反相高效液相色谱法测定乳清蛋白中的α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

乳清蛋白是牛奶中的一种主要蛋白质，β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白是其主要成分，分别占其总量的40％～50％和10％～20％。乳清蛋白具有较高的营养价值及功能特性，已经被越来越多地应用于食品工业，市场上已经出现了许多不同种类和品牌的乳清蛋白粉保健品，如儿童营养蛋白粉、婴儿配方奶粉等。但乳清蛋白又是一种常见的过敏原，β-乳球蛋白是最主要的过敏原，其次为α-乳白蛋白。因此，通过蛋白质改性的方法已经开发出了低过敏或无过敏的乳清蛋白质制品。反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）是分析乳清蛋白成分的有效方法之一，与其他色谱方法相比具有分辨率和回收率高、重复性好、操作简便等优势。     

离子色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的高氯酸盐

采用离子色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的高氯酸盐。将2.00g样品溶解在10mL水中,加入乙腈10mL,振荡离心去除样品中的蛋白质,上清液用10mL乙腈饱和的正己烷溶液去除样品中的脂类物质。净化液采用Dionex IonPac AS 20色谱柱分离,以60mmol·L~(-1)氢氧化钾溶液洗脱。质谱中采用电喷雾离子源和多反应监测模式,以NaCl 18O4作为同位素内标物质定量。高氯酸盐质量浓度的线性范围为0.1~100μg·L~(-1),检出限(3S/N)为0.3μg·kg~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为1.0μg·kg~(-1)。加标回收率在92.1%~97.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于10%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法同时检测乳制品中β-内酰胺酶抑制剂克拉维酸钾、他唑巴坦和舒巴坦的残留量

建立了乳制品中克拉维酸钾、他唑巴坦和舒巴坦的提取和固相萃取净化法。样品采用水溶后用丙酮沉淀蛋白,在弱酸性条件下用PWAX,60 mg/3 mL固相萃取小柱富集、净化,0.05%氨水/甲醇溶液洗脱后采用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测,分析柱为Waters BEH C18,1.7μm,2.1×100 mm;流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈。该方法对克拉维酸钾、他唑巴坦和舒巴坦的最低检测质量浓度为0.01,0.003和0.009μg/mL;对纯牛奶、酸奶和奶粉的回收率在81.2%～103.2%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在1.3%～4.8%之间(n=6);在0.05～5μg/mL浓度范围内均呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数r>0.999。方法适用于乳制品中β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定乳清蛋白粉中α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定乳清蛋白粉中α-乳白蛋白(α-La)和β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)的分析方法。样品经碘代乙酰胺烷基化,再经碱性胰蛋白酶酶解。在Waters ACQUITY UPLC-BEH C_(18),300?色谱柱上分离,流动相为0.1%甲酸水和0.1%甲酸乙腈,采用梯度洗脱分离,正离子多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,内标法定量。结果表明,α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白分别在40～1 000 nmol/L和80～2 000 nmol/L范围内呈良好线性关系,定量下限(S/N=10)均为0.020 g/100 g;加标回收率为84.7%～95.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.6%～5.8%。基于上述方法对5个国家的4类乳清蛋白粉(脱盐乳清粉D70和D90、浓缩乳清蛋白粉和α-乳白蛋白粉)进行了含量测定和差异对比。该方法操作简便,定量准确,可用于乳清蛋白粉等蛋白类原料中α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对奶制品中苯甲酸雌二醇残留的测定

建立了测定牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉中苯甲酸雌二醇的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法.样品前处理采用酶解、甲醇提取,经C18和NH2基固相萃取柱净化后,苯甲酸雌二醇由超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分离,并在正离子电离模式和多反应监测模式下,用基质匹配标准校正方法补偿基质效应,以氘代诺龙-d3为内标进行定量检测.牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉中苯甲酸雌二醇的检出限分别为0.07、0.39 μg/kg,定量下限分别为0.2、0.95 μg/kg.在4、10 μg/kg加标水平下,牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉中苯甲酸雌二醇的回收率为76% ～90%,相对标准偏差为5.0% ～15.2%.     

ISO修订乳品中蛋白质测定国际标准

<正>据国际标准化组织(ISO)消息,国际乳品联合会(IDF)和国际标准化组织(ISO)联合修订乳品中蛋白质测定国际标准ISO 8968–1:2014(IDF 20-1:2014),扩大可测定的乳品范围。除液体全脂牛奶外,该方法也适用于低脂牛奶、全脂山羊奶、全脂绵羊奶、奶酪、奶粉及奶粉产品(包含婴儿配方奶粉)、牛奶浓缩蛋白、乳清浓缩蛋白、酪蛋白和酪蛋白酸。本     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对奶粉、酸奶中全氟化合物的分析

建立了液相色谱-质谱检测奶粉和酸奶中11种全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法.分别考察了溶液离子强度和酸碱度对固相萃取效率的影响,结果表明,0.5 ～12.5 mmol/L NaCl溶液的影响很小,且中性和微酸性条件下回收率较好.通过优化和比较,选用等体积的甲醇和0.01 mol/L盐酸的甲醇溶液依次对奶粉中的PFCs进行萃取,对于酸奶则使用甲醇直接萃取,并用WAX柱对萃取液净化.以甲醇(A)和50 mmol/L 醋酸铵(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,洗脱时间为10 min(或15 min),流速1 mL/min.内标法定量,奶粉和酸奶中11种PFCs的加标回收率分别为81% ～111%和80% ～118%,方法检出限为2 ～29 ng/L.用该方法对市售国产和进口奶粉及酸奶样品中的PFCs进行了分析.     

毛细管区带电泳高效分离和高灵敏检测α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白系由牛乳清提取的乳糖制品中的主要蛋白杂质,是引起食物及药物过敏的主要过敏原。因此,在食品安全及医药安全领域,对二者的分离及痕量检测是至关重要的。本研究建立了一种简单、快速、灵敏、重现性好的毛细管区带电泳(CZE)方法,使用简单的电泳体系和样品处理步骤,实现了α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的基线分离和痕量检测。CZE条件如下:25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0),分析电压+30 kV,毛细管温度25℃,紫外检测波长205 nm,压力进样5 kPa"10 s。在此条件下,样品分析时间为2 min,α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的检出限(LOD)分别为3.0和12 mg/L;迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别小于1%和6%,符合实际样品检测要求。本方法已成功用于实际乳糖样品的分析,在相关领域也有很好的应用前景。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定乳及乳制品中大观霉素药物残留

建立了检测乳及乳制品中大观霉素药物残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品直接采用0.1 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠水溶液提取。挥发性离子对试剂七氟丁酸水溶液和甲醇作为流动相,增加了大观霉素的保留时间。本方法对液态奶、奶粉、酸奶、奶酪、奶油中大观霉素的测定低限均为100μg/kg。方法的线性范围为5～500 ng/mL(相关系数r0.991),回收率为75.6%～99.3%,相对标准偏差小于7.5%,能够满足乳及乳制品中大观霉素残留量的快速检测。     

聚合物/磷酸盐双水相分离乳清分离蛋白中α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白条件的优化

建立了基于聚(乙二醇-ran-丙二醇)单丁基醚(聚合物)与磷酸盐、氯化钠的双水相体系对乳清分离蛋白(WPI)中的α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)进行分离,并对其分离条件进行了优化.系统地研究了双水相体系pH值、聚合物与KH2PO4溶液体积比、NaC1添加量和WPI浓度对α-LA和β-LG的分离效果的影响,采用液相色谱法对α-LA和β-LG的分离效果进行评价.结果表明,聚合物/KH2PO4双水相体系pH=4.0,40％ (m/m)聚合物与15.5％ (m/m)KH2PO4的体积比为4 mL∶4 mL,NaCl添加量为0.40 g/10 mL,WPI浓度为1 mg/mL时,α-LA和β-LG分离效果最好,上相中α-LA的萃取率为98.2％,下相中β-LG的萃取率为96.6％.     

高效液相色谱法分离测定牦牛乳中的8种蛋白质

建立了同时分离和测定牦牛乳中4种酪蛋白和4种乳清蛋白的反相高效液相色谱方法。脱脂牦牛乳经分散剂处理后,采用C4色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,300,5μm i.d.)进行分离,以0.1%的三氟乙酸水溶液和0.1%的三氟乙酸乙腈溶液为流动相,流速为0.8 mL/min,梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)在220nm波长下检测,外标法定量。结果表明,牦牛乳中8种主要蛋白质在40 min内完全分离,在各自的线性范围内呈良好线性,除α-乳白蛋白外,其余7种蛋白的相关系数均大于0.99。8种蛋白质的回收率为86%～103%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为1.7%～8.7%;检出限(LODs)为10.7～39.2 mg/L,定量下限(LOQs)为35.7～130.7 mg/L。该方法的准确度和精密度均较高,能够满足实际检测的要求。     

Separation and quantitation of milk whey proteins of close isoelectric points by on-line capillary isoelectric focusing--electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in glycerol-water media

On-line coupling between CIEF and ESI/MS based on the use of bare fused-silica capillaries and glycerol-water media, recently developed in our laboratory, has been investigated for the separation of milk whey proteins that present close pI values. First, a new rinsing procedure, compatible with MS detection, has been developed to desorb these rather hydrophobic proteins (α-casein (α-CN), bovine serum albumin (BSA), lactoferrin (LF)) from the inner capillary wall and to avoid capillary blockages. Common hydrochloric acid washing solution was replaced by a multi-step sequence based on the use of TFA, ammonia and ethanol. To achieve the separation of major whey proteins (β-lactoglobulin A (β-LG A), β-lactoglobulin B (β-LG B), α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and BSA, which possess close pI values (4.5-5.35), CIEF parameters i.e. carrier ampholyte nature, capillary partial filling length with ampholyte/protein mixture and focusing time, have been optimized with respect to total analysis time, sensitivity and precision on pI determination. After optimization of sheath liquid composition (80:20 (v/v) methanol-water+1% HCOOH), quantitation of β-LG A, β-LG B, α-LA and BSA was performed. The limits of detection obtained from extracted ion current (EIC) and single ion monitoring (SIM) modes were in the 57-136 nM and 11-68 nM range, respectively. Finally, first results obtained from biological samples demonstrated the suitability of CIEF-MS as a potential alternative methodology to 2D-PAGE to diagnose milk protein allergies.     

β-Casein aids in the formation of a sodium caprate-induced β-lactoglobulin B gel

The effects of sodium caprate on the gelation of β-lactoglobulin B and a β-lactoglobulin B/β-casein mixture at ambient temperature were investigated using ultrasonic spectroscopy and rheology. A 12% β-lactoglobulin B solution gelled in the presence of 3.6% sodium caprate. Conversely, sodium caprate did not induce the formation of a gel when β-casein was in isolation, regardless of the protein concentration. Although a 6% β-lactoglobulin B/1.8% sodium caprate solution did not form a gel, a gel was formed when 6% β-casein was added to a mixture containing 6% β-lactoglobulin B and 3.6% sodium caprate. This gel showed comparable rheological properties to that of a gel containing 12% β-lactoglobulin B. The results clearly indicated that β-casein aids in the gelation of a β-lactoglobulin B/sodium caprate mixture, when the concentration of β-lactoglobulin B is insufficient to allow for gelation. It appears that β-casein self-aggregation is also inhibited. Therefore, it could be concluded that β-casein can be used as a texture modifier for β-lactoglobulin gelation induced by sodium caprate.     

Analysis of major milk whey proteins by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-MS

Two major milk whey proteins, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, are among the main cow milk allergens and can cause allergy even at a very low concentrations. Therefore, these proteins are interesting targets in food analysis, not only for food quality control but also for highlighting the presence of allergens. Herein, a sensitive analysis for β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin was developed using immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis hyphenated with MALDI-MS. Magnetic beads functionalized with appropriate antibodies were used for β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin immunocapture inside the capillary. After elution from the beads, analyte focusing and separation were performed by transient isotachophoresis followed by MALDI-MS analysis performed through an automated iontophoretic fraction collection interface. A LOD in the low nanomolar range was attained for both whey proteins. The method developed was further applied to the analysis of different milk samples including fortified soy milk.     

Assay of melamine in milk products with a pH‐mediated stacking technique in capillary electrophoresis

A pH‐mediated stacking method in capillary electrophoresis as an assay for low concentrations of melamine in milk products was established. Real samples were treated with acetone and sodium acetate and injected directly after centrifugation and filtration. Several experimental factors, such as buffer pH, buffer concentration, sample matrix, injection/sweeping ratio, sweeping time/voltages, separation voltages, as well as sample pretreatment, which affected stacking and separation, were investigated and optimized. Under the selected condition, a low LOD of 0.01 μmol/L (S/N = 5) and a wide range of linearity of 0.01～1.0 μmol/L could be easily achieved with a good reproducibility (RSDs < 5.8% for both migration time and peak area) and an acceptable recovery of 94.0～103.2% (for milk, infant formula, yogurt, and milk products). The proposed method was suitable for routine assay of melamine in real milk samples.     

DESORPTION OF LYSINE MODIFIED AND UNMODIFIED PROTEINS FROM SOLID SURFACES - ELUTION OF β -LACTOGLOBULIN ADSORBED ON ALUMINA AND SILICA

The strength of attachment of adsorbed bovine β-lactoglobulin (βlg) and acetylated β-lactoglobulin (Ac-βlg) has been studied by comparing the elution profiles of the adsorbed proteins. βlg binds very loosely to alumina at pH 4.2 and both βlg and Ac-βlg bind very tightly to alumina at pH 5.1 where the proteins showed highest adsorption at alumina/ water interface [ Bhaduri, A & Das, K. P., J. Disp. Sci. Technol., 15, 165-188 (1994)]. Adsorbed protein can only be eluted out if the pH of the elution buffer is raised to 7.6. βlg elutes as a single peak whereas Ac-βlg as two peaks indicating the later is adsorbed to alumina with different affinities. Elution profile of adsorbed βlg at pH 6.3 shows that adsorbed βlg population consists of partly folded elutable fraction and partly unfolded resistant one. The interaction of first layer of protein with the silica surface at pH 5.1 is primarily hydrophobic for βlg and electrostatic for Ac-βlg.     

超高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的叶黄素

建立了采用超高效液相色谱测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中叶黄素的检测方法。样品经丙酮溶液提取,离心分层,冷冻离心去脂,YMC Carotenoid C30色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm）分离。以甲醇-甲基叔丁基醚（70：30,v/v）为流动相等度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL/min,进样量5 μL,柱温25 ℃,二极管阵列检测器检测,检测波长445 nm。方法在20~500 μg/L范围内线性关系良好;相关系数为0.999 9;定量限为20 μg/L。添加量在50、250、2000 μg/kg时,叶黄素的回收率为97.9%~104.4%。本方法操作简便,结果准确,灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿奶粉中叶黄素的测定。     

Analysis of binding interaction between (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and β-lactoglobulin by multi-spectroscopic method

The binding interaction between (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) with bovine β-lactoglobulin (βLG) was investigated by fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The binding parameters were determined by Stern–Volmer equation and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated according to the van’t Hoff equation. The results suggested that βLG was bound by EGC, which resulted in change of native conformation of βLG. van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding probably played major roles in the binding process. Our study is helpful for further elucidation of binding interactions between catechins with milk proteins, which would contribute to the development of novel milk products.     

液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的维生素D

建立了婴幼儿配方奶粉中维生素D的液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱(LC-APCI-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经正己烷和甲基叔丁基醚混合溶液提取,ProElut VDC固相萃取柱净化,Kinetex C_(18)色谱柱分离,采用大气压化学电离(APCI)源、正离子扫描和多反应监测(MRM)模式对维生素D_2和维生素D_3进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明维生素D_2和维生素D_3在5~5 000μg/L范围内均具有良好的线性关系,检出限为2μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg。在5、10和100μg/kg添加水平下,维生素D_2和维生素D_3的回收率为85.2%~105.3%,相对标准偏差为4.7%~8.1%。该方法简便准确,灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿奶粉中维生素D的测定。     

Electrochemical Detection of β-Lactoglobulin Allergen Using Titanium Dioxide/Carbon Nanochips/Gold Nanocomposite-based Biosensor

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the ultra-sensitive detection of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG). The novel nanocomplex of carbon nanochips, colloidal gold nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO₂/CNC/AuC were constructed on conducting polymer, chitosan, and were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This nanocomplex interface was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and showed great improvement at the gold electrode surface with enhanced electrochemical performance, sensitivity and selectivity for β-lactoglobulin. Under optimal parameters, the square wave voltammetry (SWV) response curve was determined from 0.01 pg/mL to 500 pg/mL using [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−] redox probe. The calibration plot illustrates a linear relationship between log β-LG concentration and SWV current, with the limit of detection determined to be 0.01 pg/mL. This immunosensor displayed high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and stability, and can be utilised for the detection of β-LG in real food samples.