利用重离子辐照技术制备锂离子电池隔膜

用能量11.4MeV/u和注量1×108ions/cm2的197Au离子垂直辐照聚丙烯薄膜,通过电导测量法监测温度、硫酸浓度和重铬酸钾浓度对径迹蚀刻速率的影响,得到合适的蚀刻条件;成功制备出孔径范围在600—1000nm的重离子径迹聚丙烯孔膜,并用场发射扫描电镜对孔的形状及孔径大小进行了表征,对孔洞锥角的形成进行了分析,为重离子辐照技术制备锂离子电池隔膜提供了实验数据。     

锥形纳米孔内的电压整流及流体流动

文章以生物纳米通道及纳米孔中的离子传输及化学反应为背景,以离子流整流、电渗流整流、离子积累耗散模型为理论基础,使用有限元数值计算方法研究压力及电场交互作用下的锥形纳米孔孔内离子浓度分布及速度场分布现象.分析了不同电压下压力和电场的交互作用对锥形纳米孔中速度场、流场及浓度分布的影响.结果表明纳米孔孔内氢离子运动方向主要受电场方向影响.由于静电吸附效应,沿着孔壁流动的电渗流中的氢离子浓度会高于体溶液中的氢离子浓度.当电压较小时,流场方向主要受压力流的影响,当电压较大时,流场流动方向由电渗流带动的流体流动和压力驱动的流体流动共同决定.      

屏栅边缘小孔孔径对离子推力器性能的影响

提出并实验验证了一种通过减小屏栅边缘小孔孔径消除双模式离子推力器中束流离子对三栅极系统减速栅边缘小孔溅射刻蚀的方法.基于30 cm双模式离子推力器,在小推力高比冲和大推力高功率两种工作模式下实验对比研究了屏栅边缘小孔孔径对推力器放电损耗、束流平直度和减速栅边缘小孔刻蚀速率和刻蚀范围的影响.当束流半径95%外的屏栅小孔孔径缩小26%后, 30 cm双模式离子推力器在小推力高比冲模式和大推力高功率模式下放电损耗分别减小10%和21%;束流平直度分别下降3%和10%;减速栅边缘小孔存在离子溅射刻蚀的小孔排数由边缘5排减小到最边缘1排,刻蚀速率明显减小,并且当工作900 h后最边缘小孔刻蚀现象也消失.实验结果表明:减小屏栅边缘小孔孔径是一种解决双模式离子推力器小推力高比冲模式下束流离子对三栅极系统减速栅边缘小孔溅射刻蚀的有效方法,而且不会降低推力器效率,但是会造成束流均匀性变差.     

一种可控纳米柱阵列的研制

在一次阳极氧化法制备多孔氧化铝(anodized aluminum oxide,AAO)的基础上,进行了二次、三次、四次氧化制备AAO,并对多次氧化制备多孔AAO的电流变化曲线和模板表面的形貌特点等进行了比较分析.二次、三次、四次氧化制备的AAO纳米孔孔径依次增大、孔间距减小,而模板表面的纳米孔有序性分布没有明显变化.控制一次氧化AAO模板的除膜时间,～10 min即可得到孔径规则、高度有序的AAO膜.最后,利用所制备的不同孔深和孔径的AAO为模板,通过热纳米压印复制技术制备了长度和直径等性质可控的PMMA纳米柱阵列. 关键词： 纳米柱阵列 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 多孔氧化铝模板 多次氧化法     

多孔硅阵列结构的形貌研究

采用电化学腐蚀方法分别在HF+异丙醇（IPA）和HF+IPA+十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CATC）溶液中制备多孔硅结构阵列,分别讨论HF酸浓度、CTAC、刻蚀电流、刻蚀时间对多孔硅阵列的形貌的影响。结果表明:在质量分数40%HF, H2O, IPA的体积比为7∶4∶29时得到优化的多孔硅阵列;腐蚀电流密度越大,孔壁越薄;初始的腐蚀会向外扩展直到形成的孔径达近10 m,在窗口8 m、间距5 m的硅片上腐蚀的孔壁表面出现小孔。CTAC的加入会使孔壁上刻蚀出小孔,并随着CTAC的增加,小孔的孔径减小,数量增加。     

人工裁剪制备石墨纳米结构

采用不同的方法裁剪高定向热解石墨（HOPG），制备纳米尺寸的石墨条.首先,发现用聚焦离子束（镓离子）刻蚀高定向热解石墨，可以得到边缘整齐程度在几十纳米的石墨条,另外,用 电子束曝光和反应离子刻蚀的工艺，可以得到最小尺寸为50 nm的纳米石墨图型 (nano-size d graphite pattern,纳米尺寸的多层石墨结构).采用了三种不同的方案制备反应等离子刻 蚀过程中需要的掩膜，分别是PECVD生长的SiO₂掩膜，磁控溅射的方法生长的Si O₂掩膜和PMMA光刻胶掩膜，并将三种方案的刻蚀结果做了对比. 关键词： 高定向热解石墨 聚焦离子束刻蚀 电子束曝光 反应离子刻蚀     

纳米TiO2多孔膜的微结构对染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶方法，在不同的实验条件下获得平均粒径从15到25nm左右的纳米TiO２2颗粒.利用这些颗粒制备出的纳米多孔薄膜，应用于染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池. 通过x射线 衍射仪分析，得到TiO２₂颗粒的晶相以及晶粒度大小，用透射电子显微镜观察 了纳米TiO２₂颗粒的形貌和尺寸.应用于太阳电池的纳米TiO２₂多 孔膜，经基于布朗诺尔-埃米特-泰 勒（BET）的多层吸附理论的比表面积测试和孔径分布测试，获得了多孔膜的微 关键词： 溶胶-凝胶法 2')" href="#">纳米TiO２₂ 染料敏化 太阳电池     

反应离子刻蚀ZnTe的THz辐射和探测研究

运用电光采样技术揭示了反应离子刻蚀（RIE）ZnTe晶体表面THz辐射的光学整流产生机制， 观察到0.25 ps的THz场分布.通过比较刻蚀前后以及不同刻蚀条件下ZnTe样品在不同激发功 率下的THz辐射强度，发现由于反应离子刻蚀破坏了ZnTe样品表面的有序性，晶体的电光系 数随射频功率的增加而减小.借助于计算不同刻蚀条件下ZnTe晶体的频率响应函数，分析了 随射频功率增加ZnTe晶体响应频谱展宽的现象. 关键词： THz辐射 反应离子刻蚀 ZnTe     

快重离子辐照聚酰亚胺潜径迹的电子能损效应

快重离子辐照聚合物材料时，由于密集电离激发在其路径上产生几纳米直径的潜径迹，径迹形貌受离子种类、离子能量等多种因素的影响.为了研究电子能损对径迹形成所起的作用，利用1.158GeV 的Fe⁵⁶离子和 1.755GeV Xe¹³⁶离子在室温真空环境下辐照叠层聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜，结合傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)分析技术对辐照引起的化学变化进行了测量.聚酰亚胺官能团的降解及炔基的生成是离子辐照聚合物的主要特征，在注量1×10¹¹到6×10¹²/cm²范围及较宽的电子能损(dE/dX)_e范围 (Fe⁵⁶ 离子：2.2 到 5.2 keV/nm， Xe¹³⁶ 离子：8.6 到 11.3 keV/nm)对官能团的断键率及炔基生成率进行了研究. 红外结果显示在实验涉及的能损范围都有炔基生成，应用径迹饱和模型对实验结果进行拟合，不同能损下的平均损伤径迹半径及炔基生成径迹半径被得到，通过热峰模型对实验结果拟合，给出了离子在聚酰亚胺中产生潜径迹的能损阈值，实验给出的径迹形貌的电子能损效应曲线与热峰模型预言走势基本一致. 关键词： 离子辐照 潜径迹 红外光谱 热峰模型     

基于直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术的高度有序纳米硅阵列的尺寸及形貌控制

以自组装单层胶体小球阵列为掩模，采用直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术在硅表面制备二维有序尺寸可控的纳米结构.在样品制备过程中，首先通过自组装法在硅表面制备了直径200nm的单层聚苯乙烯(PS)胶体小球的二维有序阵列；然后对样品直接进行反应离子刻蚀(RIE)，以氧气为气源，利用氧等离子体对聚苯乙烯小球和对硅的选择性刻蚀作用，通过改变刻蚀时间，制备出不同尺寸的PS胶体小球的有序单层阵列；接着以此二维PS胶体单层膜为掩模，以四氟化碳为气源对样品进行刻蚀；最后去除胶体球后得到二维有序的硅柱阵列.SEM和AFM的测量结果表明：改变氧等离子体对胶体球的刻蚀时间和四氟化碳对硅的刻蚀时间，可以控制硅柱的尺寸以及形貌，而硅柱阵列的周期取决于原始胶体球的直径. 关键词： 胶体晶体刻蚀 纳米硅柱阵列     

Structural evolution of self-ordered alumina tapered nanopores with 100 nm interpore distance

We in-detail investigated the profile evolution processes of highly ordered alumina under the cyclic treatment of mild anodizing of aluminum foils in oxalic acid followed by etching in phosphoric acid. With the cyclic times increasing, the profiles of nanopores were gradually evolved into the parabola-like, trumpet-like and conical shape. Although the inserted etching itself nearly had no impact on the growth rate of the nanopores due to the rapid recovering of thinned barrier layer at the initial stage of next anodizing, overmuch etching could bring apparent side effects such as wall-breaking, thinning and taper-removing from the top down. The anodizing and etching kinetics and their synergetic effects in modulating different aspect ratios and open sizes of conical pores were studied systematically. These findings are helpful to tailor high-quality anodic alumina taper-pores with tunable profiles.     

Coupled chemical reactions in dynamic nanometric confinement: Ag2O membrane formation during ion track etching

In this study, continuous swift heavy ion tracks in thin polymer foils were etched from both sides to create two conical nanopores opposing each other. Shortly before both cones merged, one of the nanopores was filled with a silver salt solution, whereas etching of the other cone continued. At the moment of track breakthrough, the etchant reacted with the silver salt solution by forming an impermeable and insulating membrane. Continued etching around the thus-created obstacle led to repetitive {etchant – silver salt solution} interactions. The coupling of the two chemical reactions, {etchant – polymer} and {etchant – silver salt solution}, within the confinement of etched tracks, with continuously changing shapes, showed a highly dynamic nature as recorded by measuring both the electrical current and the optical transmission across the foils. At low etching speeds, a central membrane that grew in radius and thickness with time until, at a critical thickness, the membrane became rather impermeable was formed. However, at high etching speeds, the emerging reaction products exhibited a sponge-like consistency, which allowed for their infinite growth. This precipitation was accompanied by a pronounced current spike formation. A simple theoretical model explains, at a minimum, the basic features.     

Funnel-type etched ion tracks in polymers

It is shown that conical track etching is a much more complicated process than generally assumed. The choice of the corresponding parameters (i.e. the ratios of concentrations and diffusion coefficients of both etchant (e.g. NaOH) and stopping solutions (e.g. HCl) and the etching temperature) determines the ratio of polymer dissolution to etchant penetration. The latter value controls the counterplay of diffusion, etching, ionic conductivity, field emission and capacitive effects, which is decisive for both the final track shapes and their electronic properties. The stages of track evolution during etching under different conditions are outlined in detail. Both transparent conical nanopores and “funnel-type” tracks can be obtained, the latter consisting of a shorter cone and a residual latent track. Depending on the internal structure of that latent track segment, such funnel-type tracks either allow smooth transmission of the rectified currents or they emit unipolar current spikes. Not only the study of electronic properties of single ion tracks, but also of a multitude of tracks makes sense. Depending on the applied parameters, the individual track properties may either just add up, or new effects may be found that emerge from the interaction of the tracks among each other. This is preferentially the case for spike-emitting tracks, where effects such as phase-locked spike synchronization can be found as described by neural network theory.     

Fabrication of <1 1 0> oriented tungsten nano-tips by field-assisted water etching

We report the field-assisted H₂O etching that enabled us to fabricate nano-tips from polycrystalline <1 1 0> oriented tungsten wires at room temperature. We optimized the sharpening procedure in order to obtain field emissions (FEs) with high collimation. The typical tip apex was composed of a large base and a nano-protrusion with a radius of curvature less than 3.5 Å. The narrowest opening angle (full width at half maximum) of the FE was 4.3° at 150 pA. We prepared two types of tips using two different applied bias voltages during the H₂O etching. The electron microscope images and the analysis of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots revealed that the sizes of the individual bases depended on the fixed bias voltages during the H₂O etching and affected their FE properties. In addition, we could confirm that the FE current from the nano-tip was more stable than that of the normal tip.     

Molecular Weight Dependence of Primary Nucleation Rate of Poly(Ethylene Succinate)

The molecular weight (MW) dependence of the primary nucleation rate (I) was studied for poly(ethylene succinate). The primary nucleation rate was measured in a wide range of temperatures. It has a bell shape with a maximum nucleation rate (I _max ) that showed a remarkable MW dependence. I _max decreased first with MW to about 3000 and then increased. The MW of about 3000 was attributed to the transition from intermolecular nucleation to intramolecular nucleation. The MW dependence of I _max was expressed as I _max ∝MW^α. The value of α was negative unity for intermolecular nucleation and positive unity for intramolecular nucleation.     

STEM observation of tungsten tips sharpened by field-assisted oxygen etching

Tungsten tips oriented toward the <111> direction were fabricated by field-assisted O₂ etching, and observed by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and field ion microscopy (FIM). The radii of curvature of the tip apexes were sharpened from 16–20 nm to less than 2 nm. The O₂ etching is considered to start from the O₂ imaging region depending on the field distribution around the tip apex and shank. We estimated the effect of field distribution derived from a shank shape and applied bias voltage. The results showed that the tip with a cylindrical shank before the O₂ etching became sharper than tips having an initial paraboloidal shape, with respective cone angles (defined in Fig. 3) of 58° and 80°. The field emission (FE) patterns of these etched tips became a single spot derived from the W(111) plane, and their opening angles (defined by the full width at half maximum) were 14.4° and 7.8°, respectively.     

Dependence of the magnitude and direction of the persistent current on the magnetic flux in superconducting rings

The obtained periodic magnetic-field dependences I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) and I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) of the critical current measured in opposite directions on asymmetric superconducting aluminum rings has made it possible to explain previously observed quantum oscillations of dc voltage as a result of alternating current rectification. It was found that a higher rectification efficiency of both single rings and ring systems is caused by hysteresis of the current-voltage characteristics. The asymmetry of current-voltage characteristics providing the rectification effect is due to the relative shifts of the magnetic dependences I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) = I _c+(Φ/Φ₀ + Δ?) of the critical current measured in opposite directions. This shift means that the position of I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) and I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) minima does not correspond to n + 0.5 magnetic flux Φ quanta, which is in direct contradiction to measured Little-Parks resistance oscillations. Despite this contradiction, the amplitude I _{c, an}(Φ/Φ₀) = I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) ? I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) of critical current anisotropy oscillations and its variations with temperature correspond to the expected amplitude of persistent current oscillations and its variations with temperature.     

Experimental Studies on Low-Pressure Plane-Parallel Hollow Cathode Discharges

Hollow cathode discharge (HCD) is widely used in material processing and plasma emission spectroscopy due to several advantages over other plasma sources. Basically, the HCD consists of a cathode with a hollow structure (cavity, hole, or parallel faces) and an anode of arbitrary shape. In this investigation, experimental studies on low-pressure plane-parallel HCD operated at different process conditions are reported. Herein, we investigate the dependence of the discharge current on the product of the gas pressure and inter-cathode distance (pD). In addition, the electron temperature and density were inferred from the current-voltage characteristics of a single cylindrical Langmuir probe positioned between the cathodes, on the discharge axis. The measurements were carried out at different gas pressures, magnetic field intensities, working gases, inter-cathode distances, cathode materials, and discharge voltages. The results showed that, at different gas pressures, the maximum discharge current (I_d,max) is not only a function of the product pD, but also of the pressure itself. Application of a uniform longitudinal magnetic field improved plasma confinement between cathodes, leading to a substantial increase in I_d,max in most of the situations considered in this study. However, for oxygen discharge, a strong discharge current reduction after the application of the magnetic field was observed. In relation to the Langmuir probe studies, it was observed that the uniform longitudinal magnetic field reduced the electron temperature, but this behavior depends strictly on pD. The typical values of electron density and electron temperature in the case of the nitrogen discharge were n_e?=?10¹⁷ m^?3 and T_e?=?2.5 eV, respectively. Finally, our experiments showed that the pD range for hollow cathode effects was between 0.2–5 Pa m.     

Electro-photo modulation of the fermi level in WSe2/graphene van der Waals heterojunction

We report an electro-photo double modulation of the fermi level in a WSe₂/graphene heterojunction. The heterojunction exhibits high I_ON/I_OFF ratio (~10³) in transfer characteristic in dark and distinct rectification behavior in output characteristic under light illumination, respectively. Time-dependent photoresponse reveals that the heterojunction has a considerable potential in the application of photodetection. Interestingly, an exotic current peak is observed in transfer characteristic under light illumination. This novel behavior is attributed to the tunable fermi level at the WSe₂/graphene heterojunction by electro-photo double modulation. The results may be helpful to develop tunable photovoltaic optoelectronics based on van der Waals heterojunctions.     

Substrate‐Induced Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Holey Graphene Nanocapsules for Advanced Metal‐Free Bifunctional Electrocatalysts

The development of efficient metal‐free electrocatalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis is of great significance for various energy conversion devices. Herein, novel nitrogen‐doped holey graphene nanocapsules (NHGNs) are reported prepared by self‐assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets on the surface of amino‐functionalized silica template and NH₃ activation with simultaneously enhanced nitrogen doping and etching of nanopores in graphene, followed by template etching. The silica template is demonstrated to show a substrate‐enhanced effect on nitrogen doping and etching of nanopores in graphene based on density functional theory calculations. Benefiting from the large surface area, unique pore distribution, and high surface functionality of nitrogen doping, the resulting NHGNs exhibit superior bifunctional electrocatalytic activity and durability for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, which is similar to that of the commercial Pt/C and RuO₂ electrocatalysts, respectively. This work presents an advance in developing new nitrogen‐doped graphene species for highly efficient metal‐free electrocatalysis.