强流束在四极磁铁中传输的矩阵法与程序设计

强流脉冲束传输的计算是一个相当复杂的问题, 因为不同类型的粒子束分布产生不同的空间电荷场, 而在束流运动过程中, 空间电荷场也在不断地变化, 而且粒子运动的轨迹与空间电荷势又是相互依赖的, 因此需要求得一个自洽解。采用矩阵法分析了非强流脉冲束流与强流脉冲束流在四极磁铁中传输的矩阵, 并编写了束流在四极磁铁等元件中的传输计算程序, 程序采用迭代计算方法获得自洽解。程序运行时, 可以进行直观的图形显示。It is very difficalt to calculate the nonlinear transport of a intense beam, because the particle trajectories depend on the electric potentials excited by the particle beams, and the electric potentials of the beams depend on the particle trajectories and the particle distributions in the phase spaces. So, it is necessary to solve the problem by iterations to get self consistent solutions.We use transport matrix method to analyze the transportation in quadrupole magnet of non intense pulsed beam and intense pulsed beam respectively, and write a computer code for the pulsed beam transporting in quadrupole magnet. The self consistent solution can obtained by using iteration calculation method. During the calculation, the result can be shown by the prompt graph.     

Transport of 3D space charge dominated beams

In this paper we present the theoretical analysis and the computer code design for the intense pulsed beam transport. Intense beam dynamics is a very important issue in low-energy high-current accelerators and beam transport systems. This problem affects beam transmission and beam qualities. Therefore, it attracts the attention of the accelerator physicists worldwide. The analysis and calculation for the intense beam dynamics are very complicated, because the state of particle motion is dominated not only by the applied electromagnetic fields, but also by the beam-induced electromagnetic fields (self-fields). Moreover, the self fields are related to the beam dimensions and particle distributions. So, it is very difficult to get the self-consistent solutions of particle motion analytically. For this reason, we combine the Lie algebraic method and the particle in cell (PIC) scheme together to simulate intense 3D beam transport. With the Lie algebraic method we analyze the particle nonlinear trajectories in the applied electromagnetic fields up to third order approximation, and with the PIC algorithm we calculate the space charge effects to the particle motion. Based on the theoretical analysis, we have developed a computer code, which calculates beam transport systems consisting of electrostatic lenses, electrostatic accelerating columns, solenoid lenses, magnetic and electric quadruples, magnetic sextupoles,octopuses and different kinds of electromagnetic analyzers. The optimization calculations and the graphic display for the calculated results are provided by the code.     

Computer simulations for intense continuous beam transport in electrostatic lens systems

A code LEADS based on the Lie algebraic analysis for the continuous beam dynamics with space charge effect in beam transport has been developed. The program is used for the simulations of axial-symmetric and unsymmetrical intense continuous beam in the channels including drift spaces, electrostatic lenses and DC electrostatic accelerating tubes. In order to get the accuracy required, all elements are divided into many small segments, and the electric field in the segments is regarded as uniform field, and the dividing points are treated as thin lenses. Iteration procedures are adopted in the program to obtain self-consistent solutions. The code can be used in the designs of low energy beam transport systems, electrostatic accelerators and ion implantation machines.     

Intense DC beam nonlinear transport-analysis & simulation

The intense dc beam nonlinear transport was analyzed with the Lie algebraic method, and the particle trajectories of the second order approximation were obtained. Based on the theoretical analysis a computer code was designed. To get self-consistent solutions, iteration procedures were used in the code. As an example, we calculated a beam line (drift-electrostatic quadrupole doublet-drift). The results agree to the results calculated by using the PIC method.     

用于强流中子发生器的低能束流传输线的设计模拟

兰州大学设计研发的ZF-400强流中子发生器设计D-T中子产额6×1012 n/s,主要由ECR离子源、低能束流传输线（LEBT）、加速管、旋转靶等部分组成。LEBT负责将从离子源引出的束流进行分析聚焦并注入到加速管中。LEBT对束流的聚焦及分析的好坏程度决定了加速管中束流的损失程度、中子的产额以及靶的寿命。本工作就该强流中子发生器所需的低能传输线进行了设计。使用螺线管、分析磁铁和四极透镜组合的方案。利用TRACK软件对此方案进行模拟,得到符合要求的束流线及元件的参数。用TraceWin进行了验证模拟,验证结果符合要求。另外,通过软件模拟确定了杂质离子损失的位置,据此设计了束流管道冷却方案。通过模拟发现,这种透镜的组合方式可以让整个LEBT以较低的功率获得低损失、高纯度的打靶束流。The ZF-400 Intense Neutron Generator, which is designed by Lanzhou University with an expected neutron yield of 6×1012 n/s, is consist of ECR ion source, low energy beam transport (LEBT) line, accelerating tube and rotating target. The beam extracted from ECR source is analyzed and focused through LEBT, then, the beam is introduced into the accelerating tube. The focus and analysis ability of LEBT is very important for the beam loss, neutron yield and target's life. A LEBT line for intense neutron generator is designed in this paper, the project consisted of a solenoid, a bend magnet and three quadrupole lens. The qualified LEBT and its parameters have been got through the simulation with TRACK code. Then TraceWin program was employed to check this simulation and the result satisfied our requirement. Besides, the loss position of impurity ions was known through the simulation, and a project of beam line's cooling system was designed according to this result. Through the simulation, we find the optimal lens combination plan which can obtain lower beam loss and higher beam purity at low running power of LEBT.     

Simulation of ion beam extraction and focusing system

The characteristics of ion beam extraction and focused to a volume as small as possible were investigated with the aid of computer code SIMION 3D version 7. This has been used to evaluate the extraction characteristics (accel-decel system) to generate an ion beam with low beam emittance and high brightness. The simulation process can provide a good study for optimizing the extraction and focusing system of the ion beam without any losses and transported to the required target. Also, a study of a simulation model for the extraction system of the ion source was used to describe the possible plasma boundary curvatures during the ion extraction that may be affected by the change in an extraction potential with a constant plasma density meniscus.     

Numerical simulation for space charge dominated beam transport

To simulate the intense bunched beam transport, a computer program LEADS-3D has been developed. The particle trajectories are analysed with the Lie algebraic method. The third order approximation of the trajectory solutions is made with space charge forces off, and the second order approximation is made with space charge forces on. The particle distribution in the 3D ellipsoid is uniform or Gaussian. Most of the conventional beam optical elements are incorporated in the code. The optimization procedures are provided to fit the beam lines to satisfy the given optical conditions.     

Beam dynamics simulation of HEBT for the SSC-linac injector

The SSC-linac (a new injector for the Separated Sector Cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) system to accelerate ²³⁸U³⁴⁺ from 3.72 keV/u to 1.008 MeV/u. As a part of the SSC-linac injector, the HEBT (high energy beam transport) has been designed by using the TRACE-3D code and simulated by the 3D PIC (particle-in-cell) Track code. The total length of the HEBT is about 12 meters and a beam line of about 6 meters are shared with the exiting beam line of the HIRFL system. The simulation results show that the particles can be delivered efficiently in the HEBT and the particles at the exit of the HEBT well match the acceptance of the SSC for further acceleration. The dispersion is eliminated absolutely in the HEBT. The space-charge effect calculated by the Track code is inconspicuous. According to the simulation, more than 60 percent of the particles from the ion source can be transported into the acceptance of the SSC.     

IH型漂移管直线加速器的束流动力学研究（英文）

为了提高兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）的运行效率、改善加速器输出束流品质,并实现几个加速装置分时供束,提高整个重离子加速装置的利用率,特为（HIRFL-CSR）增建一台新的注入器--CSRLINAC。在108.48 MHz的RFQ之后的CSR-LINAC主加速段,主要由一台108.48 MHz和两台216.96 MHz的IH型漂移管直线加速器组成,用于加速荷质比为1/8.5~1/3之间的重离子,其最大的束流流强为3 mA,并将粒子从0.3 MeV/u加速到3.71 MeV/u。运用KONUS动力学原理,在满足设计指标的情况下,首先利用TraceWin程序进行中能束线MEBT设计,后针对高频腔体设计和束流匹配的基本参数的系列讨论,特别是对CSR-LINAC的中能束流匹配线、参数选择和IH型KONUS结构的漂移管直线加速器进行设计模拟优化。最终得出,在保证腔体设计指标和95.3%的传输效率的情况下,该紧凑型直线加速结构经过三个腔体的加速后,束流的纵向归一化均方根发射度增长仅有25%;同时发现,当流强达到3 mA时,存在空间电荷效应,导致其纵向相宽增长约25%,最大横向包络也存在16.5%的涨落。In order to improve the operation efficiency of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR), a heavy ion linac (linear accelerator) was proposed and designed as a new injector for HIRFL-CSR. Following the 108.48 MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), three tanks in total with Interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure are installed to boost the beam energy from 0.3 to 3.71 MeV/u, and the beam current of ions with charge-to-mass ratio from 1/8.5 to 1/3 can reach to 3 mA. The first tank operatesat the same frequency as the RFQ, and the rest two operate at 216.96 MHz. The “Combined Zero-Degree Synchronous Particle Structure” (KONUS) beam dynamics was used in the beam dynamics design. The overview of the physics design on the main accelerating components, including RF design and beam dynamics design are introduced in this paper. The optimized structure design, fabrication status and simulation results are presented in this contribution. It shows that under the condition of assurance of 95.3% transmission efficiency, the normalized rms emittance is about 25%. When the beam current is up to 3 mA, owing to the space charge effect, the increase of longitudinal phase spread and transverse envelope are about 25% and 16.3%, respectively.     

Performance of the plugged-in ^22Na based slow positron beam facility

The Beijing intense slow positron beam facility is based on the 1.3GeV linac of Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC) aiming to produce mono-energetic intense slow positron beam for material science investigation. The plugged-in ²²Na based slow positron beam section has been newly constructed to supply continuous beam time for the debugging of positron annihilation measurement stations and improve the Beijing intense slow positron beam time using efficiency. Performance testing result of the plugged-in ²²Na based slow positron beam facility are reviewed in this paper, with the measurement of the beam transport efficiency, the view of beam spot, the adjustment of beam position, the measurement of beam intensity and energy spread etc. included.     

双圆筒加速透镜中强流束传输的模拟

用矩阵法分析非强流束流与强流束流在双圆筒加速透镜中的传输,编写束流在双圆筒加速透镜等元件中传输的计算程序DCALENS.采用优化方法实现给定的光学条件,用迭代方法计算强流束传输获得自洽解.在不同束流流强条件下,用DCALENS程序进行模拟计算,并对模拟结果进行比较分析.结果表明:束流流强越大,束流包络曲线横向发散越显著,空间电荷力越强;束流流强大于2 A时,束流包络曲线发散明显.     

强流束在二极磁场中传输的模拟计算

为了研究空间电荷力对束流在二极磁场中传输的影响,从理论上用矩阵法分析非强流脉冲束流与强流脉冲束流在二极磁场中的传输矩阵,编写了束流在二极磁场等元件中传输的计算程序。用Powell优化方法计算非强流束传输实现给定的光学条件,用迭代方法计算强流束传输获得自洽解。在不同束流流强条件下,运用该程序与其他程序进行了模拟计算,并对模拟结果进行了比较分析。模拟结果表明:束流流强越大,束流包络曲线横向发散越显著,空间电荷效应越强。     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

 对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设，建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响，以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析，得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化，并在轴上达到最小值；而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化；空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落，而且对束流有发散作用，特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后，强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端，与弱流加速管相比，强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

毫米波静电聚焦行波管电子光学系统的设计

介绍了静电聚焦方式在毫米波行波管中的独特优势,分析了周期静电聚焦场的建立方法。基于某Ka波段行波管,首先根据指标要求设计了强流电子枪并选择类梳齿状结构作为其慢波电路,然后对电子枪和类梳齿状慢波电路组成的电子光学系统进行了模拟计算,最后对慢波电路的关键尺寸进行了容差分析。结果显示,在周期静电场的作用下,电子注全部平稳地通过了慢波系统。良好的静态通过率为后续高效率的注-波互作用奠定了基础,证明了利用静电场聚焦毫米波行波管中大电流密度电子注的可行性。     

强脉冲超硬Ｘ射线产生技术研究

 分析了利用强流脉冲电子束轫致辐射产生强脉冲超硬X射线的几种主要技术途径的特点，以及提高超硬X射线产额的方法；利用MCNP软件计算了电子能量在0.4～1.4 MeV范围内，超硬X射线产生效率与钽辐射转换靶厚度的关系曲线；介绍了在“强光一号”加速器上开展产生强脉冲超硬X射线实验方法与实验结果，获得了3种强脉冲超硬X射线：脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约50 cm²，能量密度为5～7 J/cm²；脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约50 cm²，能量密度为12 J/cm²；脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约500 cm²，能量密度为1 J/cm²。     

LEADS-DC: A computer code for intense dc beam nonlinear transport simulation

An intense dc beam nonlinear transport code has been developed. The code is written in Visual FORTRAN 6.6 and has ∼13000 lines. The particle distribution in the transverse cross section is uniform or Gaussian. The space charge forces are calculated by the PIC (particle in cell) scheme, and the effects of the applied fields on the particle motion are calculated with the Lie algebraic method through the third order approximation. Obviously, the solutions to the equations of particle motion are self-consistent. The results obtained from the theoretical analysis have been put in the computer code. Many optical beam elements are contained in the code. So, the code can simulate the intense dc particle motions in the beam transport lines, high voltage dc accelerators and ion implanters.

     

High intensity muon/pion beam with time structure at PSI

A new initiative is presented to develop a high intensity muon/pion beam with a time structure optimized to the muon lifetime. Such a facility would provide exciting physics opportunities for dramatically improved fundamental experiments, e.g., in the field of muon capture, muon lifetime and muonium spectroscopy. The high primary beam intensity at PSI allows intense chopped muon beams by installing a fast electrostatic kicker in a secondary channel. Two modes of operation are foreseen: a muon-on-request scheme, which uses active feedback from a beam counter in the experimental area and a periodic pulsed mode with about 5–20% duty factor. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.