引入源头活水激活高三化学教学

研究性学习能提高学生分析问题、解决问题的能力和创造能力,而高三化学的实际又决定了很难让学生开展研究性学习,本文探讨了如何将研究性学习融入到高三化学复习中,如何利用研究性学习优化高三复习、提高学生能力的一些做法。     

基于学生认识发展点的高三水溶液复习教学研究

“水溶液”是中学化学的核心内容主题,改进和优化水溶液复习教学至关重要。通过对高三学生水溶液复习前的问卷调查与访谈、分析已有水溶液复习教学研究和复习教学指导文件、梳理学生关于水溶液认识发展的已有研究,综合确定了高三水溶液复习教学中学生的具体认识发展点,基于此设计了促进学生认识发展的高三水溶液的单元整体复习教学,并且进行了教学实践,取得了较好的教学效果。在此基础上探讨了基于学生认识发展点的复习教学的核心策略。     

用身边化学事件为教学素材的高三专题复习设计——以金属氢氧化物专题复习为例

用身边化学事件为教学素材的高三专题复习,能让学生巩固知识、提升能力,并对身边化学事件有更正面的化学认识,具有“学生喜欢又符合高考要求”的特点。用基于无机阻燃剂研制的金属氢氧化物专题复习设计为例,说明素材的获取、目标的确定及教学内容与过程的设计等具体过程,并分析此课堂的成效。     

指向深度学习的高三化学实验复习*——葡萄糖酸锌的制备及纯度测定

针对当前高三化学实验常态复习难以适应“素养为本”的实验试题考查要求的现状,提出了以深度学习指引高三化学实验有效复习的设计思路:精选学习主题、设计学习任务、进行实时评价,并以“七水合硫酸锌的制备、葡萄糖酸锌的制备、葡萄糖酸锌的纯度测定、构建认知模型”为主线,设计了“葡萄糖酸锌的制备及纯度测定”一课,为高三化学实验的深度复习提供了可资借鉴的设计思路和教学案例。     

高三"学生实验"综合复习探索

高考模式及命题思路对学生实验和运用实验方法解决具体问题的能力要求越来越高,实验教学已成为理科教学和创新教育的重要支柱。因此,在高三复习阶段应重视“学生实验”的复习,在实践中我们对“学生实验”的综合复习方法进行了探索,即操作与展览相结合。     

高三实验复习中对学生的创新思维培养探微

到高三复习阶段,学生已学完中学化学实验的基本操作技能,做过物　质的制备及性质等实验。再通过高三阶段的复习,学生对中学阶段基本操作、物质的制备、　性质应烂熟于胸。但纵观近年的高考实验得分状况,均不太理想。究其原因,固与实验习题　的陌生程度较大有关,但就其根本原因,还是因学生的创新思维在复习中未得到有效开发有　关,使其遇到教材以外的实验习题,或提取信息不充分,或反应原理不能灵活迁移,或不能　合理设计新颖的实验。从电视报道：首都高校用无标准答案的开放性试题测试学生创新思维　做法的启示,我们认为：若能在…     

高三化学复习有效教学的实践——以铁的化合物复习为例

针对目前高三化学复习课中常见的教师直接告知、反复强调、以权威自居与纸上谈兵等低效的教学方法,提出了采用引导学生问题探究、自主学习、分析质疑、动手实验的方法,以提高高三化学复习的有效性。     

高考化学复习误区的剖析

针对高考化学卷试题和学生的考试情况,反思高三一年的教学,剖析化学高考复习3大误区:教学内容机械重复;教学手段因袭陈旧;复习缺少人性关怀。     

基于真实问题解决的高三复习课——以电解NaCl溶液的深入学习为例

围绕电解NaCl溶液，高三复习课以能力素养的落实为目标，选择真实的问题情境，开展分析解释、推论预测、设计评价等学习活动，外显学生对电解原理的理解，矫正学生的偏差认识，发展学生对电解NaCl溶液的深入理解，促进核心素养的真正落实。     

优化教学程序 提高高考化学复习的效度

从如何解读《考试说明》,严控高三化学复习的范围;如何研究近两年全国各地的高考试题,提高高三化学复习的针对性;如何捕捉学生的化学知识薄弱点与盲点;如何提高高三化学复习课的效度;如何狠抓“三化”,提高学生的答题效率与成功率等方面介绍了进行高考复习的成功经验。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。