X射线荧光光谱法测定平炉渣中主成分

使用3080E3型X射线荧光光谱仪，采用粉末直接压片制样，研磨克服粉末样品的粒度效应，理论d系数法校正基体效应的方法，建立了平炉渣样品中TFe、SiO2、MgO、Al2O3、CaO、MnO、TiO2、P2O5组分的快速测定方法。研究了制样条件，用内控标样作标准曲线，分析结果的相对标准偏差为0．23％～3．17％，满足日常分析的要求。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定富砷地质样品中的主次痕量元素

利用Axios X射线荧光光谱仪,借助粉末压片制样测定了富砷地质样品中As,S,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Zr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Pb,SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,MgO,CaO,Na2O和K2O等21种主次痕量元素,用理论α系数校正基体效应,用强度方式计算重叠系数校正重叠干扰。实验结果表明,该方法除Mo的检出限0.8μg/g超出地球化学普查要求检出限0.5μg/g外,其它元素满足要求;除元素Mo的均值方根高于2倍相对计数统计误差外,其它元素的均值方根均小于2倍相对计数统计误差,且绝大多数元素的均值方根(n=12)都小于1.0%;另外,对国家标准物质的测试结果与标准值相一致。将本方法用于实际样品的测试,分析结果与其它化学分析方法相符。     

采用粉末压片法提高混合稀土分析的准确度

针对粉末压片制样法在分析稀土样品(Y2O3, CeO3, LaO3)过程中可能影响分析精度的因素 粉末粒度、制样压力、稀释比、混样量等进行了实验分析, 绘制了相应的曲线.最后通过对10组人工合成的三元混合样品的对比分析, 给出了理想的制样条件.     

R_2Ru_2O_7(R=Pr~(3+),Sm~(3+)～Ho~(3+))焦绿石结构系列钌氧化物的水热合成与性质表征

我们用温和水热法合成了系列的焦绿石结构氧化物R2Ru2O7(R=Pr3+,Sm3+～Ho3+).找到了最佳的反应条件,得到纯的产物,所有的样品是八面体的形貌.对样品进行了粉末X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能谱等测试,讨论了水热条件下影响晶化的因素.我们发现,产物的纯度与投料的选择以及碱的浓度有着密切的关系.此外,我们也研究了产物的磁性,其中Sm2Ru2O7和Eu2Ru2O7分别在96K和80K发生ZFC和FC曲线分叉,说明在该温度下发生了由顺磁到反铁磁转变.水热法得到的样品的反铁磁转变温度比用高温固相法得到的样品的转变温度低.磁转变温度上的这种改变可能来源于水热合成的样品的独特的局域结构和含丰富氧的表面,这是水热反应得到的样品的一个重要特征.     

超细红色荧光粉LaMgAl_(11)O_(19):Eu~(3+)的制备与发光性能

采用凝胶-燃烧法制备了稀土Eu3+掺杂的LaMgAl11O19红色荧光粉的前驱粉末,在低于700℃退火处理时,得到非晶态样品,而高于850℃退火处理后为单一六方相结构LaMgAl11O19:Eu3+样品.SEM结果表明,该法制备的样品为颗粒分布均匀,粒径在200～400nm之间的超细粉末.通过激发光谱和发射光谱研究了Eu3+在LaMgAl11O19基质中的发光性能,结果显示,非晶态和晶态La1-xMgAl11O19:xEu3+样品都可发光,在613nm波长光的监测下所得荧光粉的激发光谱为一宽带和系列锐峰,其最强激发峰出现在蓝光465nm处,次强峰为394nm,表明该荧光粉与广泛使用的紫外和蓝光LED芯片的输出波长相匹配.在465nm波长光的激发下观察到超细LaMgAl11O19粉末中Eu3+的613nm(5D0→7F2)强的特征发射,且随着粉末逐渐成相5D0→7F2跃迁明显增强,说明LaMgAl11O19:Eu3+超细粉末可作为白光LED的红色补偿荧光粉.     

ICP-MS测定紫菜中的总砷

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,对紫菜中的微量元素砷进行了测定。用HNO3-H2O2混合体系分解样品,通过在线加入内标元素校正基体效应和接口效应,通过EPA 200.8干扰校正方程校正质量数干扰。校正曲线的相关系数大于0.999 9,As的检出限(3σ)为0.021μg.L-1,样品分析结果的相对标准偏差3.7%(n=6),加标平均回收率为96.0%。通过测定贻贝标准物质GBW 08571验证了该方法的准确性。     

混合基红色发光材料中Eu~(2+)的作用机制

采用高温固相法,在掺杂硫的情况下制备了不同激活剂浓度的Sr3Al2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+红色长余辉发光材料,用X射线粉末衍射表征样品的晶体结构,用激发光谱、发射光谱和余辉衰减曲线对样品的发光性能进行了表征。研究表明,样品主晶相为Sr3Al2O6,并有少量杂相SrS,样品的基质为混合基质。Eu2+的含量没有引起样品的晶体结构和激发峰的变化,但对样品的发射峰和余辉性能影响显著。在Sr3Al2O6和SrS两种基质并存时,Eu2+优先进入SrS基质中,随着Eu2+含量的减少,样品发射波长发生"红移"。在Eu2+含量为0.010时,样品初始亮度最高,余辉性能也最好。     

负载型固体碱催化剂K2O/γ-Al2O3的新型合成法及微量吸附量热研究

用浸溃法制备KNO2/Al2O3样品,所得样品于973K下焙烧并抽空2h便制得负载型固体碱K2O/γ-Al2O3.拉曼光谱显示973K抽空的样品KNO3,已完全分解成K2O.用CO2作探针分子,微量吸附量热结果表明973K抽空的样品碱性比纯MaO的还强.这种强碱性应为KNO3完全分解成K2O物种所致,而γ-Al2O3载体的存在可增强KNO3的分解.     

粉末压片X射线荧光光谱法与红外吸收光谱法联合测定萤石中各组分

采用粉末直接压片法,用X-射线荧光光谱法[1]测得萤石中Ca总量,Fe2O3,P,SiO2,K2O的含量,再用红外吸收光谱法测得样品中碳含量,换算得到CaCO3中的钙含量,进一步求得萤石中CaF2含量。此方法简便、准确。用9个标准物质制定了工作曲线,并进行了自测,另用该系列中5号样品(GBW07254)进行准确度和精密度测试,结果令人满意。     

ICP-MS法测定菊花茶中砷镉铜铅锌

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,对菊花茶中微量元素砷、铅、镉、铜、锌进行了分析。用HNO3-H2O2消解样品,通过在线加入内标校正基体效应和接口效应,通过修正方程校正质量数干扰。测定元素校正曲线的相关系数都在0.999 5以上,各元素的检出限在0.020~0.14μg.L-1,样品分析结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%~4.3%(n=10),加标回收率在93.9%~101.6%之间。用此方法测定茶叶标准物质GBW 07605,结果与标准值基本一致。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。