人乳腺癌组织阵列拉曼谱的模型成像研究

测量了人体乳腺管正常上皮组织及浸润性导管癌组织的阵列(Mapping)拉曼谱;利用作者前期建立的人体乳腺组织拉曼光谱模型,拟合了这些阵列谱,并将得到的归一化的拟合系数映射为灰度值,构建了乳腺组织的阵列拉曼谱模型成像。结果表明,这种模型成像具有较为明确的意义,尤其是细胞质、DNA、细胞间质基谱的拟合系数成像,较为清晰地呈现肌动蛋白、DNA及胶原的空间分布特征以及组织形态结构。与相关系数成像比较,模型成像给出了相似的结果。但模型成像对生化物质含量更敏感,成像分辨率更高。模型成像还显示癌变组织中细胞核明显增大、与细胞质相对比例明显增高,并为发展乳腺肿瘤拉曼诊断方法提供实验依据。     

人体肿瘤组织的拉曼光谱相关系数成像

运用逐点扫描(Scanning)采谱技术,测量了人体乳腺肿瘤组织的阵列拉曼光谱集(Mapping);利用自编的软件,分析和计算了该谱集与参考谱DNA、细胞质等拉曼谱的相关系数;并将其映射为灰度值,构建了点阵的相关系数成像。结果表明,相关系数成像较好地反映了参考谱所代表的生化成分的分布;DNA谱与组织中其他成分谱的相关性很小,因此DNA谱的相关系数成像能够直接地反映成像区域DNA的分布,可信度尤其高。该研究结果为进一步研究乳腺肿瘤的拉曼诊断方法奠定了一定基础。     

乳腺组织形态基元共焦显微拉曼光谱的研究

利用共焦显微拉曼方法,测定了乳腺组织切片的Mapping拉曼谱,光谱采样体积达到μm尺度.通过对这些共焦拉曼谱与商业提纯肌动蛋白、胶原等生化物质做出的谱的分析比较,分离出了来自细胞质、细胞间质、脂肪以及乳腺沉积物这些组织形态基元的拉曼谱;用K阶簇分析方法,还获得了细胞核基元谱;基元谱与提纯化学物质谱的相关分析印证了组织形态基元谱的来源.还分析总结了这些组织形态基元谱的特征.这些工作为深入理解组织形态与其拉曼谱的关系以及乳腺组织形态拉曼模型的建立奠定了基础.     

光敏剂CPD4对肿瘤组织DNA损伤的拉曼光谱研究

观测了小牛胸腺DNA、腹水型S_(180)肿瘤组织DNA以及光敏剂CPD_4对肿瘤组织DNA损伤的拉曼光谱。肿瘤组织DNA是分别从注射了光敏剂和生理盐水的荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤中提取的。实验结果表明,肿瘤组织DNA的拉曼光谱与正常组织DNA的有所差异,最明显的是脱氧核糖的特征谱线在正常组织DNA拉曼光谱中出现而在肿瘤组织DNA中却几乎消失或变为很弱的小峰。这些差异可作为肿瘤早期诊断的参考。实验结果还表明,光敏剂对肿瘤组织DNA各碱基产生不同程度的破坏,在DNA修复酶的作用下,可使脱氧核糖和鸟嘌呤得到修复。     

乳腺癌病人单个细胞的Raman光谱

给出了乳腺癌病人正常乳腺细胞与癌细胞的拉曼光谱。从实验谱线中得到：癌变细胞的拉曼谱整体变弱, 就相对强度而言, DNA的2个磷酸根骨架峰782,1 084 cm-1和脱氧核糖-磷酸振动峰1 155及1 262 cm-1拉曼谱线明显的减少; 表征A型(DNA)构像的特征峰812 cm-1及谱线979,668 cm-1消失, 并有新峰1 175 cm-1出现, 905 cm-1的谱线增强并有6 cm-1的红移, 这说明DNA的磷酸根骨架有一定的断裂; 从而导致癌细胞的分裂繁殖失去有效的控制。在癌变组织细胞的拉曼谱中还发现了很强的一类与钙硬化密切相关的特征峰960 cm-1; 通过这些特征拉曼谱线的变化, 为癌症的诊断和治疗提供了有力的实验依据。     

基于拉曼光谱解析的对二甲苯装置吸附塔循环液成分分析

采用拉曼光谱分析法实现PX(对二甲苯)装置中吸附塔循环液快速、准确的在线分析。由于循环液中各组分的拉曼谱峰相互重叠,且各组分的含量变化范围很大,需要收集大量的训练样本。为此,提出了基于拉曼光谱解析的循环液成分分析方法。首先,要获得循环液所含各组分纯物质的拉曼光谱,以及少量训练样本的拉曼光谱,对这些拉曼光谱进行基线扣除和均值归一化;其次,选取特征波段680～880 cm-1,对每一个训练样本预处理后的拉曼光谱在特征波段进行光谱分解,得到该训练样本中各组分的分解系数;然后,基于全部训练样本各组分的分解系数与对应的浓度数据,建立分解系数与浓度之间的定量分析模型。而对于某一测试样本,先获取其拉曼光谱,进行上述相同的光谱预处理,并在相同的特征波段基于纯组分的拉曼光谱对其进行谱分解,以获得该样本的光谱分解系数;再根据得到的分解系数和上述定量分析的模型,预测出该测试样本中各组分的含量。实验结果表明,一方面,由各纯组分混合得到的训练样本的拉曼光谱可以较精确地分解成各组分的拉曼光谱的线性加权和;另一方面,基于拉曼光谱分解系数建立的定量分析模型可以准确地预测出循环液中各组分的含量,对测试样本中甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯和对二乙基苯含量的标准预测误差分别为0.301%,0.088%,0.563%,0.384%,0.366%和0.536%。为PX装置中吸附塔循环液的在线分析提供了改进方法。     

膀胱肿瘤离体组织的拉曼光谱学研究

使用激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪测取膀胱肿瘤和正常膀胱组织的拉曼特征谱,应用主成分分析/支持向量机(principal component analysis,PCA/support vector machines,SVM)分类器对数据进行判别分析,最后使用弃一交叉验证法(leave-one-out cross validation,LOOCV)测试判别结果的准确度。结果发现膀胱肿瘤组织与正常膀胱组织的拉曼光谱存在明显差异,肿瘤组织在782和1 583cm-1等核酸特征谱带处峰高显著增强,而正常组织在1 061,1 295,2 849,2 881cm-1等蛋白质和脂质特征谱带处峰高显著增强。PCA/SVM可良好区分膀胱肿瘤组织和正常膀胱组织的拉曼光谱,LOOCV测试分类器显示肿瘤诊断的敏感度86.7%、特异度87.5%、阳性预测值92.9%、阴性预测值77.8%。由此得出结论:拉曼光谱可以良好诊断膀胱肿瘤的体外组织,展现了优越的临床应用前景。     

基于拉曼光谱高斯分峰拟合的硫化锑含量检测方法

针对硫化锑含量采用化学分析方法检测存在操作复杂、检测时间长的问题,提出了一种基于拉曼光谱高斯分峰拟合的硫化锑含量快速检测方法。采用拉曼光谱系统测定锑矿样品的拉曼谱图,对原始拉曼谱图进行平滑去噪、背景扣除、谱段选择及归一化等预处理。基于高斯曲线的高斯峰、峰面积、半高宽和峰位置等信息,建立单个高斯峰的数学模型,提出高斯分峰拟合算法对光谱进行拟合,采用状态转移算法对高斯峰模型进行优化求解,得到表征光谱信息的特征参量,结合偏最小二乘回归方法,确定特征参量和硫化锑含量之间的关系,从而建立模型,实现对硫化锑含量的预测。实验中通过训练样本建立校正模型,对测试样本进行预测,同时从训练样本中随机挑选出检验样本,利用已建立的模型,对其硫化锑含量进行预测,以检验模型的正确性和外推性。实验结果表明：与预处理后全光谱建模相比,采用高斯分峰拟合后建立的预测模型的预测效果更好,证明了模型的正确性和良好外推性。因此,拉曼光谱结合高斯分峰拟合算法应用于锑矿中硫化锑含量的检测是可行的,且测量过程更简单,适用于矿物成分的快速分析。     

化学计量比LiNbO3晶体的激光显微拉曼光谱研究

对用助熔剂提拉法生长的近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体进行了激光显微拉曼光谱测试分析,与同成分LiNbO3晶体相比较,A1(TO)与E(TO)模的谱线数目、频率基本不变,验证了LiNbO3晶体属置换式固溶体的结论.738cm-1处拉曼振动峰（A1(LO)模）的相对强度随晶体中Li2O含量的增加发生了明显的变化,在两种掺杂晶体中,此振动峰已经消失.根据Li空位模型,从占位和结构上进行了分析讨论.在152和872cm-1处拉曼振动峰半高宽随晶体中Li/Nb的增大而变窄,对二者关系进行了线性拟合,利用拟合公式可根据拉曼振动峰半高宽计算晶体中的Li/Nb值. 关键词： 化学计量比 拉曼光谱 线性拟合 半高宽     

肺正常组织与癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱

采用共焦显微拉曼光谱进行肺正常组织与癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱测试,拉曼位移测试范围为300～1700cm-1 。根据得到的肺正常和癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱,对比分析了两者的特点与差异。选取蛋白质主链构象中构象不灵敏的CH₂弯曲振动在1454cm-1的谱线为内标,发现相比肺正常组织,癌变组织蛋白质主链中酰胺Ⅲ和酰胺Ⅰ谱带的有序构象明显减少,对α螺旋和无规则卷曲的损伤比较严重,β回折几乎消失,而骨架C—N,C—C伸缩振动却出现了与前2个谱带截然相反的状况,有序构象显著增加,蛋白质侧链构象变化与主链相比则相对复杂;DNA的骨架磷酸基团、脱氧核糖、磷酸-脱氧核糖和碱基的含量总体呈增加趋势;RNA的情况与DNA类似;磷脂的链内纵向有序性参数明显下降。     

Comparison of molecular images as defined by Raman spectra between normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity

Raman spectroscopy has been effectively applied to clinically differentiate normal and cancerous mucosal tissues. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy provides a tool to better understand the molecular basis for the Raman clinical signal. The objective of the current study was to utilize micro‐Raman spectroscopy to define the molecular/spectral differences between normal and abnormal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in oral mucosa (in vitro). Understanding this may help in identifying unique spectra or may be useful for in vivo application of this technology. Micro‐Raman (confocal) spectroscopy was used to obtain molecular images of normal and SCC cells of human oral mucosa. Four fresh flashed‐frozen tumor and four matched normal tongue specimens were studied. The spectra covered a wavenumber range from 300 to 4000 cm⁻¹ with a spectral resolution of 8 cm⁻¹ and a spatial resolution of 1.0 µm. The cells were located within thin sections of tongue mucosa biopsies. The excitation wavelength of 515 nm was used. We were able to obtain Raman images with rich information about the spectroscopic and structural features within the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell nuclei. Significant spectral differences were observed between the Raman images of normal and malignant squamous cells. The heterogeneity of tumor cells within the abnormal tissue was also demonstrated. Spectral differences demonstrated between both tissue types have provided important information regarding the origins of specific signals within the cells of each tissue type. In our search for specific spectral biomarkers, we believe that a cell surface protein, greatly upregulated in SCC cells, was discovered at 1583 cm⁻¹. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳腺肿瘤周边组织的拉曼光谱研究

使用REMSHAW显微共焦拉曼光谱仪测量了40例手术切除乳腺肿瘤周边(肿块边约5 mm)组织的拉曼光谱.通过对浸润性导管癌、乳腺增生、纤维腺瘤等乳腺肿瘤周边组织的拉曼光谱分析,发现不同乳腺肿瘤周边组织的拉曼光谱有显著差异.这些差异在肿瘤诊断中,可作为乳腺癌和其他乳腺肿瘤拉曼光谱的特征,为乳腺疾病诊断提供依据.乳腺肿瘤周边组织的拉曼光谱对乳腺肿瘤诊断具有重要的价值.     

Raman spectral signatures of mouse mammary tissue and associated lymph nodes: normal,tumor and mastitis

Raman spectroscopy involves the interaction of light with the molecular vibrations and therefore can provide information about molecular structure, tissue composition and changes in its environment. We explored whether Raman spectroscopy can reliably distinguish mammary tumors from normal mammary tissues and other pathological states in mice. We analyzed a large number of Raman spectra from the tumor and normal mammary glands of mice injected with 4T1 tumor cells, which were collected using a high‐resolution (less than 4 cm⁻¹) Raman spectrometer at a fixed (785 nm) laser excitation wavelength and with 60 mW of laser power. The spectra of normal and tumor mammary glands showed consistent differences in the intensity of certain Raman bands and loss of some bands in the tumor spectra. Multivariate statistical methods—principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant functional analysis (DFA)—were used to separate the data into different groups of mammary tumors, mastitis, lymph nodes contralateral and tumor‐cell‐injected sides, and normal contralateral and tumor‐cell‐injected sides. We demonstrate that this spectroscopic technique has the feasibility of discriminating tumor and mastitis from normal tissues and other pathological states in a short period of time and may detect tumor transformation earlier than the standard histological examination stage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diffusion-weighted MRI: influence of intravoxel fat signal and breast density on breast tumor conspicuity and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements

Promising recent investigations have shown that breast malignancies exhibit restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and may be distinguished from normal tissue and benign lesions in the breast based on differences in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. In this study, we assessed the influence of intravoxel fat signal on breast diffusion measures by comparing ADC values obtained using a diffusion-weighted single shot fast spin-echo sequence with and without fat suppression. The influence of breast density on ADC measures was also evaluated. ADC values were calculated for both tumor and normal fibroglandular tissue in a group of 21 women with diagnosed breast cancer. There were systematic underestimations of ADC for both tumor and normal breast tissue due to intravoxel contribution from fat signal on non–fat-suppressed DWI. This ADC underestimation was more pronounced for normal tissue values (mean difference=40%) than for tumors (mean difference=27%, P<.001) and was worse in women with low breast tissue density vs. those with extremely dense breasts (P<.05 for both tumor and normal tissue). Tumor conspicuity measured by contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly higher on ADC maps created with fat suppression and was not significantly associated with breast density. In summary, robust fat suppression is important for accurate breast ADC measures and optimal lesion conspicuity on DWI.     

Bridging biomolecules with nanoparticles: surface‐enhanced Raman scattering from colon carcinoma and normal tissue

In order to get insight into the chemical heterogeneities of solid tumors, here we report the first surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) experiment from normal and altered epithelial layer in human colon carcinoma tissues. The Ag colloidal nanoparticles that can be incorporated into the interstitial space in solid tumors or those penetrating into cytoplasm or nucleus of many cells allowed high quality SERS signal. Different tissue structures of tumor and normal colon have characteristic features in SERS spectra. Prominent SERS features of malignant tissue spectra are related to the strong enhancement of the bands preponderantly attributable to DNA or RNA bases. The preliminary studies demonstrate that it is possible to probe Ag colloidal nanoparticles adsorption onto the tissue resulting in a strong molecular signaling with high specificity and rapid acquisition time using visible laser line excitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.