二元溶液中基频拉曼散射系数随浓度变化对费米共振的影响

在二硫化碳(CS₂)和苯(C₆H₆)的二元溶液中,随着相对体积浓度而变化,C₆H₆的基频ν_１(992 cm-1) 的拉曼散射系数随浓度减小而增加,而CS₂的基频ν₁(656 cm-1)的拉曼散射系数则随浓度增加而增加。文章测量了这二元溶液相对不同体积浓度的拉曼光谱。结果表明,尽管CS₂和C₆H₆的基频ν₁的强度都随着浓度变化而发生较大变化,但C₆H₆的基频ν₁对其参与的ν₁+ν₆～ν₈费米共振几乎没有影响,而CS₂的基频ν₁强度的变化不仅对ν₁～2ν₂费米共振产生较大影响,还使基频ν₂发生变化。文章给出了实验结果,并用Bertran费米共振理论和群论给予了解释。     

瓦斯浓度影响下水合物晶体结构Raman光谱特征

在初始温压2 ℃,5 MPa条件下开展了三种瓦斯混合气(CH₄—C₂H₆—N₂,G1=54∶36∶10,G2=67.5∶22.5∶10,G3=81∶9∶10)水合实验,利用可见显微拉曼光谱仪获取水合产物拉曼光谱,通过水合物相中C₂H₆ C—C键伸缩振动特征峰拉曼位移判断水合物晶体结构,利用谱图特征峰分峰拟合方法计算出瓦斯水合物孔穴占有率、水合指数等。研究发现：气样G1和G2水合产物为I型水合物、G3为Ⅱ型,气样中C₂H₆浓度改变导致水合物晶体结构转变;Ⅰ型结构水合物相中CH₄和C₂H₆含量受气样浓度影响较小,G1和G2体系中CH₄含量分别为34.4%和35.7%、C₂H₆含量分别为64.6%和63.9%,而G3体系中CH₄和C₂H₆含量分别为73.5%和22.8%,晶体结构对水合物相客体分子含量控制作用明显;G1~G3体系水合物相大孔穴的CH₄—C₂H₆占有率分别为98%,98%和92%,小孔穴的CH₄占有率分别为80%,60%和84%,N₂由于分压较低且吸附能力较弱其小孔穴占有率不高于5%。     

参数寻优支持向量机在基于光声光谱法的变压器故障诊断中的应用

为了解决变压器气相色谱分析法故障诊断中存在的操作繁琐、消耗待测气体和载气、检测周期长等缺点,提出了利用光声光谱技术检测变压器油中CH₄,C₂H₂,C₂H₄,C₂H₆,H₂五种特征气体的含量并计算C₂H₂/C₂H₄,CH₄/H₂,C₂H₄/C₂H₆三对比值数据。将五种SVM类型和四种核函数采用交叉组合建立20种不同的支持向量机模型,并采用启发式算法对于惩罚因子c和g的取值进行参数寻优,以建立变压器故障诊断准确率最高、最快运行速度的支持向量机模型。启发式算法主要对比研究了粒子群算法和遗传算法在寻优精度与速度上的效果。仿真实验结果表明C-SVC模型、RBF核函数、遗传算法寻优构成的支持向量机模型对变压器故障的诊断准确率最高,测试集达到97.5%,训练集达到98.333 3%,并且遗传算法的寻优速度快于粒子群算法2倍左右。该方法具有操作简单、非接触性测量、不消耗载气、检测周期短、稳定性和灵敏度高等优点。可以代替传统的气相色谱分析法进行变压器故障诊断,满足变压器故障诊断的实际工程需要。     

聚乙二醇辅助下的La-Co-O 复合氧化物合成及其对苯的完全氧化性能研究

以聚乙二醇(PEG)作为分散剂,采用共沉淀法合成La-Co-O复合氧化物,考察添加不同分子量的PEG (0, 2 000, 6 000, 20 000 g·mol-1) 对复合氧化物的物化性质及苯完全氧化性能的影响。采用N₂物理吸附、XRD、SEM、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD和XPS进行催化剂表征。苯完全氧化反应结果显示催化剂活性顺序为LCO-PEG6000>LCO>LCO-PG20000>LCO-PG2000, LCO-PEG6000催化剂在383 ℃时对苯的转化率达到99%,比LCO低126 ℃。N₂物理吸附实验表明所制备的样品的S_BET均为9～10 m2·g-1。XRD分析显示合成的催化剂均为LaCoO₃钙钛矿主相伴生少量La₂O₃和Co₃O₄杂相,但添加PEG有利于钙钛矿主相的形成。尤其是添加PEG6000有效地抑制了催化剂颗粒的团聚,合成的样品颗粒均匀且尺寸最小。H₂-TPR和O₂-TPD结果表明该催化剂具有更高的还原性能和晶格氧迁移能力,同时XPS分析显示表面活性Co3＋含量最高,这些性质使其具有最高的催化氧化活性。     

CVD法SiC纤维表面碳涂层结构的拉曼光谱研究

采用激光拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜对以C₂H₂+H₂和C₂H₂+C₃H₈+Ar为反应气体,通过直流加热化学气相沉积工艺在SiC纤维表面制备的碳涂层的微观结构及断口形貌进行了研究。结果表明,两种碳涂层的拉曼光谱中1 350,1 400～1 500和1 600 cm-1附近均观察到D,D”和G特征峰的存在。碳涂层具有类似石墨的片层结构,结构中微晶的排列显示出一定的无序性,并含有少量非晶态碳。随着沉积温度的升高,微晶尺寸有所增加,结构中的均匀性和有序度也得到改善。断口观察发现,采用C₂H₂+H₂制备的碳涂层平整、致密;而由C₂H₂+C₃H₈+Ar得到的碳涂层呈曲折的层片状。分析表明,这主要与结构中的有序度和均匀性有关。     

原位漫反射红外光谱研究NO在Ag/SAPO-34催化剂上的选择性催化还原

原位漫反射红外光谱研究NO在Ag/SAPO 34催化剂上的选择性催化还原过程。考察了以丙烯为还原剂 ,在富氧及 573～ 773K温度条件下的反应。通过比较初始混合气中加氧或不加氧时反应的原位光谱 ,探讨了氧在NO还原过程中的作用。结果表明 ,氧能充分促进丙稀活化以及增加NOx 吸附态含量 ,并且氧的存在是有效产生有机 氮氧化物 (R NO2 ,R ONO)不可缺少的条件。基于光谱实验 ,认为反应机理为 :NO ,丙烯和氧反应 ,在Ag/SAPO 34催化剂上生成吸附的有机 氮氧化物 ,再由这些吸附物种分解成N2 ,催化还原的关键是形成有机 氮氧化物中间体。     

TCNQ脂类衍生物及其铜复合物的合成与红外光谱研究

首次合成了7,7,8,8-四氰基对苯醌二甲烷的脂类衍生物: TCNQ(C₂H₄COOR)₂(R=CH₃, C₂H₅, C₃H₇)及其铜电子转移复合物。通过元素分析确定这些化合物的组成, 对这些化合成物在4 000～400 cm-1范围内的主要红外光谱吸收峰进行了归属,并讨论了取代基对TCNQ类衍生物红外光谱的影响及其规律。     

空气介质阻挡放电发射光谱测量及放电过程粒子分析

发射光谱是对等离子体进行检测和诊断最常见的应用方法,提供了等离子体的化学和物理过程丰富的信息,放电过程中等离子的动力学行为的分析研究对于气体放电机理及其应用具有重要的作用。设计了一套介质阻挡空气放电光谱测量装置,测量了在实验条件下的发射光谱数据,通过发射光谱分析了介质阻挡放电等离子体的粒子演化。建立了数值计算模型,耦合了密度方程、能量传递方程以及Boltzmann方程,对于介质阻挡空气放电过程中的各种粒子变化规律进行了分析,解释了发射光谱的特征。结果表明,约化场强越大,激发的粒子数的浓度越大。对于40,60与80 Td的约化场强,同一时刻同种粒子数的浓度会有一到两个数量级的差距。电场的激发产生了大量的N₂(A3),N₂(B3)与N₂(C3)的粒子,但是由于其能级较高,而迅速发生了转化,并且在放电的10-6 s后,这些粒子的产生与转化达到了平衡。相比激发态氮分子,O₂(A1) O₂(B1)与O₂(A3Σ+_u)的峰值浓度并不低,这些粒子的能量相对较低,跃迁产生的谱线波长较长,光谱仪并未清晰捕捉到氧分子的发射光谱。O粒子的峰值浓度较小,因此其跃迁产生的发射光谱较弱。放电过程中产生的较为稳定的O₃浓度持续增加,NO₂的浓度达到峰值后也不会下降。建立的模型计算结果可以很好地解释实验中测量得到的发射光谱数据。     

硫代水杨酸在银表面的化学吸附及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用电化学法对Ag电极粗糙活化,进而对含巯基基团的硫代水杨酸(TSA)进行表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)研究。研究表明,溶液浓度与pH对增强效应影响显著,1×10-3 mol·L-1与pH 4分别为增强效应的最佳浓度与酸度。浓度增大由于空间位阻等因素影响而增强效应急速下降。由TSA化学吸附所产生的S—Ag峰位基本不随pH改变;但pH对峰强度有显著影响。经对TSA在不同pH下的分布和机理研究表明,TSA是通过中性C₆H₄(COOH)SH分子中的硫醇端基脱H后与活化的Ag表面进行吸附,形成S—Ag化学键而产生SERS光谱。在较强碱性条件下负一价的C₆H₄(COO-)SH 可能与OH- 形成竞争吸附而不易产生SERS;同时吸附基团巯基对羧基振动谱峰的变化以及对苯环共轭体系中的电子云分布有很大影响。     

原子吸收光谱法间接研究组氨酸锌的配合反应

编程计算了不同pH条件下的组氨酸和锌离子的各种存在形式并分析了拟合分布图,研究了在硫化锌法原子吸收间接测定组氨酸时的pH值对原子吸收响应的影响及络合反应的机理。指出在pH 9.5左右最佳测定条件下,所形成的可溶性组氨酸锌配合物是由电中性的组氨酸基His+- 和带负一价电荷形态的组氨酸基His-与Zn(OH)₂共同形成的Zn(OH)₂·(C₆N₃O₂H₉)₂,Zn(OH)₂·[(C₆N₃O₂H₈)-]₂,Zn(OH)2·(C₆N₃O₂H₉)·[(C₆N₃O₂H₈)-]。结果表明,理论计算分析的结果与实验数据基本吻合,确定了硫化锌法原子吸收间接测定组氨酸时的配合物反应机理及配合物的组成结构。     

Effect of products of low temperature oxidation reaction on NOx reduction in HC-SCR system

Fuel reforming technology using a low temperature oxidation reaction was applied to improvement of NOx reduction efficiency of hydrocarbons selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) system, which does not require urea. The low temperature oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons produces oxygenated hydrocarbons which has high NOx reduction ability such as aldehydes. A pre-evaporation and premixing-type fuel reformer was developed in order to generate uniform fuel/air premixed gas. To prevent from hot-flame ignition, the reaction chamber of the fuel reformer has a high surface/volume ratio and the wall temperature of the reaction chamber was controlled. As a fundamental study, NOx reduction experiments and elementary reaction calculation were carried out to investigate the suitable fuel reformer temperature and reforming equivalence ratio for the promotion of NOx reduction on the surface of the catalyst. It was found that the reforming fuel gas has a higher NOx reduction efficiency than the fuel vapor in the catalyst temperature range from 473 to 773 K. The NOx reduction efficiency was highest at the reforming temperature of 673 K. The NOx reduction efficiency at the catalyst temperature of 723 K increases with the increase in the reforming equivalence ratio. It was suggested that alcohols predominantly affect NOx reduction reaction at low catalyst temperatures, and aldehydes at high catalyst temperatures.     

DRIFTS study of Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalysts for selective CO oxidation

The Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalysts synthesized with coprecipitation method were used into the selective CO oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas. The adsorbed species and the intermediates on Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalysts were examined by in-situ diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFTS) technique. It was found that hydrogen, oxygen and CO in the feed stream were adsorbed competitively at the same adsorption sites on the surface of Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalysts. The pretreatment with hydrogen caused the deep reduction of Cu+ species to Cu0 species and decreased the capacity of CO adsorption on the catalyst surface. The Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalyst pretreated with oxygen offered more active oxygen species and inhibited the deep reduction of Cu+ species. The helium pretreatment only purified the surface of Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalyst. Two IR bands at 2938.7 and 2843.8 cm(-1) due to bridged formate and bidentate formate species appeared at 180 degrees C. The active oxygen anion of Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta catalyst could react with CO and produce carbonate species at room temperatures. The carbonate and formate species occupied the adsorption sites and deteriorated the catalytic performance of Cu1Zr1Ce9Odelta. Flushing the Cu1ZnrCe9Odelta catalyst with helium at 300 degrees C, the bidentate formate species on the catalyst surface decomposed to monodentate carbonate species and then further decomposed to CO2, which could release the adsorption sites and restore well the catalytic activity.     

钒钨铈催化剂的低温SCR反应机理研究

本文使用等体积浸渍法制备了钒钨铈(V2O5-WO3/CeO2)选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂,并使用一系列的原位傅里叶变换红外(In-situ FTIR)光谱详细研究了该催化剂的低温SCR反应过程(本文选用200℃)。通过将原位红外光谱与化学诱捕法耦合使用,成功捕捉并识别了低温SCR的不稳定反应中间产物亚硝酸盐(nitrites),并以该亚硝酸盐物种为主要的反应活化产物,建立了基于NO氧化活化的低温SCR还原半圈反应动力学模型.该动力学模型可准确描述V2O5-WO3/CeO2催化剂低温SCR中NO与表面吸附NH3的瞬态反应过程。     

原位DRIFTS研究CH4部分氧化和CO2重整的耦合

8%Ru-5?/γ-Al2O3催化剂对于甲烷的低温活化具有较好的催化活性,在500℃下甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气的耦合反应中,吸热反应二氧化碳重整和放热反应甲烷部分氧化进行耦合强化,使得耦合反应中的甲烷转化率为38.8%。用原位漫反射傅里叶红外光谱法对钌系催化剂耦合甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整反应体系机理进行研究。CO在8%Ru-5?/γ-Al2O3上吸附,表明CO在催化剂表面上波数为2 167 cm-1(2 118 cm-1)和2031 cm-1(2 034 cm-1)处形成孪生态Ru(CO)2和Ce(CO)2吸附物种,而且高温下CO吸附物种很容易从催化剂表面脱附出来。原位漫反射红外实验结果表明甲烷部分氧化反应时催化剂表面上有吸附物种碳酸根、甲酰基(甲酸盐)和一氧化碳的形成,其中表面的甲酰基和甲酸盐物种是甲烷部分氧化反应的主要活性中间物,这些中间活性中间体由甲烷吸附态CHx和催化剂表面的氧吸附态结合而形成的,随后这种中间物种再分解为CO产物;甲烷和二氧化碳重整反应时没有新的吸附物种产生,由此提出重整反应的机理是吸附态的甲烷和二氧化碳在催化剂活性中心上进行活化解离而生成合成气;甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气耦合反应过程中出现新的羟基物种(桥式羟基Ru-(OH)2),耦合反应机理复杂可能是由部分氧化和重整两类反应机理的复合,其中桥式羟基Ru-(OH)2参与了反应的进行。     

Investigation of the role of oxygen in NO reduction by C2H4 on the surface of stepped Pt(3 3 2)

The influence of pre-dosed oxygen on NO–C₂H₄ interactions on the surface of stepped Pt(3 3 2) has been investigated using Fourier transform infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The presence of oxygen significantly suppresses the adsorption of NO on the steps of Pt(3 3 2), leading to a very specific adsorption state for NO molecules when oxygen–NO co-adlayers are annealed to 350 K (assigned as atop NO on step edges). An oxygen-exchange reaction also takes place between these two kinds of adsorbed molecules, but there appears to be no other chemical reaction, which can result in the formation of higher-valence NOx.

C₂H₄ molecules which are post-dosed at 250 K to adlayers consisting of ¹⁸O and NO do not have strong interactions with either the NO or the ¹⁸O atoms. In particular, interactions which may result in the formation of new surface species that are intermediates for N₂ production appear to be absent. However, C₂H₄ is oxidized to C¹⁸O₂ by ¹⁸O atoms at higher annealing temperature. This reaction scavenges surface ¹⁸O atoms quickly, and the adsorption of NO molecules on step sites is therefore quickly restored. As a consequence, NO dissociation on steps proceeds very effectively, giving rise to N₂ desorption which closely resembles that following only NO exposure on a clean Pt(3 3 2), both in peak intensity and desorption temperature. It is concluded that the presence of ¹⁸O₂ in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with C₂H₄ on the surface of Pt(3 3 2) does not play a role of activating reactants.     

(VO)2P2O7催化剂上正丁烷选择氧化反应路径的原位瞬态DRIFTS研究

在钒磷复合氧化物(VO)2P2O7催化剂上,运用脉冲反应和反应物组成序贯切换的瞬态反应技术,对正丁烷和C4烯烃(1-丁烯、1,3-丁二烯)选择氧化制顺酐过程进行了瞬态原位DRIFTS研究,考察了正丁烷选择氧化反应体系的反应网络和基元过程序列结构。获得了含羰基的非环状饱和与不饱和物种都可能是正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐过程的中间物的证据,在1-丁烯和1,3-丁二烯的原位瞬态DRIFTS研究中检测到了呋喃。推断中间物呋喃在生成顺酐前可能经历了开环形成含羰基的非环状不饱和物种的过程。基于实验结果及与文献的比较,提出了正丁烷在VPO催化剂上选择氧化可能的反应路径。     

Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon with Mesopore Confinement Efficiently Enhances the Tolerance,Sensitivity, and Stability of a Pt Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) present some of the most challenging vulnerability issues reducing ORR performance and shortening their practical lifetime. Fuel crossover resistance, selective activity, and catalytic stability of ORR catalysts are still to be addressed. Here, a facile and in situ template‐free synthesis of Pt‐containing mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon composites (Pt‐m‐N‐C) is designed and specifically developed to overcome its drawback as an electrocatalyst for ORR, while its high activity is sustained. The as‐prepared Pt‐m‐N‐C catalyst exhibits high electrocatalytic activity, dominant four‐electron oxygen reduction pathway, superior stability, fuel crossover resistance, and selective activity to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 m KOH aqueous solution. Such excellent performance benefits from in situ covalent incorporation of Pt nanoparticles with optimal size into N‐doped carbon support, dense active catalytic sites on surface, excellent electrical contacts between the catalytic sites and the electron‐conducting host, and a favorable mesoporous structure for the stabilization of the Pt nanoparticles by pore confinement and diffusion of oxygen molecules.     

Modeling catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia over V2O5

Preservation of the natural environment and therefore elimination of pollutants has become a major concern in the present world. NO_x is efficiently removed from the gas exhausts produced by fixed plants by the selective catalytic reduction processes where NO_x is reduced by ammonia. Despite the wide use of this process, many aspects concerning the reaction mechanism are still poorly understood. The reaction is very exothermic but requires a catalyst. Here we report the present status of the proposed mechanisms for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia on V₂O₅/titania catalyst. The discussion is centered on the last decade and focuses on new theoretical findings in the field. We provide ab initio calculations based on cluster and periodic models to analyze the adsorption of the reactants in reduced, oxidized and stoichiometric surfaces, assuming dry and wet conditions, to evaluate the intermediates proposed in the literature. Several conditions are settled to propose an active catalyst. Coadsorption is investigated and in dry conditions quasi spontaneous reaction is obtained on an oxidized catalyst when the model includes NO and NH₃ and is allowed easy hydration-dehydration processes. We conclude that adsorption of reactants takes place on reactive O sites provided by the catalyst, V₂O₅ dispersed on TiO₂–anatase phase. Dispersion is essential to generate reactive O atoms necessary for a good catalytic activity. Finally, we propose a new pathway to proceed in oxidizing conditions. Results are compared to recent theoretical calculations and to experimental data.     

Electrochemical promotion of environmentally important catalytic reactions

The performance of conventional heterogeneous metal catalysts may be enhanced by the addition of so-called promoter species that are used to modify the intrinsic metal surface chemistry with respect to activity and/or selectivity. Electrochemical methods provide an alternative, radically different and uniquely efficacious method of catalyst promotion. Substantial and reversible changes in catalyst perfomance can be induced by back-spillover ions pumped from a solid electrolyte to the surface of a catalytically active electrode: one hasin situ control of the working catalyst. Studies of the electrochemical promotion of NO reduction over Pt films supported on β″-alumina (a sodium ion conductor) demonstrate that major enhancements in activity are possible when Na is pumped to the catalyst surface. We have examined the NO+CO reaction and the reaction of NO with propene. Both reactions are relevant to control of automotive and other emissions, and both exhibit strong electrochemical promotion. By simulating lean-burn engine conditions, we have also demonstrated that EP of a Pt catalyst very substantially enhances the ability of NO to oxidise propene in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Reaction kinetic data obtained as a function of catalyst potential, temperature and gas composition indicate that Na increases the strength of NO chemisorption relative to CO or propene, a process that is accompanied by weakening of the N-O bond, thus facilitating NO dissociation, which is the critical reaction-initiating step. XP spectroscopy under the appropriate conditions of temperature and catalyst potential confirms that the mode of operation of the elctrochemically promoted Pt film does indeed involve reversible pumping of Na to or from the solid electrolyte. Paper presented at the 2nd Euroconference on Solid State Ionics, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, Sept. 10–16, 1995