无机材料科学中的分形特性

本文讨论了无机材料科学中存在的自相似分形特性．在一定尺度范围内，许多材料具有统计的自相似分形几何，其静态几何性质可用分形几何的质量标度指数Ｄ──分形维数来描述．由分形几何造成对经典欧几里德几何表征动力学性质的偏离，可用指数Ｄｉ──分形子维数来描述．Ｄ和Ｄｉ是分形结构的两个重要参数，且Ｄｆ≤Ｄ≤ｄ．     

一个关于分形的教学实验 --对大学物理实验课程创新的探索

设计了一个分形（粘性指进）的教学实验，让学生通过动手操作和计算机模拟得出各种粘性指进分形图形，并测量分形维数．从而使他们对目前活跃、有特色的科学概念——分形有所认识，有所学习．     

用分形理论研究低温条件下Al-Al界面间的接触导热现象

界面形貌是固体界面间接触导热的最主要影响因素 ,传统的形貌表征参数与仪器的分辨率和取样长度密切相关 ,因而基于这些参数的常规接触导热模型显然是尺度相关的。分形网络模型利用粗糙表面处处连续却不可微的分形特征 ,采用与尺度无关的分形参数 ,揭示了接触导热的本质 ,为准确预测接触热导开辟了一条新的途径。实验测定了粗糙表面的分形参数和低温条件下 Al50 52 - Al50 52界面间的接触热导 ,将接触热导的实验值与分形网络模型的预测结果进行了比较 ,并就接触热导与压力、分形参数和温度之间的关系进行了分析 ,指出分形网络模型的预测精度与分形参数相关联。     

多相燃烧分形模型及其实验研究

本文提出了多相燃烧的分形模型．模型中认为在多相燃烧中内部孔洞体积与表面积存在分维指数关系，而且反应面积的增长为两种分形增长模式的叠加．结合孔洞合并的因素得到了描述煤多相反应速率的分形模型．该模型描述的反应速率先增加后减少的规律与实验结果十分相符．对五个煤种和其中两个煤焦样品进行了试验研究，在两个不同升温速率下得出的试验数据与理论计算相符．     

掺杂NaCl水溶液结晶形貌的分形研究

水溶液结晶是研究分形形貌的重要实验之一。本文通过改变溶液浓度,溶质组分和结晶温度等宏观实验参数,用分形维数的方法研究了这些参数对结晶形貌的影响。指出在低浓度下的非平衡态中溶液结晶形貌具有分形结构;不同晶体的生长作用力相互竞争,混乱度最大的情况下形成的分形结构最凸出,生长作用力是影响晶体形貌的主要因素;同时,分子热运动也是影响结晶形貌的因素之一。     

舰船辐射噪声的分形布朗运动模型

通过对分形布朗运动的研究,建立了舰船辐射噪声的分形布朗运动模型。在此模型基础上,提取了舰船辐射噪声的分数维参数,并构造了基于分形布朗随机场的分形特征矢量,在水声目标识别系统中提供了一种新的特征分析手段、通过分类对比实验,表明分形特征矢量可以成为水声目标分类的重要依据,能够有效地补充其他特征提取方法的不足．     

涡旋轴对称化的分形维数表征

涡旋轴对称化是影响热带气旋预报的重要动力学过程．截止目前的研究,均用等值线图形主观识别涡旋轴对称化．本文用一个准地转无幅散的正压涡度方程模式,数值积分48h,模拟了初始非轴对称涡旋演变为轴对称涡旋的轴对称化过程．根据模式输出数据,计算了逐时涡旋外缘线的分形维数DB,用分形维数DB的逐时变化客观表征涡旋轴对称化．在此基础上,计算了分形维数De与热带气旋尺度参数R。和热带气旋强度参数Vmax的相关系数．结果显示,DB与Rm的相关系数为-0．70,DB与Kmax的相关系数为-0．75,相关均显著．用此途径,客观表征了涡旋轴对称化与热带气旋参数的联系．结果在热带气旋预报中有应用前景．     

分形概念及其在材料科学中的应用

本文首先结合几个数学构造分形的例子介绍分形概念，然后对分形在材料科学中的应用作了简要介绍，主要包括：粉体生长中的分形、断裂面的分形、离子注入等非平衡方法产生的分形、表面分形、无机材料中的分形、自旋玻璃中的分形．     

多孔介质中卡森流体的分形分析

研究了非牛顿流体中的卡森流体在多孔介质中的流动特性.基于服从分形分布的弯曲毛细管束模型,运用分形几何理论推导出了该流体在多孔介质中流动的流量、流速、启动压力梯度和有效渗透率的分形解析解.模型中的每一个参数都有明确的物理意义,它将卡森流体在多孔介质中的流动特性与多孔介质的微结构参数有机联系起来.文中给出了卡森流体的流速、启动压力梯度和有效渗透率随着各影响因素的变化趋势,并进行了讨论.所得分形模型可以更深刻地理解卡森流体在多孔介质中流动的内在物理机理. 关键词： 多孔介质 卡森流体 分形     

沉积岩中的分形及其在石油勘探和开发中的应用

介绍了沉积岩的分形性质，简述了沉积岩中的分形在石油勘探和开发中的应用．     

Electric dipolar interaction assisted growth of single crystalline organic thin films

We report on a forest-like-to-desert-like pattern evolution in the growth of an organic thin film observed by using an atomic force microscope. We use a modified diffusion limited aggregation model to simulate the growth process and are able to reproduce the experimental patterns. The energy of electric dipole interaction is calculated and determined to be the driving force for the pattern formation and evolution. Based on these results, single crystalline films are obtained by enhancing the electric dipole interaction while limiting effects of other growth parameters.     

Structural and phase transformations in thin molybdenum films under stationary irradiation in nitrogen-hydrogen plasma

Structural and phase transformations in thin molybdenum films caused by irradiation in nitrogen-hydrogen arc-discharge plasma are investigated using transition electron microscopy and electron diffractometry. The processing parameters for obtaining thin molybdenum nitride Mo₂N films are determined.     

Surface roughness modulated resistivity in copper thin films

The surfaces of metallic thin films are never flat. The resistivity in thin films is very different from that in bulk because of the unavoidable rough surfaces. In this study, we apply a quantum-mechanical method to study the resistivity in metallic thin films. The resulting resistivity formula for metallic thin films merely involves two parameters: bulk relaxation time and surface roughness. We use the formula to fit a large number of experimental data sets for copper thin films obtained using different growing methods. With an additional tuning parameter for calibrating the film thickness, the quantum formula can provide a universal fitting to most data with a satisfactory precision, regardless of their growing methods or data source.     

Influence of direct current plasma magnetron sputtering parameters on the material characteristics of polycrystalline copper films

Physical vapor processes using glow plasma discharge are widely employed in microelectronic industry. In particular magnetron sputtering is a major technique employed for the coating of thin films. This paper addresses the influence of direct current (DC) plasma magnetron sputtering parameters on the material characteristics of polycrystalline copper (Cu) thin films coated on silicon substrates. The influence of the sputtering parameters including DC plasma power and argon working gas pressure on the electrical and structural properties of the thin Cu films was investigated by means of surface profilometer, four-point probe and atomic force microscopy.     

Use of modified chemical route for ZnSe nanocrystalline thin films growth: Study on surface morphology and physical properties

The zinc selenide thin films have been deposited using modified chemical bath deposition (M-CBD) method. Zinc acetate and sodium selenosulphate were used as Zn²⁺ and Se²⁻ ion sources, respectively. The preparative parameters such as concentration, pH, number of deposition cycles have been optimized in order to deposit ZnSe thin films. The as-deposited ZnSe thin films are specularly reflective and faint yellowish in color. The as-deposited ZnSe films are annealed in an air atmosphere at 473 K for 2 h. The films are characterized using structural, morphological, compositional, optical and electrical properties.     

Influence of thickness and crystalline structure on thermal and optical properties of ZnO thin films

Measurements of the temperature dependence of refractive index of ZnO thin films and thermal diffusivity using photothermal deflection technique are presented. Thin film thickness and surface homogeneity were found to be the effective parameters on optical and thermal properties of the thin films. High refractive index gradient with temperature was found for films of a nonuniform distribution and gathered in clusters, and a high predicted value for thermal diffusivity. Optical properties of the thin films revealed that films with disorder in the deposition and gathered clusters showed poor transmittance in visible region with a pronounced peak in the near IR, and also a reduction in the band gap. A detailed parametric analysis using analytical solution of one-dimensional heat equation had been performed. A discontinuity in the temperature elevation at the ZnO-glass interface was found.     

Influence of Surface Transition Layers on Phase Transformation and Pyroelectric Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Film

Taking into account surface transition layers （STLs）, we study the phase transformation and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films by employing the transverse Ising model （TIM） in the framework of the mean field approximation. The distribution functions representing the intra-layer and inter-layer couplings between the two nearest neighbour pseudo-spins are introduced to characterize STLs. Compared with the results obtained by the traditional treatments for the thin films using only the single surface transition layer （SSL）, it is shown that the STL model reflects a more realistic and comprehensive situation of films. The effects of various parameters on the phase transformation properties have shown that STL can make the Curie temperature of the film higher or lower than that of the corresponding Sulk material, and the thickness of STL is a key factor influencing the film properties. For a film with definite thickness, there exists a critical STL thickness at which ferroelectricity will disappear when the intra-layer and inter-layer interactions are weak.     

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering from alkaline phosphatase immobilized in atmospheric plasmapolymer coatings

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) has been used to study proteins embedded in thin polymer films obtained by a new cold, atmospheric-pressure plasma technique. In order to test the efficiency of the technology, four samples of alkaline phosphatase incorporated in organic polymer coatings in different plasma conditions have been investigated. Data have been analysed in the framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA), by using a new method for the simultaneous fitting of the two-dimensional diffuse scattering from each sample. As a result, protein film concentration and aggregation state as well as a set of parameters describing the polymer coatings have been obtained.     

Indium and tin oxide polycrystalline thin films as NO gas sensors produced by reactive pulsed laser ablation and deposition

Pulsed laser ablation is a very interesting method of depositing thin films of several materials and compounds, such as oxides, nitrides, insulators, semiconductors, and superconductors. Indium and tin oxide polycrystalline thin films have been grown on silicon (100) substrates by reactive PLD from two metallic targets of indium and tin by multilayered deposition, in the presence of oxygen, using a frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser (5=532 nm). The films produced have been studied to evaluate their use as NO gas sensors, and the best performance has been found by varying some important parameters, such as the substrate temperature and the pressure of oxygen in the deposition chamber. X-ray diffraction analysis of the deposited films shows that they are polycrystalline with a preferential (400) orientation. Electrical resistivity measurements, performed by using a four-point probe technique, show a sharp increase in resistivity when the films are exposed to NO. The electrical responses of tin oxide-indium oxide multilayered thin films are reported.     

Synthesis, characterization and photoelectrochemical properties of n-CdS thin films

Cadmium sulfide thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by simple and cost effective chemical bath deposition technique. Triethanolamine was used as a complexing agent. The preparative parameters like ion concentration, temperature, pH, speed of substrate rotation and deposition time have been optimized for good quality thin films. The ‘as-grown’ films are characterized for structural, electrical, optical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies reveal that the films are polycrystalline in nature. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX) shows that films are cadmium rich. Uniform deposition of CdS thin films on glass substrate is observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs. Optical studies reveal a high absorption coefficient (10⁴ cm⁻¹) with a direct type of transition. The band gap is estimated to be 2.47 eV. The film shows n-type conduction mechanism. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell with CdS thin film as a photoanode and sulfide/polysulfide (1 M) solution as an electrolyte have been constructed and investigated for various cell parameters. The solar to electrical conversion efficiency (η) and fill factor (ff) are found to be 0.049% and 0.36, respectively.