基于分区搜索算法的快速聚焦策略研究北大核心CSCD

针对爬山算法在自动聚焦中出现的诸如准确率差、速度慢等问题,提出了一种结合自适应步长和两步搜索法的分区搜索算法。方法根据聚焦评价函数值大小和曲线线形将聚焦评价曲线分为平缓和陡峭两个区域,平缓区域使用自适应步长进行搜索,提高自动聚焦搜索速度;陡峭区域使用两步搜索法,避免假峰值干扰所导致的聚焦错误,提高自动聚焦准确率。实验结果表明,分区搜索算法相较于爬山算法聚焦速度提升了11.25%,且具有更好的准确性和抗干扰能力。     

基于LIBS技术的钢铁合金中元素多变量定量分析方法研究

针对钢铁合金样品元素组成相对复杂,基体效应较严重的问题,利用激光诱导击穿(LIBS)光谱技术对钢铁合金中的元素进行了定量分析。以Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器基频1 064 nm波长激光作为激发光源,采用中阶梯光栅光谱仪和ICCD分光探测钢铁合金样品的LIBS光谱。通过优化实验确定最佳探测延时为1.5 μs,最佳探测门宽为2 μs,激光聚焦点位置在实验样品靶面以下1.5 mm。采用单变量定量分析、多变量线性回归和偏最小二乘(PLS)三种方法分析钢铁合金中Cr元素和Ni元素的含量。结果表明,采用单变量定标方法定标曲线相关系数不高,对待测样的预测误差相对较大,难以有效地定量分析基体元素复杂的钢铁合金中金属元素的含量;采用多变量线性回归分析方法能有效提高定量分析的精度;采用PLS方法得到的Cr和Ni元素的拟合曲线相关系数r分别为0.981和0.995,对两个待测样品中Cr元素和Ni元素的预测相对误差在6.4%和7.1%以内,分析结果优于多变量线性回归方法。可见,采用多变量校正的PLS方法能更有效地校正基体效应对定量分析的影响,提高定量分析的精度。     

水溶液中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱的检测分析

文章对竖直流动的CuSO₄和Pb(NO₃)₂水溶液样品表面的激光诱导击穿光谱的（简称LIBS）特性进行了观测分析。实验中采用的烧蚀激光波长为532 nm,脉冲宽度为10 ns,重复频率为10 Hz;LIBS信号的探测通过一色散相加型双光栅单色仪、Boxcar和PMT的组合来完成。通过对水溶液中金属元素的LIBS信号随时间和能量演化规律的分析,初步确定了系统 的最佳烧蚀能量和最佳探测延时。受样品表面附近空气击穿时氧元素信号的影响,实验对Cu和Pb各自的击穿位置进行了优化。在分析影响LIBS光谱探测因素的基础上,进一步优化了系统的工作条件和探测 参数。通过对不同浓度下LIBS信号的探测分析,初步确定了系统对Cu与Pb的最低检测浓度,分别约为31,50 ppm(μg·mL-1)。文章还对将LIBS技术运用到海水中重金属的实时在线检测的可 行性进行了讨论。     

Development in the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in recent years: A review

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been widely studied due to its unique advantages such as remote sensing, real-time multi-elemental detection and none-to-little damage. With the efforts of researchers around the world, LIBS has been developed by leaps and bounds. Moreover, in recent years, more and more Chinese LIBS researchers have put tremendous energy in promoting LIBS applications. It is worth mentioning that the application of LIBS in a specific field has its special application background and technical difficulties, therefore it may develop in different stages. A review summarizing the current development status of LIBS in various fields would be helpful for the development of LIBS technology as well as its applications especially for Chinese LIBS community since most of the researchers in this field work in application. In the present work, we summarized the research status and latest progress of main research groups in coal, metallurgy, and water, etc. Based on the current research status, the challenges and opportunities of LIBS were evaluated, and suggestions were made to further promote LIBS applications.     

Synthesis of 3,6-Disubstituted 5,6-Dihydro-s-triazolo [3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazolidines through the Intramolecular Mannich Reaction

３－取代基－４－氨基－５－巯基－１，２，４－三唑在微量酸催化下与取代芳香醛经分子内Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应合成了２９个新的３，６－二取代－５，６－二氢－ｓ－三唑并［３，４－ｂ］－１，３，４－噻二唑啉类化合物，其结构经元素分析、ＩＲ和１ＨＮＭＲ进行确证，并讨论了反应的立体选择性。     

基于钙内标的贝壳元素成分微区LIBS分析方法研究

贝类生物作为海洋生态系统监测的理想标识,以Ca为内标进行元素比例变化的分析,将有可能获知气候演化及贝类生长等有用信息。区别于其他技术,微区激光诱导击穿光谱技术(Micro-LIBS：micro-probe laser induced breakdown spectroscopy)应用于贝类贝壳探测时,Ca的特征发射谱线将分布于整个光谱探测区间,如何选择合适谱线作为内标是Ca内标法用于贝壳成分元素分析的关键。以Ca元素为内标进行贝壳成分元素的Micro-LIBS探测,通过归一化Ca元素全谱谱线、最强离子谱线Ca Ⅱ 393.3 nm和不同强度原子谱线(Ca Ⅰ 422.7 nm/Ca Ⅰ 487.9 nm)为内标情况下Sr/Ca元素比例变化的比较,结果发现相较于Ca离子线Ca Ⅱ 393.3 nm和强度较弱原子线Ca Ⅰ 487.9 nm,以Ca元素全谱强度或最强原子线Ca Ⅰ 422.7 nm为内标时,Sr/Ca分布在贝壳分析区域内变化较小,其浮动分别小于7%和10%,符合贝壳分析区域为同一生长周期的纹理特征,较为准确地反映了贝壳的生长发展;同时,应用Ca全谱强度为内标对贝壳成分元素分析发现,元素比例Li/Ca, K/Ca, Na/Ca相较于Mn/Ca,具有明显的相似特征,说明海水富含轻质元素在贝壳生长分布上具有明显的相似性。研究结果表明,较强Ca原子线或全谱强度比Ca离子线更适合作为内标用于贝壳成分元素的微区LIBS分析,证明了Micro-LIBS用于贝壳分析的可行性。     

Na_2SO_4溶液激光拉曼/激光诱导击穿光谱联合探测

光谱技术应用于海底极端环境下多参数、多相态、无接触探测已成为深海化学传感器发展的一个重要方向,尤其是水下激光拉曼光谱技术和水下激光诱导击穿光谱技术正成为目前研究开发的热点。该工作旨在探索一项水下激光诱导击穿光谱与激光拉曼光谱(LIBS-LRS)联合探测技术,以实现LIBS和拉曼两种检测技术在检测系统上的整合,在信息获取上的互补。在实验室搭建了一套LIBS-LRS联合探测装置,该装置对于拉曼和LIBS采用同样的激发光源、光谱仪和探测器,前置光路分为两部分:拉曼光路和LIBS光路,分别收集Na_2SO_4溶液的拉曼信号和LIBS信号。前置光路收集的拉曼和LIBS信号由Y型光纤导入光谱仪,分别在面阵CCD不同区域进行探测。利用该装置对配置的Na_2SO_4溶液进行探测,同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号。另外,随着激光能量的提高,在532nm脉冲激光能量超过3.6mJ时,在拉曼光路同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号,这样采用同一光路即可实现两种光谱技术的联合,然而实验发现,随着激光能量的增加,激光在溶液中击穿产生的轫致辐射造成了光谱探测基线整体的抬升,对拉曼光谱弱信号的探测是不利的。实验结果初步证明了在拉曼和LIBS在水下联合探测的可行性。     

532和1 064 nm激光的水下LIBS探测对比研究

海洋是国家可持续发展的战略要地,迫切需要海洋探测技术的快速发展,光谱类的化学传感器由于具有原位、非接触和长期探测的优势日益成为研究热点。为了将激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术应用于海洋原位探测,采用532和1 064 nm波长激光在能量分别为3和40 mj附近进行烧蚀,对比实验研究了532和1 064 nm激光作用下的LIBS击穿特性,并重点探讨了水下激光传输距离对LIBS信号的影响。结果显示,采用1 064 nm的激光能够获得更高的谱线强度和信背比,以及更长的等离子体寿命,但LIBS信号稳定性较差;受水体对不同波长激光能量衰减不同的影响,在水下传输距离2～5 cm范围内,随着1 064 nm激光能量的衰减LIBS信号衰减也很明显,而位于海水“透射窗口”的532 nm的激光LIBS信号基本保持不变。为今后LIBS海洋原位探测系统的开发提供了有价值的设计依据。     

氧化锆纳米薄膜的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析技术研究

为了发展一种实时、快速、非接触,能对金属氧化物纳米薄膜中元素成分进行分析的检测方法,搭建了一套基于LIBS技术的薄膜检测分析系统。该系统可同时实现样品平面的精确定位,样品烧蚀坑形貌实时观测,等离子体成像和光谱采集等功能。样品为在单晶硅基底上利用溶胶-凝胶法制备的约40 nm厚的氧化锆功能薄膜,实验中将其放置在一个位移精度为0.01 mm的三维平移台上。系统测试结果表明,在两束聚焦的连续激光辅助下,样品平面的定位精度达到了20 μm,LIBS单脉冲检测光谱信号的面积分强度的重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)达到了1.6%。在室温和大气环境下,对等离子体空间分布、信号强度随激发能量、时间参数和LTSD(激光聚焦点到样品表面的距离)参数而变化的情况从光谱角度进行了实验研究,并优化了实验参数和探测参数。利用实验得到的光谱数据,用玻尔兹曼方计算了等离子体的电子温度,利用硅的原子线计算了电子密度,对定量检测所必须的局部热力学平衡(LTE)条件进行了评价。     

Quantitative analysis of lead in aqueous solutions by ultrasonic nebulizer assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In this study, an ultrasonic nebulizer unit was established to improve the quantitative analysis ability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for liquid samples detection, using solutions of the heavy metal element Pb as an example. An analytical procedure was designed to guarantee the stability and repeatability of the LIBS signal. A series of experiments were carried out strictly according to the procedure. The experimental parameters were optimized based on studies of the pulse energy influence and temporal evolution of the emission features. The plasma temperature and electron density were calculated to confirm the LTE state of the plasma. Normalizing the intensities by background was demonstrated to be an appropriate method in this work. The linear range of this system for Pb analysis was confirmed over a concentration range of 0–4,150ppm by measuring 12 samples with different concentrations. The correlation coefficient of the fitted calibration curve was as high as 99.94% in the linear range, and the LOD of Pb was confirmed as 2.93ppm. Concentration prediction experiments were performed on a further six samples. The excellent quantitative ability of the system was demonstrated by comparison of the real and predicted concentrations of the samples. The lowest relative error was 0.043% and the highest was no more than 7.1%.