mechanical structure was assembled, and good quality of wire stringing was ensured by measurement of the tension and leakage current of the wires. After completion of the physical construction of the new chamber, a cosmic-ray test was carried out to test its performance. The results of the cosmic-ray test show that the new inner chamber achieves a spatial resolution of127 μm and a d E/dx resolution of 6.4%, which satisfies the design specifications.     

Kalman filtering techniques for reducing variance of digital speckle displacement measurement noise

Target dynamics are assumed to be known in measuring digital speckle displacement. Use is made of a simple measurement equation, where measurement noise represents the effect of disturbances introduced in measurement process. From these assumptions, Kalman filter can be designed to reduce variance of measurement noise. An optical and analysis system was set up, by which object motion with constant displacement and constant velocity is experimented with to verify validity of Kalman filtering techniques for reduction of measurement noise variance.     

Kalman filtering techniques for reducing variance of digital speckle displacement measurement noise

Target dynamics are assumed to be known in measuring digital speckle displacement. Use is made of a simple measurement equation, where measurement noise represents the effect of disturbances introduced in measurement process. From these assumptions, Kalman filter can be designed to reduce variance of measurement noise. An optical and analysis system was set up, by which object motion with constant displacement and constant velocity is experimented with to verify validity of Kalman filtering techniques for reduction of measurement noise variance.     

氚安全防护研究进展

本文简要介绍了与氚气所接触者的防护重点、防止氚气内照射毒害的首选措施、氚气内照射剂量监测的特殊规律、氚致非随机辐射效应的首要受累器官等方面的研究工作和一些新认识． We have made wide researches on the safety protection on tritium in order toprevent the tritium radioactive toxicity. Systematic and comprehensive understanding isachieved in many aspects like the protection emphasis on tritium gas contactors, the mostpreferable measurement for the protection of tritium gas internal irradistion toxicity, the particular law of tritium gas internal irradiation dosage monitoring, and the principal involvedorgans of tritium-induced non-random radiative effects...     

Design of a multi-cusp ion source for proton therapy

The permanent magnets of the discharge chamber in a multi-cusp proton source are studied and designed. The three electrode extraction system is adopted and simulated. A method to extract different amounts of current while keeping the beam emittance unchanged is proposed.     

Measurement of Neutron Fluxes and Spectra during the NT-TBM Operation of CN HCSB

Neutronics measurement system provides neutron fluxes and spectra at the locations of beryllium multiplier and tritium breeder during the operation of the NT-TBM （D-D and D-T phase in ITER）. This is important for studying and assessing capabilities of beryllium multiplier and tritium breeder in the China helium cooled solid breeder （CNHCSB）. A special neutron diagnostic system has been proposed that allows to measure neutron fluxes and spectra without interrupt the operation of ITER. This system includes encapsulated foil activation analysis, micro-fission chamber detectors （MFC）, and a compact neutron spectrometer using natural diamond detector （NDD）.     

Employing a Cerenkov detector for the thickness measurement of X-rays in a scattering background

The variation in environmental scattering background is a major source of systematic errors in X- ray inspection and measurement systems. As the energy of these photons consisting of environmental scattering background is much lower generally, the Cerenkov detectors having the detection threshold are likely insensitive to them and able to exclude their influence. A thickness measurement experiment is designed to verify the idea by employing a Cerenkov detector and an ionizing chamber for comparison. Furthermore, it is also found that the application of the Cerenkov detectors is helpful to exclude another systematic error from the variation of low energy components in the spectrum incident on the detector volume.     

锂铅合金释氚实验研究

由于锂铅合金因具有高增殖比、低活泼性和可能作为冷却剂的特点,被认为是最有潜力的能源堆包层氚增殖材料。在理论模型描述熔融锂铅合金氚释放行为的基础上,开展了中子辐照后Li₁₇Pb₈₃合金的离线氚释放实验。结果表明: 释放氚的化学形式99％以上为难溶于水的成分（HT或T2）; 氚滞留时间随载气中氢分压的增加而减小,氢分压达到1000 Pa后变为常数,且与实体积无关;氚释放速率对温度的依赖性符合Arrhenius定律。以此为基础得到的氚在熔融锂铅中的动力学参数结果,虽与文献值有差异,但同样证明了在633—973 K的范围内, 氚从液态锂铅到气相的整个释放过程中起决定作用的是氚在合金内的扩散和气\|液界面的多相反应重组。Lithium\|lead alloy is considered to be one of the most prominent tritium breeding materials for the fusion reactor blanket because of its high breeding ratio, and low reactivity and possible use as coolant. An out\|of\|pile experiment of tritium release from Li₁₇Pb₈₃ alloy was performed after neutron irradiation on the base of mathematical model to describe tritium release behavior from an eutectic lithium\|lead alloy. The results suggest that the dominant chemical form of the released tritium (>99%) was the water\| insoluble component (HT or T2). Tritium residence time decreased with increasing H₂pressure in carrier gas up to 1000 Pa, and above this concentration limit it became constant and not influenced by the plenum volume. The temperature dependence of the tritium release rate can be described by an Arrhenius law. Consequently, the present results on the kinetic parameters of tritium in molten Li₁₇Pb₈₃alloy are considered to be different from the values in literature, but it is the same that the overall release process is governed by the diffusion of tritium atoms in the Li₁₇Pb₈₃and by the heterogeneous reaction at the gas\|eutectic interface of the tritium atom recombination at temperatures from 633 to 973 K.     

Tritium Burn-up Depth and Tritium Break-Even Time

Similarly to but quite different from the xenon poisoning effects resulting from fission-produced iodine during the restart-up process of a fission reactor, we introduce a completely new concept of the tritium burn-up depth and tritium break-even time in the fusion energy research area. To show what the least required amount of tritium storage is used to start up a fusion reactor and how long a time the fusion reactor needs to be operated for achieving the tritium break-even during the initial start-up phase due to the finite tritium breeding time that is dependent on the tritium breeder, specific structure of breeding zone, layout of coolant flow pipe, tritium recovery scheme, extraction process, the tritium retention of reactor components, unrecoverable tritium fraction in breeder, leakage to the inertial gas container, and the natural decay etc., we describe this new phenomenon and answer this problem by setting up and by solving a set of equations, which express a dynamic subsystem model of the tritium inventory evolution in a fusion experimental breeder （FEB）. It is found that the tritium burn-up depth is 317g and the tritium break-even time is approximately 240 full power days for FEB designed detail configuration and it is also found that after one-year operation, the tritium storage reaches 1.18kg that is more than the least required amount of tritium storage to start up three of FEB-like fusion reactors.     

Ultra low-level tritium measurement using electrolytic enrichment and LSC†

We describe an advanced methodology for low-level tritium measurement in regard to calibration, electrolytic tritium enrichment, liquid scintillation counting (LSC) measurement, and prevention of sample contamination. Details are given on enrichment parameters and electrode processes for optimisation of enrichment reproducibility and on optimisation of LSC stability. Intercomparison results demonstrate high accuracy of the tritium measurement system. The use of accurate tritium data for groundwater dating in the southern hemisphere is demonstrated with data from several groundwater systems of New Zealand.     

ICF靶丸氘氚总量非破坏性荧光测量法

 介绍了惯性约束聚变（ICF）研究中，氘氚（DT）气体燃料靶丸中的氚总量监测新方法—可见光荧光法。该方法是一种非破坏性测量技术，不但适用于直接驱动的内爆靶丸，而且也适用于间接驱动方式下的各种空腔靶现场监测。给出了1992年“神光”装置内爆靶丸的现场监测结果，并给出了该方法用于绝对测量时需考虑的因素以及刻度因子，特别是讨论了未来发展高灵敏度荧光底片或探测器的必要性。     

Facility for preparation of gas mixture in muon catalyzed fusion experiments

A facility is described that allows safe handling of high tritium gas activity as dozens kilocuries in a regular laboratory environment. It is used to make and deliver into the target a mixture of specific isotopic composition with the contamination requirement of 10^-7 v.f. for Z>1 elements, and recover it upon completion of operation. With this facility, efforts have been accomplished to investigate into the muon catalyzed fusion on two targets – liquid tritium and high-pressure tritium types. Also, the operation range was 0.1–120 MPa for pressure and 20–800 K for temperature and the amount of tritium used was about 100 kCi. The facility showed reliability in operation without indications of radiation beyond the safety level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cryogenic Hydrogen Fuel for Controlled Inertial Confinement Fusion (Cryogenic Target Factory Concept Based on FST-Layering Method)

A central element of a power plant based on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a target with cryogenic hydrogen fuel that should be delivered to the center of a reactor chamber with a high accuracy and repetition rate. Therefore, a cryogenic target factory (CTF) is an integral part of any ICF reactor. A promising way to solve this problem consists in the FST layering method developed at the Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI). This method (rapid fuel layering inside moving free-standing targets) is unique, having no analogs in the world. The further development of FST-layering technologies is implemented in the scope of the LPI program for the creation of a modular CTF and commercialization of the obtained results. In this report, we discuss our concept of CTF (CTF-LPI) that exhibits the following distinctive features: using a FST-layering technology for the elaboration of an in-line production of cryogenic targets, using an effect of quantum levitation of high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) in magnetic field for noncontacting manipulation, transport, and positioning of the free-standing cryogenic targets, as well as in using a Fourier holography technique for an on-line characterization and tracking of the targets flying into the reactor chamber. The results of original experimental and theoretical investigations performed at LPI indicate that the existing and developing target fabrication capabilities and technologies can be applied to ICF target production. The unique scientific, engineering, and technological base developed in Russia at LPI allows one to make a CTFLPI prototype for mass production of targets and delivery thereof at the required velocity into the ICF reactor chamber.     

热处理温度对化学镀磁性ICF玻璃靶丸特性的影响

 在300,700和1 000 ℃温度下,对化学镀Ni-P合金涂层后的磁性ICF玻璃靶丸进行热处理,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和振动样品磁强计（VSM）对热处理后化学镀ICF玻璃靶丸的结构、形貌和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明：化学镀ICF玻璃靶丸经过热处理后,Ni-P涂层晶化为晶态合金层,涂层的组成颗粒直径和磁性能随着热处理温度的升高而不断增加,可望用于磁悬浮实验研究。     

Acoustic field evaluation of asphalt mixtures with crumb rubber

The aim of this study is to characterize the acoustical behavior of bituminous mixtures fabricated with recycled rubber crumb. Acoustic field measurements of the tire/pavement interaction in close proximity to the contact patch were carried out with a trailer with a protective chamber (TiresonicMk4-LA²IC). The survey was conducted on a test track with several experimental sections paved with a gap-graded mixture. Different methods of incorporating crumb rubber in the mixture were used: (i) into binder and (ii) with the aggregate materials. Close proximity sound levels are assigned to the gap-graded mixtures containing rubber and compared to that of a reference mixture without rubber. It is shown that asphalt mixtures fabricated with the addition of crumb rubber to the aggregate material (dry process) managed to reduce the noise from the tire/pavement interaction up to 2 dB(A).     

ICF玻璃靶丸化学镀磁性Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层

采用化学镀技术在ICF玻璃靶丸表面均匀包覆一层磁性Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、能量衍射谱仪和振动样品磁强计对ICF玻璃靶丸表面化学镀Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层的形貌、组成和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:化学镀Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层的ICF玻璃靶丸,表面由平均直径为50 nm的细小颗粒组成,表面粗糙度小,磁性能高,可望用于磁悬浮实验研究。     

基于交流调制技术的弱电流放大器研制

在射线强度测量中,积分电离室输出的电流信号在10–10~10–15 A范围内,该弱电流信号需要转换和放大才可以进行采集。针对积分电离室本文设计了一种弱电流信号放大系统,采用交流调制技术将待测弱直流电流信号调制为交流电压信号,再经放大、相敏检波、滤波等电路处理后得到直流电压信号,最后进行数据采集;同时在系统中引入直流负反馈后缩短了电流测量的响应时间。采用标准电流源测试了系统输入输出线性及响应特性,测试了积分电离室检测氚靶的β射线。测试结果表明:该系统能够有效放大10–14~10–11 A范围内的弱电流信号且有较好的线性和响应时间特性,电流测量灵敏度达到了10–14 A,该系统具有良好的工程应用前景。     

Characterization of monoenergetic neutron reference fields with a high resolution diamond detector

A novel radiation detector based on an artificial single crystal diamond was used to characterize in detail the energy distribution of neutron reference fields at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and their contamination with charged particles. The monoenergetic reference fields at PTB in the neutron energy range from 1.5 MeV up to 19 MeV are generated by proton and deuteron beams impinging on solid and gas targets of tritium and deuterium. The energy of the incoming particles and the variation of the angle under which the measurement is performed produce monoenergetic reference fields with different mean energies and line shapes. Well established simulation codes allow these parameters to be calculated in detail, provided the properties of the targets are known.In this paper we present high resolution neutron spectrometry measurements of different monoenergetic reference fields. The results are compared with calculated spectra taking into account the actual target parameters. The influence of deviations from the ideal case, e.g. a non homogeneous tritium distribution in a solid Ti/T-target, was investigated. Line structures in the order of 80 keV for a neutron energy of 9 MeV were resolved. The shift of the mean energy and the increasing of the width of the neutron peak with increasing pressure in the gas target in the order of 30 keV were measured.Another result is the determination of the contamination of the neutron field at 14 MeV with high energy charged particles (protons) from side reactions inside the T-target. This effect is due to the thin backing of the targets in use at PTB. It depends on the age of the target and it has to be taken into consideration for irradiations at small distances for some detectors, especially when very old targets are used.The experiments have shown that this detector is an easy to operate compact neutron spectrometer with extremely good energy resolution and that detailed structures in the line shapes of monoenergetic neutron fields can be resolved without using time-of-flight techniques.