直线加速器超导段故障补偿的人工智能算法研究

强流直线加速器的长时间稳定运行是该领域的难点和前沿课题之一。以加速器驱动嬗变研究装置(CiADS)的加速器为例,利用TraceWin软件模拟的虚拟加速器数据,提出了基于人工智能算法的超导腔失效的分段故障补偿方法。当有腔体故障时,故障腔的相邻器件将用于重新匹配束流包络,而所有下游腔均可用于补偿束流能量。与传统的优化方法相比,该方法可实现低能耗的超导腔段的故障补偿,具有计算速度快、普适性强等优点,为实际应用器件故障补偿提供了新的可行性。     

中国加速器驱动次临界系统主加速器初步物理设计

中国加速器驱动次临界系统（C-ADS）计划采用一个平均流强为10 mA的连续波质子加速器作为次临界堆的驱动器,驱动加速器的束流功率为15 MW,最终能量1.5 GeV,其中主加速器是驱动加速器的一个重要部分,完成束流能量从10 MeV到1.5 GeV的加速,所有加速腔均采用超导结构。为了避免频繁束流中断对反应堆的损坏,设计要求驱动加速器在运行过程中束流可以中断的次数非常有限,因此加速器在设计过程植入了容错机制,尝试了各种可能的方法以最大程度地满足C-ADS加速器的高可靠性和稳定性的要求。介绍了C-ADS主加速器的基本设计: 总长度306.4 m, 束流的归一化RMS发射度增长控制在5%以内。总结了各个重要参数选择过程中的考虑以及整个加速段多粒子跟踪模拟的束流动力学结果。     

CiADS超导直线加速器超导腔失效的分段补偿与冗余设计

加速器驱动次临界装置（ADS）对加速器运行稳定性和失束指标提出了前所未有的要求。对于超导直线加速器的研究发现,超导腔失效是失束的一个较大的来源,故针对超导腔的失效情况,本文提出分段补偿新方法,以提高高功率超导直线加速器的运行稳定性。提出的分段补偿方法与已有的全局补偿和局部补偿的方法相比,在保证加速器出口束流品质与无束损束流传输的同时,分段补偿束流能量,优化了参与能量补偿的超导腔数量,降低超导腔的备份功率源需求。论文最后针对CiADS的超导直线加速器的物理设计,做了分段补偿的多粒子模拟。结果表明,采用了分段补偿方法实现超导腔失效补偿的前提下,参与补偿过程中改变腔压的超导腔数量比例为48%,对功率源总的功率备份冗余需求小于20%。The accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) has put forward unprecedented demands on the stability and beam trip of the accelerator operation. Depending on analysis, failure of the superconducting cavities is a major cause for beam trip of the superconducting cavity. Therefore, a new method of piecewise compensation is proposed to improve the stability of high power superconductivity linac. The piecewise compensation scheme proposed in this paper is compared with the existing global compensation and local compensation technology. While guaranteeing the beam quality of the accelerator and without beam loss transmission, the piecewise compensation method can optimize the number of superconducting cavities involved in energy compensation and reduce the demand for the backup redundancy of power sources of the superconducting cavities. At the end of the paper, the multi-particle simulation of piecewise compensation aims at the physical design of CiADS superconducting linac. The result shows that 48% of superconducting cavities modify the cavity's Epeak during the compensation process and the demanded redundancy of total power sources is less than 20% under the premise of successful compensation for the failure of superconducting cavities through the piecewise compensation method.     

热阴极微波电子枪预测式自适应前馈控制系统

 北京自由电子激光装置采用热阴极微波电子枪作为电子直线加速器的注入器,在较长脉冲工作条件下, 热阴极微波枪固有的反轰效应使束流强度随时间增加, 能量因束负载效应而降低, 导致束流能散度变差, 并在随后的加速过程中因注入束流的纵向发射度的扩大而进一步变坏, 最终降低自由电子激光的性能。实验表明, 采用带预测的自适应前馈控制克服束负载效应以及提高微波枪束流质量切实可行。     

一种用于C-ADS低能束流传输线束流强度控制的新型可调限束光阑

为了实现超导直线加速器束流强度的连续可调,并满足加速器在线稳定可靠运行,针对我国加速器驱动次临界系统(C-ADS)低能束流传输线(LEBT)的束流强度调控,提出了一种新型的可调限束光阑。可调限束光阑采用两个相对旋转的镜像对称转芯,转芯的孔径在某一范围内可以实现连续变化,以刮除不需要的外部粒子,提高束流品质,降低束损,最重要的是可实现束流强度的在线连续可调,并满足圆形束的要求。仿真和试验结果表明,在0~10 mA范围内,可以有效地卡掉不需要的外部粒子束流,并实现束流强度的在线连续调节。该装置为质子直线加速器提供了一种方便的束流调试方法,能够满足ADS直线加速器稳定可靠的在线运行。     

中国散裂中子源二期双spoke超导腔设计

中国散裂中子源是中国第一台、世界第四台脉冲型散裂中子源,其已于2020年2月达到100 kW功率的设计指标,运行稳定高效,供束效率位于国际前列。中国散裂中子源二期升级方案中总束流功率将升级到500 kW,其中直线加速器段将采用超导加速腔结构,束流能量由80 MeV提高到300 MeV。其中在80～165 MeV能量段采用324 MHz双spoke超导腔,在165～300 MeV能量段采用648 MHz 6-cell椭球超导腔。采用CST、COMSOL等仿真软件完成324 MHz双spoke超导腔的电磁、机械设计及优化,达到实际运行指标要求。为了提高腔运行的稳定性,在腔的设计中对E_P/E_acc着重进行了优化,使其尽量降低。     

超导加速器CW模式的高阶模初步分析

 超导加速器由于具有极高的Q值，因此表现出较强的腔束相互作用，尤其是在以CW模式运行下，严重时会产生束流崩溃(BBU)效应。德国TESLA式的9-cell超导串腔在束流负载为1 mA，束团重复频率为81.25 MHz情况下，对其高阶模的产生及相应的功率水平进行了分析。结果表明：对于该腔的主要高阶模，谐振偏差值在π/4以上，束流没有发生谐振，高阶模功率在mW量级。     

光阴极注入器超导加速腔集成实验研究

 光阴极超导加速器实验系统由四倍频Nd：YAG锁模激光器、Cs₂Te光阴极、2+1/2微波电子枪、L波段3.5MW脉冲微波源,1.3GHz单腔超导铌腔,500W连续微波源,超导腔束管耦合器,4.2K低温恒温容器,液氦制冷系统,同步控制系统,束流参数诊断,真空系统等构成。2001年6月在中物院进行了光阴极超导加速器原理性实验,测得超导加速段能量增益0.58MeV,微脉冲束流强度0.1A,取得了预期的实验结果。     

BEPCⅡ直线加速器的误差和抖动效应

为达到BEPCⅡ 直线加速器的设计指标，系统地研究了误差和抖动(Jitter)效应对束流性能的影响。误差效应包括束流的初始偏轴和聚焦透镜偏轴导致的色差效应；束流的初始偏轴和加速结构偏轴导致的尾场效应等。主要的抖动效应包括相位漂移抖动和高频功率源中调制器电压的抖动影响等。确定了在BEPCⅡ直线加速器上对误差和抖动的限制，如来自电子枪的束流的初始偏轴应小于等于0.3 mm，加速结构和聚焦磁铁的安装误差应小于等于0.2 mm，相位漂移抖动误差应小于等于2°，调制器的电压抖动误差应小于等于0.1%。并进一步确认了必须采用相位控制系统和束流轨道校正系统，以抑制这些误差效应的影响，达到正、负电子束流能散度小于等于0.5% 和电子束束流发射度小于等于0.25 mm·mrad，正电子束束流发射度小于等于1.60 mm·mrad 的设计目标。     

介质壁直线加速器加速单元间的电路耦合及解耦

中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所研发的介质壁直线加速器是基于固态脉冲形成线、GaAs光导开关和高梯度绝缘介质壁三项关键技术的新型直线脉冲加速器。在加速器调试阶段,测量出获得加速的质子束流能量远低于预期值,在排除功率源负载能力因素之后,发现脉冲功率源因连接回路引起的电路耦合效应是导致束流能量低的主要原因。基于介质壁直线加速器加速单元放电回路结构的分析,确认了加速单元之间的电路耦合的必然性。并通过测量回路电流,研究了几种不同工作模式下的电路耦合效应。结合电路耦合的特点,给出了两种基于磁芯隔离的解耦方法,并测量了这两种方法的解耦效率。     

Influence of group-delay ripple on timing jitter induced by SPM and IXPM in systems with dispersion compensated by CFBG

An analytical expression was proposed to analyze the influence of group-delay ripple (GDR) on timing jitter induced by self-phase modulation (SPM) and intra-channel cross-phase modulation (IXPM) in pseudolinear transmission systems when dispersion was compensated by chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG).Effects of ripple amplitude, period, and phase on timing jitter were discussed by theoretical and numerical analysis in detail. The results show that the influence of GDR on timing jitter changes linearly with the amplitude of GDR and whether it decreases or increases the timing jitter relies on the ripple period and ripple phase. Timing jitter induced by SPM and IXPM could be suppressed totally by adjusting the relative phase between the center frequency of the pulse and the ripples.     

Study on transient beam loading compensation for China ADS proton linac injector Ⅱ

Significant transient beam loading effects were observed during beam commissioning tests of prototype II of the injector for the accelerator driven sub-critical(ADS) system, which took place at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, between October and December 2014. During these tests experiments were performed with continuous wave(CW) operation of the cavities with pulsed beam current, and the system was configured to make use of a prototype digital low level radio frequency(LLRF) controller. The system was originally operated in pulsed mode with a simple proportional plus integral and deviation(PID) feedback control algorithm,which was not able to maintain the desired gradient regulation during pulsed 10 m A beam operations. A unique simple transient beam loading compensation method which made use of a combination of proportional and integral(PI) feedback and feedforward control algorithm was implemented in order to significantly reduce the beam induced transient effect in the cavity gradients. The superconducting cavity field variation was reduced to less than 1.7% after turning on this control algorithm. The design and experimental results of this system are presented in this paper.     

加速器噪声对远红外FEL振荡器影响的模拟研究

 采用FEL一维脉冲模型，针对中国原子能研究院的远红外FEL振荡器，模拟研究了加速器噪声对FEL的影响。对电子束微脉冲的时间晃动和能量波动所引起的光功率波动及光谱中心晃动进行了模拟计算，在计算中还分别考虑了噪声频率、振幅的大小产生的直接影响以及腔失谐的间接影响。     

Timing jitter induced by intrachannel interactions in optical fiber communication systems using CFG as dispersion compensator

In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed for the analysis of timing jitter induced by intrachannel interactions in optical fiber communication systems using chirped fiber grating (CFG) as dispersion compensator. And for the first time, the impact of group-delay ripple (GDR) on timing jitter is taken into account in detail, theoretically and numerically. Results show that the GDR may increase or decrease the timing jitter of certain pair of adjacent pulses, deciding by the ripple parameters. The maximum influence will be obtained when ripple period is about 2/5 of the input pulse width. In practical systems, the GDR enhance the timing jitter for some adjacent pulses while reduce it for some other adjacent pulses, depending on the pulse pattern and the GDR parameters. In our simulation, the GDR guarantees a 3.04 ps increase of the standard deviation of the timing jitter.     

Mode locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser with intra-cavity polarization modulation

Erbium-doped fiber lasers are normally actively mode-locked through amplitude modulation or phase modulation. In this paper, we demonstrate that the laser can also be mode-locked by employing polarization modulation with a polarization-dependent cavity loss. We obtain a nearly transform-limited mode-locked pulse train at 10 GHz repetition rate with timing jitter as low as 164 fs. The timing jitter is only limited by the timing jitter of the driving signal.     

强流脉冲驱动的X波段多注相对论速调管相位特性

相位特性是目前制约多注相对论速调管放大器进一步拓展应用的关键参数之一,为了有效提高器件输出微波相位的稳定性,利用一维非线性理论对X波段强流多注速调管放大器开展了理论研究,得到由强流脉冲特性引起的腔体杂频以及电子束运动速度变化率是造成输出微波相位波动的部分主要原因,同时基于18注实心电子束构成的X波段多注相对论速调管放大器开展了强流脉冲特性对输出微波频率和相位影响的数值计算,最后利用粒子模拟手段对理论结果进行验证。理论和模拟结果一致表明:强流脉冲的前沿和波动都将导致器件内实际工作频率的偏移,并引起相位波动;在脉冲前沿段,脉冲前沿长度越短,器件内实际工作频率偏移越大,相位波动幅度越大;在脉冲平顶段,脉冲波动导致的频率偏移与电压变化率相关,与电压的幅值无关,而脉冲电压波动导致的输出微波相位波动由电压变化率及其变化幅度两者共同决定。     

CSNS LINAC低电平射频控制系统软件设计

低电平射频控制系统主要用于对加速腔的高频场和谐振频率的控制,保证加速器的稳定运行并输出高品质的束流.低电平控制系统软件提供可视化操作界面,实现数据显示和存储、自动化算法等功能,提高了低电平系统的可操作性,减少了人工作业量和故障率.软件开发具有灵活性强、开发周期短的特点,适合控制速度要求相对不高而逻辑较为复杂的功能开发....     

Design and simulation of a new type of 500 MHz single-cell superconducting RF cavity

This paper illustrates the design and simulation of a unique 500 MHz single-cell superconducting radio frequency cavity with a fluted beam pipe and a coaxial-type fundamental power coupler. The simulation results show that the cavity has a high r/Q value, a low peak surface field and a large beam aperture, so it can be a candidate cavity for high current accelerators. With the help of a fluted beam tube, almost all the higher order modes can propagate out of the cavity, especially the first two dipole modes, TE₁₁₁ and TM₁₁₀, and the first higher monopole mode, TM₀₁₁. The external quality factor of the coaxial fundamental power coupler is optimized to 1.2×10⁵, which will be useful when it is applied in the light source storage ring.