一类无限群中局部幂零性的判定准则

设G是任意群,群G的Frattini子群nat(G)定义为G的所有极大子群的交.类似地,群G的另外两个特征子群nFrat(G)及R(G)分别定义为群G的所有极大正规子群及群G的所有正规的极大子群的交.本文通过对nat(G),nnat(G)及R(G)的相互包含关系的研究,得到CF-群或中心由多重循环群的扩张群中局部幂零性的一个判定准则.同时也讨论了在某些群类中若干种广义幂零性的等价性.     

弱s-拟正规子群对有限群的p-幂零性的影响

群G的子群H称为G的弱s-拟正规子群,若G有次正规子群T,使得G=HT且H ∩T≤HsG,其中HsG是包含在H中的G的最大的s-拟正规子群.本文利用Sylow p-子群的极大子群的弱s-拟正规性得到有限群为p-幂零群的一些充分条件,并给出Schur-Zassenhaus定理的一种推广.     

S-拟正规嵌入子群

群G的一个子群H称为在G中S-拟正规嵌入的,如果对H阶中的每一个素因子p,H的Sylowp-子群也是G的某个S-拟正规子群的Sylowp-子群.利用子群的S-拟正规嵌入性给出了群为p-幂零群及超可解群的一些特征.     

次正规子群与有限群的超可解性

通过Sylow子群的极大子群和次正规性,利用极小阶反例的方法,得出群p-幂零性和超可解性的结论.本文的创新改进之处在于结合Sylow子群的极大子群和次正规性,研究p-幂零性和超可解性的相关结论.     

关于B_p 群

令 P 为有限群 G 的一个 p-Sylow 子群.G 叫做 B_p 群,如果 N_G(P)为 p- 幂零蕴含 G 为 p- 幂零.本文给出了内 -B_p 群的构造并证明 G 满足下列条件之一时为 B_p 群:1)p 为奇又Ω_1(P)≤Z(P);2)p=2又Ω_2(P)≤Z(P);3)G的任二相异 p-Sylow 子群的交的秩小于p,特别交为循环时;4)G的 2-Sylow 子群的导群为循环且 G 与 S_4 无关.     

群的几个幂零性条件

如果G的所有子群都是次正规的,而且G满足下面条件之一,那么G是幂零群.(1)G有一个次正规列1△H△K△G,其中K/H是幂零群,H和G/K是有限生成的;(2)G有一个正规子群N使得,N在其子集的中心化子上满足极小条件,并且G/N是有限生成的.     

三个或多个素变数的线性方程

设G是有限群,p是|G|的一个素因子,P是G的一个Sylow p-子群.若下列条件之一满足,则G是p-幂零:(1)P的极大子群均在G中S-半正规且(|G|,p-1)=1;(2)P的二次极大子群均在G中S-半正规且(|G|,p2-1)=1.     

用极大子群刻划Sy-群

用极大子群来刻划群类已有很多结果,例如:有限群G是幂零群的充要条件是G的极大子群是正规的;有限群G为超可解群的充要条件是G的极大子群的指数为素数;有限群为循环p-群的充要条件是有唯一极大子群,等等。在这篇文章中,我们用一个极大子群条件来刻划 Sy-群(由〔2〕知道,有限群G是Y-群的充要条件是G=MN,其中M,N是G的幂零Hall子群,N=r_∞(G)是G的幂零剩余,且对任意N之子群H有G=N·N_G(H)。而Sy-群是子群封闭的Y-群)。为此,我们先讨论Y-群的极大子群的性质。     

弱SS-半置换性极小子群对有限群超可解性的影响

引入弱SS-半置换子群的概念,介绍了弱SS-半置换子群的性质,结合有限群G的极小于群的弱SS-半置换性,并结合C-正规性来讨论有限群的超可解性及幂零性,得到了有限群超可解及幂零的若干充分或充要条件,同时推广了某些著名结果.     

子群的θ-偶和群的结构

研究极大子群和2-极大子群的θ-偶对群结构的影响.设G是有限群,本文得到了:如果G的每一个极大子群M都有极大θ-偶(C,D),使MC=G且C/D是2-闭的,那么G可解;如果G的每一个2-极大子群H都有θ-偶(C,D),使C/D幂零且G=HC,那么G是幂零.     

ON A THEOREM OF A.A. LYAPUNOV

Abstract

In this note we obtain some extensions and an approximation of the Lyapunov convexity theorem by means of the bilinear integration of a set-valued function. The integration is performed successively with respect to a non-atomic, a direct sum and a Darboux vector measure. The necessary counterexamples are provided.     

A Priori and A Posteriori: A Bootstrapping Relationship

The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge has been the subject of an enormous amount of discussion, but the literature is biased against recognizing the intimate relationship between these forms of knowledge. For instance, it seems to be almost impossible to find a sample of pure a priori or a posteriori knowledge. In this paper, it will be suggested that distinguishing between a priori and a posteriori is more problematic than is often suggested, and that a priori and a posteriori resources are in fact used in parallel. We will define this relationship between a priori and a posteriori knowledge as the bootstrapping relationship. As we will see, this relationship gives us reasons to seek for an altogether novel definition of a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Specifically, we will have to analyse the relationship between a priori knowledge and a priori reasoning, and it will be suggested that the latter serves as a more promising starting point for the analysis of aprioricity. We will also analyse a number of examples from the natural sciences and consider the role of a priori reasoning in these examples. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concepts of a priori and a posteriori knowledge rather than the epistemic domain of a posteriori and a priori justification.     

NAMING A COLUMN ON A SPREADSHEET

Spreadsheets use a meaningful algebra-like notation which, research suggests, can support pupils in developing an understanding of variables. This paper discusses the activity of Year 8 pupils who were taught to name a column on a spreadsheet, and who were asked to reflect upon their activity in a stimulated recall interview. More specifically, it considers the pupils' understanding of notation, such as 'A2' and 'm', which they used when constructing spreadsheet formulae. It is suggested that experience of naming columns may help pupils to develop a clearer sense of the notation as a variable, and to make links between their spreadsheet activity and use of standard algebraic notation [1].     

A REMARK ON A BMO MARTINGALE

Let M = (Mt,Ft) be a uniformly integrable continuous martingale with MO = 0. For1 5 p < cot we setIIMllBMO. = '3p II[E[IMoo ~ MTIplFT]]'/Pll.,where the supremum is taken over all stopping times T.Set BMO. = {M: IIMllBMO. < co}. It is well known that BMO. = BMO, (VI S p 5 q).F'urthermore, all 11.llBMO. norms are equivalent andIIi ~~if;llMllBMO. = SUP T P(T < co)i'where the supremum is taken over all stopping times T satisfying P(T < co) > 0. In the laterwe shall simply …     

有限群的一个类函数的模构造

本文研究了有限群上的一个类函数.通过计算它和不可约特征标的内积,证明了它是特征标并且通过复群代数的中心的正则表示给出了它的一个模构造.     

A new characterization of A 5

Let G be a group and τ _e (G) the set of numbers of elements of G of the same order. In this paper, by τ _e (G), we give a new characterization of A ₅, where A ₅ is the alternating group of degree 5. We get the theorem following: Theorem. Let G be a group, ${G\cong A_5}$ if and only if τ _e (G) = τ _e (A ₅) = {1, 15, 20, 24}.