化学化工虚拟仿真实验教学中心建设与实践

为了有效解决化学化工类实验教学无法或者难以实现的教学过程问题,组建了黑龙江大学化学化工虚拟仿真实验教学中心,搭建了辅助虚拟实验教学和管理于一体的开放共享的虚拟仿真信息化网络平台,设计开发了系列化工、制药、仪器类虚拟仿真实验教学项目,开展理论课+线下实验课+虚拟仿真实验+慕课四维课程体系建设,期望提升本科一流专业和拔尖人才试验班建设以及本科人才培养,为提高学校本科教学质量提供有力的保障。     

微视频技术在基础化学实验教学中的实践应用

以高校基础化学实验"从海带中提取碘""三草酸合铁（Ⅲ）酸钾的制备"为例，分别探讨了微视频技术在化学基本操作实验和综合设计型实验中的具体应用；此外，举例说明利用Flash软件制作的虚拟微视频可以在仪器分析实验中清晰地再现仪器真实操作中的每一个步骤，弥补了学生在实验前无法实际操作仪器的不足。实践证明，微视频技术的应用，丰富了基础化学实验教学模式，增强了学生自主学习的能力和动手能力，提高了实验成功率和实验教学效果。     

线上线下混合式物理化学实验研究型教学改革

针对目前实验教学在创新型人才培养中存在的问题,介绍了北京航空航天大学化学学院物理化学实验教学的改革与实践情况。结合线上教学灵活、不受时空限制,以及线下教学培养学生动手操作能力和严谨求实的科学素养的特点,从递进式教学内容设计、个性化实验操作指导和训练、科研式论文报告总结、针对性展示和专题分析等方面进行了线上线下混合式研究型教学改革。将理论方法、虚拟操作、实际训练和总结提升等相结合,充分发挥教师指导和学生主体的优势,多维度培养和提升学生的科学素养、创新思维和综合创新能力,为提升实验教学质量和促进创新型人才培养提供了有益的借鉴。     

物理化学融合实验的设计与教学——以电动势测定实验为例

适应新时代社会经济的发展,需要加强创新型、应用型、技能型人才的培养,并将其落实到学生学习的全过程。在化学实验教学中,以全面的化学教育观为指导,针对验证性实验开展融合实验改革是一种有效策略。以物理化学电动势测定实验为例,这一改革旨在将验证性实验教学内容拓展为仿真实验、基础实验、探究实验、综合实验融为一体的仿真嵌入式实验——融合实验,通过引入虚拟仿真技术、教师自制仪器、教师科研成果等元素,发挥科研与教学的协同效力。融合实验的教学过程秉持学生中心,鼓励自主探究,注重思政渗透,强化科学方法和思维的训练,体现出鲜明的“产出导向”,对提高人才培养质量具有比较明显的作用。     

化学工程与工艺专业实验教学研究

根据中国石油大学（华东）化学工程与工艺专业实验的特点,从实验内容、教学模式及教学方法等方面进行了分析,提出了"3个实验室"层层提高的实验教学模式,仿真系统融入实验课以及实验室开放的运行机制,并指出了不足及建议,目的是提高本科生的综合实验技能,并且充分调动学生的学习积极性,增强他们的创新意识和创新能力,努力培养高水平的化工类人才。     

虚拟仿真技术在大学分析化学实验教学中的应用*

针对传统分析化学实验教学中的不足,介绍了大学分析化学实验虚拟仿真线上教学项目的建设内容及其应用实效,并对虚拟仿真实验技术下一步的发展方向进行了设想。通过近2个学年的教学实践,发现以虚拟仿真实验辅助现场教学,可有效弥补传统分析化学实验教学中学生预习效果差、试剂废液产生量大、安全隐患频发等方面的缺陷;同时,虚拟仿真实验系统的考核评价、分析统计功能为教师在开展现场实验教学过程中,针对学生知识点掌握的薄弱环节开展针对性强化指导训练提供了有效手段。本虚拟仿真实验系统为虚拟仿真技术在大学分析化学实验教学领域的推广应用提供了有益借鉴。     

以应用为导向的"材料制备与吸附性能"创新综合实验设计

基于应用型人才培养目标,通过创新实验教学内容和方法,将科研成果引入到实验教学内容中,设计出以实际应用为导向的磁性材料制备及吸附性能研究综合实验。该实验教学对材料的结构表征和性能测试进行补充和拓展,并融合较为前沿的科学问题,采用半开放式教学手段,鼓励学生自主设计、独立分析,构建科研反哺教学的协同机制。通过实践表明,该实验具备综合性特征,内容涵盖了材料化学、仪器分析、物理化学相关理论;经过系统训练,提升学生的专业操作技能,巩固理论知识,强化实践应用,有利于培养学生分析解决实际问题的能力和专业创新能力。     

中学化学教师对虚拟仿真实验室的认可度与应用意愿度调查

分析了虚拟仿真实验室应用于化学实验教育的特点,并通过问卷和访谈调查了中学化学教师对虚拟仿真实验室的认可度与应用意愿度。调查结果显示：绝大多数中学化学教师对虚拟仿真实验室有一定的了解,非常认可其辅助教学、激发实验兴趣、提高实验探究性设计能力的功能;中学化学教师将虚拟仿真实验室应用在未来教学中以及参加相关培训提高虚拟仿真实验教学技能的意愿度也较高;但由于虚拟仿真实验室的建设未能跟进,导致教师使用软件教学的能力不足,而当前一些虚拟仿真软件存在的质量问题也导致中学化学教师对其提高实验动手能力和培养科学严谨性的认可度较低。建议学校完善虚拟仿真实验室的建设工作并加强虚拟仿真实验教学技能培训,虚拟仿真实验室软件开发公司也应与中学化学教师合作提高虚拟仿真实验的设计质量。     

高分子树脂合成技术特色实验教学改革初探

实验教学在高分子材料科学中占据着十分重要的地位。为进一步突出实验教学内容的专业特色、强化学生专业技能、提升学生的创新与科研能力,在原有综合实验教学体系的基础上,以耐烧蚀性酚醛树脂的研究为典型,为高分子方向的四年级本科生增设了一门更具专业特点的高分子树脂合成技术特色实验,进而实现人才培养的目标。     

基于移动端虚实结合的高职药学专业有机化学实验教学*

将一种基于移动端的虚拟仿真软件应用于高职院校有机化学实验教学。以“乙酸异戊酯的制备”实验教学为例,通过引入虚拟仿真实验操作,帮助学生了解实验操作的细节,熟悉实验步骤。结果表明,虚拟仿真实验提升了学生的自主学习兴趣,增强了实验信心,提高了实验操作能力。     

The hierarchical structure of chemical engineering

Around the turn of the present century,scholars began to recognize chemical engineering as a com-plex system,and have been searching for a convenient point of entry for refreshing its knowledge base.From our study of the dynamic structures of dispersed particles in fluidization and the resultingmulti-scale method,we have been attempting to extend our findings to structures prevailing in othermultiphase systems as well as in the burgeoning industries producing functional materials.Chemicalengineering itself is hierarchically structured.Besides structures based on space and time,such hier-archy could be built from ChE history scaled according to science content,or from ChE operation ac-cording to the expenditure of manpower and capital investment.     

基于制药工程专业认证的化工原理课程体系创新与建设*

归纳并总结了制药工程专业化工原理教学过程存在的问题,并基于本科国家教学质量标准、工程教育专业认证通用标准及补充标准,对制药工程专业化工原理理论课课程体系进行重新构建。在此基础上,提出多种导课方法结合、加强对复杂工程问题的分析与解决能力、强化讲解各单元操作之间的共性与本质、课程考核标准等改革措施,并对改革效果进行分析。改革后的化工原理课程提高了学生解决复杂制药工程问题的能力,课程目标达成情况明显改善,取得了良好的教学效果。     

新工科背景下分离工程课程改革与实践

基于新工科理念,针对传统分离工程课程存在的“师资队伍综合素质与能力未高度契合新工科建设要求”“教学模式重知识、轻学生能力培养与价值塑造”“课程整体设计与新经济、新产业、新技术结合不紧密”等痛点问题,结合新工科建设的内涵,通过建设高水平师资队伍、深化课程思政、编写国际认证教材、夯实科教融合、创新教学方法、拓展全英语教学、完善多元化评价体系和“多回路”持续改进机制等措施进行了课程改革与实践。拓宽了学生国际视野,强化了其高阶思维、多元综合的工程能力和工程素养的培养。     

新工科背景下应用型院校化工类工程教育体系探索*——以北京理工大学珠海学院为例

以北京理工大学珠海学院为例,围绕新工科背景下应用型地方院校化工类工科教育体系改革思路及措施进行阐述,分别从培养目标确立及教学管理体系改革、教学过程质量控制、课程体系结构改革、人才培育模式改革等4个方面展开分析,构建适用于新工科背景下应用型地方院校的工科培养体系。重点叙述了完全学分制教学管理模式、IEET认证对教学质量提升的保障及应用型特色人才教学模式的构建,并给出具体的改革举措,希望为同类型高校提供借鉴。     

Synthetic Biology—The Synthesis of Biology

Synthetic biology concerns the engineering of man-made living biomachines from standardized components that can perform predefined functions in a (self-)controlled manner. Different research strategies and interdisciplinary efforts are pursued to implement engineering principles to biology. The “top-down” strategy exploits nature's incredible diversity of existing, natural parts to construct synthetic compositions of genetic, metabolic, or signaling networks with predictable and controllable properties. This mainly application-driven approach results in living factories that produce drugs, biofuels, biomaterials, and fine chemicals, and results in living pills that are based on engineered cells with the capacity to autonomously detect and treat disease states in vivo. In contrast, the “bottom-up” strategy seeks to be independent of existing living systems by designing biological systems from scratch and synthesizing artificial biological entities not found in nature. This more knowledge-driven approach investigates the reconstruction of minimal biological systems that are capable of performing basic biological phenomena, such as self-organization, self-replication, and self-sustainability. Moreover, the syntheses of artificial biological units, such as synthetic nucleotides or amino acids, and their implementation into polymers inside living cells currently set the boundaries between natural and artificial biological systems. In particular, the in vitro design, synthesis, and transfer of complete genomes into host cells point to the future of synthetic biology: the creation of designer cells with tailored desirable properties for biomedicine and biotechnology.     

新工科背景下高等分离工程教学改革与实践

Facing the demand of strengthening the collaborative innovation ability of postgraduates under the background of emerging engineering education, the authors based on many years of teaching and scientific research experience carry out a series of teaching reforms on the teaching content, teaching methods, teaching means and assessment methods for the advanced separation engineering course. The project case base is established, case teaching and team cooperation are adopted to integrate multi-field professional knowledge and the latest scientific research achievements. Professional software is used to solve complex engineering problems, and the manual calculation and software calculation exercises are combined to strengthen the understanding and application of theoretical knowledge. The diversified assessment mode is taken to improve the study enthusiasm and autonomous learning ability. The practice shows that the teaching reforms and implementation of this course obviously improve the teaching effect, which is of great significance to the cultivation of postgraduates' comprehensive engineering ability, team communication and innovative thinking ability.     

工程教育认证视域下高分子材料与工程专业课程目标达成情况评价机制*——高分子化学课程目标达成情况评价

鲁东大学高分子材料与工程专业以推进新工科建设为契机、以工程教育认证为抓手,不断强化专业内涵建设和过程管理,建立了面向产出的课程目标达成情况评价机制,取得了良好效果。详述了课程目标达成情况评价机制的建立及实施方法,并以高分子化学课程目标达成情况评价为例进行阐释。     

Improvement of a Stereoselective Biocatalytic Synthesis by Substrate and Enzyme Engineering: 2‐Hydroxy‐(4′‐oxocyclohexyl)acetonitrile as the Model

Even if biocatalysis is finding increasing application, it still has to gain widespread use in synthetic chemistry. Reasons for this are limitations that enzymes have with regard to substrate range, reaction scope, and insufficient selectivity with unnatural compounds. These shortcomings can be challenged by enzyme and/or substrate engineering, which are employed to alter substrate specificity and enhance the enzyme selectivity toward unnatural substrates. Herein, these two approaches are coupled to improve the hydroxynitrile lyase catalyzed synthesis of 2‐hydroxy‐(4′‐oxocyclohexyl)acetonitrile ( 4 ). The ketone functionality is masked as an enol ether, and the oxynitrilase of Hevea brasiliensis is engineered towards this masked substrate to give the product with a high optical purity and to drastically lower the amount of enzyme needed.     

Transport engineering in microbial cell factories producing plant-specialized metabolites

Transport engineering strategies use altered expression of transporter proteins to change metabolite distribution within an organism. The production of plant specialized metabolites in microbial cell factories encounters a set of challenges that could benefit from the implementation of transport engineering technology. The range of challenges includes premature pathway termination due to secretion of intermediates, feedback inhibition due to inefficient export of final products, low yields in bioconversion processes due to inefficient import of precursors, and poor connectivity between subcellular compartments expressing different parts of complex biosynthetic pathways. We highlight the latest examples of transport engineering in microbial cell factories producing plant specialized metabolites, identify the current knowledge gap, and propose future research for advancing the field.     

基于过渡金属二硫族化物析氢催化的研究进展

解决全球气候变化和能源危机的有效途径之一是用氢能源(H₂)代替传统的化石能源. 析氢反应(Electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) 被认为是绿色环保的可持续产氢途径, 通常电解过程需要催化剂以降低电化学电位, 提高能量利用效率. 目前最先进的催化剂仍然依赖于贵金属, 但是研究表明, 过渡金属二硫族化物(Transition metal dichalcogenides, TMDs)同样具有优异的催化活性, 与贵金属相比, TMDs产量大、 价格低、 催化活性好、 便于调控和修饰, 有望替代贵金属在催化领域的应用. 基于此, 本文讨论了近年来TMDs在析氢方面的研究情况以及TMDs材料的性能调控, 包含原子工程、 相工程和异质结. 并总结和展望了TMDs催化材料的挑战与机遇.