代谢组学方法研究橙黄决明素对高脂血症大鼠血浆游离脂肪酸的影响

本文以高脂血症大鼠为模型,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析平台检测正常对照组、高脂血症组、橙黄决明素组、阿托伐他汀组中血浆脂肪酸的含量,运用统计学方法分析各组间游离脂肪酸的差异,探讨橙黄决明素对高脂血症大鼠血浆脂肪酸含量变化的影响。本实验成功建立了高脂血症大鼠模型,且四组之间的脂肪酸含量均存在不同程度的差异,其中模型组相比较于正常对照组C14∶0、C16∶1、C18∶1、C20∶0、C20∶1、C22∶6、C22∶0有显著性差异(P0.05);橙黄决明素组中C14∶0、C20∶4、C20∶5、C20∶0、C22∶6的含量对比阿托伐他汀组和模型组要更接近正常对照组。实验结果表明,C14∶0、C20∶0、C22∶6三种脂肪酸含量变化与高脂血症代谢异常有关,且橙黄决明素在一定程度上可以调节高脂血症的脂肪酸代谢。     

基于人工智能技术的烟气暴露大鼠代谢生物标志物筛选方法研究

该研究将主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等多元统计分析方法用于烟草血浆、尿液和肺组织代谢组学数据的分析,以揭示暴露于不同烟气中大鼠血浆、尿液和肺组织中内源性生物标志物的整体变化情况,筛选潜在生物标志物;将血样、尿样和肺组织代谢轮廓谱分析得到的生物标志物进行整合,运用神经模糊网络模型对标志物进行缩减,并用人工神经网络评价模型预测能力,确定烟气暴露不同时间(7,14,30 d)以及不同烟气暴露对大鼠内源性代谢物变化影响"因果效应"密切相关的关键生物标志物群,明确不同烟气对大鼠机体损伤机制的异同。     

黄芪黄酮干预脾虚水湿不化大鼠血浆代谢组学研究

采用高效液相色谱结合飞行时间质谱检测正常大鼠、脾虚水湿不化证大鼠及黄芪黄酮组分干预后大鼠血浆内源性代谢物变化,获取大鼠血浆代谢图谱,研究黄芪黄酮组分干预脾虚水湿不化证的作用机制.采用高脂低蛋白饮食加负重游泳力竭建立脾虚水湿不化证大鼠模型,选择Halo C18色谱柱,流动相为0.05％甲酸-水与0.05％甲酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱,利用液相色谱-串联质谱分析测定大鼠血浆样品.利用主成分分析法对造模前后大鼠血浆样本进行代谢轮廓分析,结合变量投影重要性及显著性分析等筛选对分组贡献最大的差异标志物及相关通路,阐明药物的作用机制.结果表明, 黄芪黄酮组代谢轮廓异于模型组,而接近于正常组,共鉴定出了包含甘油磷脂类、鞘酯类、氨基酸类等在内的11种潜在生物标志物,其代谢通路包括三羧酸循环、甘油磷脂代谢、脂肪酸代谢及氨基酸代谢等,主要涉及体内能量代谢和脂肪代谢.黄芪黄酮干预脾虚水湿不化证大鼠后, 宏观指标(如体重、自主活动)和微观指标(如代谢标志物、血脂)均明显回调,表明黄芪黄酮可能主要通过调节能量代谢、脂肪代谢等途径而发挥健脾利水作用.     

大鼠尿液中壬基酚的代谢轮廓

运用代谢组学方法研究了壬基酚对大鼠尿液代谢的影响, 通过高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术建立了大鼠尿样的代谢指纹图谱, 用主成分分析法分析给药组与对照组代谢物指纹图谱的差异, 通过t检验选取潜在的生物标志物及效应标志物, 并结合代谢物数据库检索对其进行鉴定. 结果表明, 壬基酚给药后, 尿液中含量变化显著的成分苯基葡萄糖苷酸、L-高半胱氨酸、3-硝基丙酸、肌酸酐、左旋肉碱及5-羟色胺等构成了大鼠尿液代谢的轮廓, 它们在生物体内的变化可能对生殖系统、免疫系统、神经系统及脂肪的代谢造成一定的影响, 从代谢的角度解释了环境雌激素壬基酚对生物体的危害, 为毒理学研究提供了依据.     

代谢组学应用于糖肾方治疗糖尿病肾病的疗效评价

建立了基于超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(UPLC/TOF MS)分析技术的血浆代谢指纹谱,应用多元统计分析方法评价糖尿病肾病患者血浆代谢物变化差异及糖肾方的干预效果。通过研究糖肾方干预糖尿病肾病血浆内源性代谢物的变化,探索与该疾病密切相关的代谢途径,评价糖肾方的治疗效果。结果发现: 经糖肾方治疗后,血浆内源性代谢物发生了明显变化,磷脂代谢、脂肪酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、嘌呤嘧啶代谢、固醇类代谢等多个代谢途径得到纠正。本研究基于UPLC/TOF MS的代谢组学方法,能够从整体水平反映疾病治疗过程中代谢网络的变化趋势,证实糖肾方具有治疗糖尿病肾病的临床疗效并有助于阐释药物作用机理。     

基于气相色谱-质谱联用的血府逐瘀汤治疗大鼠颅脑损伤的血浆代谢组学研究

该文研究了血府逐瘀汤对颅脑损伤大鼠血浆代谢组的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对治疗组、模型组以及假手术组的血浆代谢物进行检测,定性定量分析了43种重要的代谢物。模型组和假手术组的t检验(t-test)结果显示13种代谢物存在显著差异。正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(OPLS-DA)分析结果也显示模型组和假手术组代谢差异明显。结合变量的投影重要性指标(VIP)及t检验结果,筛选出乳酸、组氨酸、棕榈酸、色氨酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸作为生物标志物。观测7种标志物在治疗组中第1、3、7、14 d的变化情况。结果显示:治疗组中乳酸、组氨酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸的相对浓度逐渐降低,色氨酸的相对浓度先降低后升高,油酸的相对浓度先升高后降低,且7种代谢物的相对浓度在第14 d时均接近于假手术组的水平。表明血府逐瘀汤对颅脑损伤具有一定的治疗作用,乳酸、组氨酸、棕榈酸、色氨酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸7种代谢物可以作为生物标志物监测颅脑损伤的治疗效果及恢复情况。     

基于肝脏代谢组分析研究低聚硒化氨基多糖对黑鲷的免疫调节作用

采用基于液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用（LC-TOF-MS）技术的代谢组学方法，分析黑鲷肝脏内源性代谢物的变化，研究硒化氨基多糖增强黑鲷的免疫调节机制。采用XCMS^plus软件非靶向分析质谱采集数据，筛选潜在生物标志物，并通过MetaboAnalyst3.0网站分析相关代谢通路。结果表明，饲喂硒化氨基多糖组中的代谢物明显区分于空白组，发现并鉴定了32个有差异的生物标志物。代谢通路分析结果表明，硒化氨基多糖可通过氨基酰基-转运脱氧核糖核苷酸（tRNA）生物合成、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢、氮代谢等代谢通路增强黑鲷自身的免疫机能。该研究为阐明硒化氨基多糖的免疫增强机制提供了科学依据。     

非靶向代谢组学用于藜芦妨害人参治疗脾气虚的机制研究

采用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱( UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)联用技术,通过非靶向代谢组学方法分析大鼠尿液内源性代谢物的变化,研究藜芦妨害人参发挥药效作用的机制。建立脾气虚大鼠模型,连续给药15天,测定力竭游泳时间及血液中白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白的含量。结果表明,人参可显著提高脾气虚模型大鼠的力竭游泳时间(p﹤0.01),升高白细胞、红细胞及血红蛋白含量(p﹤0.05,p﹤0.01),藜芦对脾气虚模型大鼠各项指标无明显影响(p>0.05),人参与藜芦配伍后对脾气虚模型大鼠各项指标均无显著影响(p>0.05),表明藜芦妨害了人参发挥药效作用。采用UPLC/Q-TOF-MS技术及非靶向代谢组学的方法分析了空白组、模型组、人参组、藜芦组、参藜组对脾气虚模型大鼠的尿液代谢组差异,其中主成分分析( PCA)得分图显示各组代谢轮廓有显著差别,并通过正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析( OPLS-DA)及数据库检索,鉴定出15种人参干预调节脾气虚模型大鼠的潜在生物标志物,从中找出了7种人参藜芦配伍后减弱人参上述干预作用的潜在生物标志物,并对其涉及的代谢通路进行了系统分析。上述研究结果表明,人参藜芦配伍后妨害了人参对脾气虚模型大鼠的治疗作用,其机理可能是影响人参对体内能量代谢、免疫平衡及氧化还原反应等相关代谢的调节。     

基于超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术的桑黄干预后大鼠尿液代谢组学分析

为探讨服用桑黄水煎液对机体的影响,采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱（UPLC-HDMS）联用技术,检测灌胃给予桑黄水煎液后大鼠尿液中代谢物的变化。采用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS-DA）对空白组和给药组大鼠尿液代谢物进行聚类分析,筛选出潜在的生物标志物,并通过MetaboAnalyst 3.0网站分析相关代谢通路。数据显示,两组大鼠尿液中的代谢物在第28天得到了很好的区分,发现并鉴定了10个生物标记物。灌胃给予桑黄水煎液主要对机体的半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢等代谢通路产生影响。研究结果为深入探讨桑黄药效作用机制奠定了一定的实验基础。     

基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术的心肌缺血大鼠血清和心肌组织代谢组学

采用异丙肾上腺素诱导心肌缺血大鼠模型,使用液相色谱-质谱法检测血清和心肌中的内源性成分,应用软件对已鉴定的40余种目标成分进行靶向提取,用主成分分析（PCA）、有监督偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）对代谢组学数据进行多维度统计分析,筛选潜在生物标志物。与对照组相比,在心肌缺血模型组大鼠血清、组织中检测出18个差异代谢物,涉及精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢等多条代谢通路。代谢产物可作为心肌缺血研究中的重要标志物,该研究结果有助于揭示心肌缺血的发病机制,可为临床疾病诊断提供思路。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。