微通道板X射线探测器

在激光等离子体实验研究中,为了更好地了解激光与等离子体相互作用过程中所发生的物理过程,要求能够高时间分辨地观测等离子体所辐射的X射线的特征。测量的关键在于X射线探测元件,既要有快的时间响应,又要能够输出足够大的光电流,以便直接驱动高速示波器,进行显示和照像。普通的闪烁体/光电倍增管X射线探测器,由于闪烁体荧光有着固有的衰减时间,以及普通的光电倍增管中的电子飞行时间离散严重,时间分辨力难以提高。     

稀薄等离子体中逆轫致吸收的非线性强光效应

用相对论力学讨论了在强激光场中的电子运动以及与离子散射的截面.并由此研究了稀薄等离子体中的逆轫致吸收系数与激光强度的关系.发现由于非线性的相对论效应的影响,在激光强度较大时,轫致吸收系数将偏离与激光电场强度的立方反比关系. 关键词：     

量子通信中单光子探测器的实验研究

为了提高单光子探测系统的灵敏度,实验采用InGaAs/InP雪崩光电二极管作为量子通信中的单光子探测器件,以门控脉冲模式实现了更高精度的单光子探测器的偏压生成电路、单光子信号放大电路、单光子信号检测电路和温度控制模块,并通过选用高精度前置放大器OP37和精密比较器AD8561,将量子效率提高到18.3%,暗计数控制小于4.1%×10~(-6)/ns.     

OH自由基共振荧光的门控光子计数测量

针对气体扩张激光诱导荧光测量低浓度OH自由基系统中短寿命低强度荧光的检测需求,提出了一种共振荧光的门控光子计数测量方法,通过光电倍增管的快速门控电路设计,实现纳秒级时序内荧光的选择性测量.使用一个13级高增益端窗光电倍增管进行荧光探测,通过改变光电倍增管打拿极上的加载电压来实现光电倍增管的快速门控.电路可获得稳定的调制电压,开关延迟时间为168ns,上升沿时间约20ns.对门控电路进行器件优化及匹配参量后,采用调制打拿极d1d3d5的方式,开关引起的光电倍增管噪声降至210ns以内,调制开关比优于10~5.将门控系统应用于气体扩张激光诱导荧光系统OH自由基的荧光探测,有效获得自由基荧光信号.对307.8~308.2nm波段内的OH自由基激发谱线进行了测量,实验结果表明,门控电路能有效抑制激光杂散光的影响,实现低浓度OH自由基共振荧光信号测量.     

光电倍增管脉冲性能研究

采用外腔式电光开光,调制主动照相探测光源,使光电倍增管处于脉冲工作状态下,以提高光电倍增管的输出幅度和动态范围,改善信号的信噪比,同时避免样品和探测器受长时间强激光照射.对滨松H6780光电倍增管进行了调试,使其线性输出电流由静态的0.1mA提升到脉冲状态的4.4mA,信噪比提高4.5倍.该技术对其他光敏探测有借鉴意义.     

分立式电子倍增器

光电倍增管是检测微弱光信号的电真空器件.它的短波截止波长取决于光窗材料.目前,透紫性能最佳的光窗材料是氟化镁,其截止波长也仅为110nm。对更短的波长的信号,光电倍增管也就无能为力了.人们考虑到既然光窗不能有效地透过紫外辐射,就取消光窗让倍增系统直接接收,这种无光窗的     

RCA7265光电倍增管100ns门的研制

在受控聚变和等离子体物理研究中,激光散射是最常用的诊断方法之一.为了采集和处理托卡马克的激光散射信号,在光电倍增管上加门是非常必要的.此外在原子核物理、固体物理和分子物理中,在光电倍增管上加门的实验方法也被广泛采用.本文要介绍的RCA 7265光电倍增管 100 ns门,是为 6号托卡马克等离子体的激光散射信号的数据采集和处理工作而研制的. 一、线路和工作原理 RCA 7265 光电倍增管 100 ns门的线路如图1所示.将一个幅度为+48V、脉宽为100ns的方波──门脉冲加在3,5,7,9四个打拿极上,以控制各电极的电压分布,进而控制管内电场分布.这…     

基于锁相放大原理的微弱光信号检测系统设计

为了解决强噪声背景下微弱光信号检测难的问题,介绍了一种基于锁相放大原理的微弱光信号检测系统。系统采用对1 550nm的DFB激光进行调制的方法产生前级信号,利用PIN光电二极管产生的电流信号作为原始信号,经过前级放大、锁相放大及低通滤波电路还原调制信号。系统采用OPA124作为前级运放,AD630作为锁相放大器,参考信号和调制信号均由DDS芯片AD9850产生。滤波电路、移相电路和调制电路均采用高精度运放OP07来设计。实验结果表明,该系统具有很高的线性度,灵敏度为4.51V/V,精度大于0.05%,是一种高精度、高实用性的微弱光信号检测系统。     

光电倍增管的噪声分析和建模

着重讨论光电倍增管的噪声来源、不同噪声源的噪声特征。为了便于实际应用,借助于光电子学和电子学分析方法,建立光电倍增管的噪声模型。这有利于应用光电倍增管探测更加微弱的信号,也有利于从微弱信号中提取研究对象的真实信息。     

微弱光信号检测电路的实现

为将微弱光信号有效地转换为电信号以方便后级电路处理,设计了微弱光信号检测电路。电路由光电转换和前置放大两部分组成。光电转换电路采用低输入偏置电流运算放大器AD 549实现;前置放大电路使用对称三极管组成的对数比率放大电路实现,并在同等条件下与集成电路LOG 100组成的前置放大电路相比较。实际测量表明,该放大电路设计可有效放大低于1 nW的微弱输入信号,同时对噪声也有很强的抑制作用,而由LOG 100组成的电路对噪声的抑制能力明显衰减。     

Combination of a Gated Phtotomultiplier Tube and a Phase Sensitive Detector for Use in an Intensive Pulsed Background Light Situation

In order to detect a weak signal light that appears after an intensive pulsed background light, we constructed a light detection module that consisted of an internally-gated photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a phase sensitive detector (PSD). Plural even-numbered dynodes of a miniature PMT were controlled for the internal gate operation and the output signal from the PMT was fed into the PSD integration circuit (IC) that worked synchronously with the gated PMT. The module acts as a sort of lock-in light detection system. The combination of the gate-on PMT and the PSD IC detects the weak signal light while the gate-off PMT rejects the intensive pulsed background light. From fundamental performance tests, we found that a background rejection ratio (BGRR) of the gated PMT up to 10,000 could be obtained. We carried out an evaluation experiment using a multi-white light-emitting diode (LED) to demonstrate the pulsed-background-light rejection capability of the module.     

Elemental analysis in environmental land samples by stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The stand-off detection and analysis of environmental land samples have been demonstrated using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. The samples of interest have included soils and vegetation powder. Elements Hg, As, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr have been spectrally analysed with a focus on Hg as a trace contaminant in the samples. It is found that element Fe, usually contained in land samples, is a main source of spectral interference for Hg detection due to its ever present iron emission line at 253.68 nm that is closely adjacent to the strongest Hg emission line at 253.65 nm, and hence, a high resolution of spectral detection is necessary. The strong spectral signals from Bremsstrahlung emission in laser-induced plasma and atomic emission of Fe of high concentration caused a significant reduction in detection resolution in the use of image intensifier of an ICCD. The limit of detection at ~8 ppm for Hg detection in soil samples with iron as a minor constituent has been achieved, using an optical chopper and a CCD detector for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signal detection. Such detection method in LIBS system has shown a great advantage in determining trace elements from interfering elemental constituents in land sample matrixes.     

A review of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement

A review of the methods of signal enhancement in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. Conventional LIBS suffers from disadvantages of low sensitivity and high limits of detection compared with other analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. During the last two decades, various methods have been applied to LIBS in order to realize highly quantitative and qualitative analysis. Current approaches include double-pulse excitation, spatial or magnetic confinement, spark discharge, etc. Different configurations of experimental setups and conditions are suggested for the realization of these improved techniques, while various parameters influence significantly on the enhancement effect. With the aim to study the laser ablation process and characterize the effectiveness of each method, several parameters such as plasma volume and emission intensity are reviewed. Several suggestions are proposed to explain the mechanism of each enhancement method. These modified techniques have been applied on various materials and fields.     

The importance of longer wavelength reheating in dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) provides improved sensitivity compared to conventional single-pulse LIBS. We used a combination of Nd: yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and CO₂ lasers to improve the sensitivity of LIBS. Significant emission intensity enhancement is noticed for both excited neutral lines and ionic lines for dual-pulse LIBS compared to single-pulse LIBS. However, the enhancement factor is found to be dependend on the energy levels of the lines, and resonance lines provided maximum enhancement. Our results indicate that IR reheating will cause significant improvement in sensitivity, regardless of the conditions, even with an unfocused reheating beam. The improved sensitivity with a YAG-CO₂ laser combination is caused by the effective reheating of the pre-plume with a longer wavelength laser is due to efficient inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption. The role of the spot sizes, inter-pulse delay times, energies of the preheating and reheating pulses on the LIBS sensitivity improvements are discussed.     

水溶液中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱的检测分析

文章对竖直流动的CuSO₄和Pb(NO₃)₂水溶液样品表面的激光诱导击穿光谱的（简称LIBS）特性进行了观测分析。实验中采用的烧蚀激光波长为532 nm,脉冲宽度为10 ns,重复频率为10 Hz;LIBS信号的探测通过一色散相加型双光栅单色仪、Boxcar和PMT的组合来完成。通过对水溶液中金属元素的LIBS信号随时间和能量演化规律的分析,初步确定了系统 的最佳烧蚀能量和最佳探测延时。受样品表面附近空气击穿时氧元素信号的影响,实验对Cu和Pb各自的击穿位置进行了优化。在分析影响LIBS光谱探测因素的基础上,进一步优化了系统的工作条件和探测 参数。通过对不同浓度下LIBS信号的探测分析,初步确定了系统对Cu与Pb的最低检测浓度,分别约为31,50 ppm(μg·mL-1)。文章还对将LIBS技术运用到海水中重金属的实时在线检测的可 行性进行了讨论。     

Challenges and opportunities in quantitative analyses of lead,cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A review

Bearing the merits of rapid, minimally destructive, and simultaneous multi-element analyses, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) shows its unique advantages in quantitative analyses of lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials. However, the greatest challenge LIBS must confront is calibration. Various methods for calibration are proposed and put into effect; nevertheless, limits of detection acquired by LIBS are not acceptable when they are compared with the maximum residue limits drawn up by governments, and LIBS's performances in quantitative analyses are to be improved. This review summarizes recent studies of analyzing lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials quantitatively by LIBS; weighs the strengths and weaknesses of their calibration methods; and recommends the combination of matrix-matched standards based on spiked sample materials and internal standard as well as chemometrics in complicated situations for calibration in LIBS. Selecting the emission line of the analyte, sample enrichment and signal enhancement are measures that this review puts forward to improve the performances of LIBS in calibration. These quantitative analyses of lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials by LIBS provide an opportunity to be utilized in mapping distributions and remediation for soil and water, as well as supervision for agricultural products safety and pollution treatments.     

多次放电的激光诱导击穿光谱信号增强

激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)是一种广泛应用于科学和工程方面的元素分析技术。LIBS测量一些微量元素时存在探测极限高的不足,因此增强LIBS信号强度,降低元素探测极限,对扩展其应用范围有着重要的意义。为了实现LIBS光谱信号的增强,提出多次放电增强激光诱导击穿光谱方法,并以固体铝合金材料为例进行了光谱信号强度增强的研究。实验发现,激光作用在铝合金材料上烧蚀样品产生等离子体并溅射到样品上方高压放电电极所在区域,该区域在等离子体产生之后50 μs之内均可以诱导高压电极放电。因此采用高频脉冲电源可以实现一次LIBS产生的等离子体诱导电极多次放电。多次放电会对等离子体进行多次激发,同时多次放电对等离子的加热作用会延缓等离子体冷却速率从而延长等离子体的持续时间,两者共同作用可以增强LIBS光谱信号强度,进而降低LIBS对微量元素的探测极限。使用频率为100 kHz的高频直流脉冲电源,利用数字延迟脉冲发生器同步激光与高压电源,在激光过后3.6 μs触发高压放电,一次LIBS产生的等离子体可以诱导电极5次放电,即对等离子体进行5次激发和加热。利用光谱仪对5次放电等离子体光谱进行积分测量。实验结果表明：使用多次放电增强之后,等离子体持续时间得到大幅延长,光谱信号强度得到大幅增强,其中,Mg Ⅱ (~279 nm)的信号强度可以增强约48倍,Al Ⅱ (~358 nm)的信号强度可以增强约72倍,微量元素Mn Ⅰ (~403 nm)的信号强度增强约6.3倍,微量元素Cu Ⅰ (~403 nm) 的信号强度增强约8.3倍。Mn Ⅰ (~403 nm)和Cu Ⅰ (~403 nm) 的探测极限分别降低为LIBS单次放电的1/6和1/8。多次放电增强激光诱导击穿光谱方法很好地增强了LIBS的光谱信号强度,降低了对微量元素的探测极限,扩展了LIBS技术的应用范围。该方法有潜力应用到贵重物品、稀有材料及文物的鉴定之中。     

基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种新型的原子光谱分析技术,具有实时快速、 多元素同时分析和样品预处理简单等特点,从一出现便受到研究人员的广泛关注,但分析灵敏度差一直是限制该技术发展的重要因素。基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术将原子荧光光谱技术和激光诱导击穿光谱技术结合,对目标元素进行选择性激发,可以大幅提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术的分析灵敏度,极大地拓展了LIBS技术在痕量元素检测领域的应用。本文综述了基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的研究进展,介绍了激光诱导等离子体中荧光光谱的产生过程以及基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基本类型和基础原理,详细分析了烧蚀激光能量、 共振激发激光能量和波长、 烧蚀激光和共振激发激光之间的延时以及光谱采集门宽对光谱增强效果的影响,阐述了其在冶金、 环境监测、 同位素检测等领域的应用现状和存在的问题,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望。     

High resolution scanning microanalysis on material surfaces using UV femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Femtosecond lasers together with high resolution optics have given us the ability to achieve submicron ablation spots which can play an important role in specific micromachining applications. Light emitted from the plasma at the sample surface created by a focused femtosecond laser pulse can also be used in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and allows us to characterize the chemical composition of the target surface with micron-level lateral resolution. The spatial resolution using LIBS has often been defined by measuring the FWHM of the crater size. In this report, we study the application of femtosecond 266 nm laser pulses with very low energies of 10׳s of nanojoules. We have investigated spatial resolution using the detection of thin strips of chromium on silicon substrates and compared the actual width of the chromium versus the experimentally obtained width using LIBS detection. The variation of signal levels for low pulse energies is investigated on chromium surfaces. A spatial resolution of ~1 μm was obtained for detection of chromium from the emission.     

Detection of sulfur in the reinforced concrete structures using a dual pulsed LIBS system

In concrete structures, an excessive amount of sulfate ions can cause severe damage to the strength and the stability of the building structures and hence a sensitive and reliable technique for sulfate ion detection in concrete is highly desirable. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is one of the most reliable and sensitive techniques to identify the presence of potentially dangerous sulfur in the concrete structure. The atomic emission lines of sulfur lying in the 200–900 nm region are mostly singly ionized states and hence inherently very weak. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the conventional LIBS system, we employed a dual pulsed LIBS system for detection of weak spectral line of sulfur in concrete using the S II peak at 545.38 nm as a marker for quantifying sulfur content in the concrete. The 1064 nm fundamental and 266 nm fourth harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with Spectrograph/gated ICCD camera are the core factors in improvement of sensitivity. Furthermore, the dual pulsed LIBS system and the fine maneuvering of the gate parameters and interpulse delay yielded improvement in the sensitivity, and resulted in a systematic correlation of the LIBS signal with the concentration of sulfur in the concrete sample. In order to quantify the sulfur content in concrete, a calibration curve was also drawn by recording the LIBS spectra of sample having sulfur in various concentrations. The limit of detection achieved with our dual pulsed LIBS system is approximately 38 μg/g.