高中生化学探究学习现状的调查分析

为了解高中生化学探究学习的现状,设计了问卷,调查了江苏省重点中学的高中生。就高中生对探究学习的认识、兴趣、探究学习能力以及化学探究中学习策略水平和运用情况等进行调查分析。提出了开展化学探究学习,要重视学生在探究学习中的主体地位;要提供探究学习的时间、空间、策略;要提高学生探究意识和探究能力等对策。     

高中生化学学习动机、学习效能感与学习成绩的关系调查研究

通过借鉴和优化国内外学习动机、学习效能感与学习成绩的关系问卷,调查了武汉某中学220名高二学生化学学习动机和学习效能感与学习成绩的关系。通过对回收问卷进行描述性统计、t检验、相关分析和中介效应检验等,得出以下结论：（1）高中生化学学习动机和学习效能感均处于中上等水平,其中化学学习动机由内部动机和外部动机共同主导,学习效能感由学习能力效能感主导。（2）不同性别学生在内部动机和学习效能感及各维度上存在显著差异,且表现为男生得分普遍高于女生;不同班级学生在化学学习动机、学习效能感及各维度上均无显著差异。（3）高中生化学学习动机、学习效能感和学习成绩及其各维度间均存在显著的正相关。（4）高中生的学习效能感在化学学习动机和学习成绩间有部分中介效应,具体效应值为0.132,且学习效能感2个维度中的学习能力效能感（效应为0.131）与学习行为效能感（效应为0.132）的中介效应相当。     

新课程背景下开封市高中学生化学学习自我效能感调查

以新课程背景下河南省开封市区327名高中生为被试,以《高中生化学学习自我效能感量表》为测量工具,运用SPSS16.0对数据进行统计分析,调查高中生化学学习自我效能感水平,探讨不同性别、年级以及成绩水平的高中生在化学学习自我效能感上的差异。研究结果表明：）1）高中生化学学习自我效能感水平一般;）2）高中生化学学习自我效能感存在显著的年级差异,高一学生的化学自我效能感显著低于高二、高三年级,性别差异不显著;）3）高中学生的化学学习自我效能感与化学学习成绩呈显著正相关,且不同成绩水平高中生的化学自我效能感差异显著。根据被调查高中生化学学习自我效能感水平及特点进行了讨论,并提出了一些有针对性的教育教学建议。     

对高中生化学学习中组织策略运用的调查研究

采用自编问卷,对江苏省南部地区四星级高中1000多名高中生进行了化学学习中运用组织策略现状的调查。结果表明,学生在学习新知识和解决问题时运用组织策略的状况较好,在复习时运用组织策略的状况不容乐观;学生较多运用归类法和列提纲的组织策略,较少运用列表格和图解法来组织知识。提出了提高学生组织策略水平的教学建议。     

新课程下高中生化学学习心理问题研究

对高中生化学学习心理的现状与特点进行了问卷调查,分析了新课程实施后不同水平的学生在学习心理上的差异,为教师顺利实施化学教学、促进学生养成良好的化学学习心理提供解决对策和教学建议。     

高中生化学学习中努力管理策略运用现状的调查分析

采用自编问卷对江苏省1000多名高一年级的学生从认知控制、动机控制、意志力控制、情绪控制、环境控制、自我强化等方面进行了化学学习中努力管理策略运用情况调查。结果表明,大多数高一学生有自我努力的意识。从认知控制策略运用情况来看,在化学课堂中大部分学生可以较好地将注意力集中于课堂,但在信息加工过程中的方法使用情况欠佳。在面对一些具体明确的学习任务时,学生具有一定的意志力来坚持学习行为,但学生的自我强化策略运用情况欠佳,大部分学生不能很好地设定自己的目标,并对自己化学学习行为评价意识比较淡薄,根据各种标准对自己进行判断后,对自己行为作出相应的内在或外在反应的学生不算多。学生在化学学习中情绪控制策略运用情况良好。针对调查中存在的问题提出了教学建议。     

高中生选修《实验化学》前后实验动机的调查分析

调查显示,高中生选修《实验化学》以后,学生的实验动机与教师的预期相左,即并未显著增强,而是出现“两头增多,中间减少”的两极分化态势---化学实验动机强的学生百分数增多,化学实验动机弱的学生百分数也增多,化学实验动机中等的学生百分数减少。运用心理学原理分析了该非预期的调查结论,并得出提高化学实验教学有效性的几点启示。     

学生选择化学专业的动机调查和研究

学习动机不仅影响学生的学习态度 ,也影响学生将来的学习方向。调查研究表明 ,学生在高考时选择化学专业的主要动机因素来自认知需要、自我提高需要和交往需要 ,分析其中最重要的化学学科成绩、化学实验、化学的社会地位和化学教师四项因素 ,探讨运用动机因素的注意点 ,有助于在化学教学中更好地激发学生学习化学的动机和兴趣 ,开展素质教育 ,全面提高化学教育质量。     

高中生化学符号学习现状的探查

通过问卷调查、出声思维、访谈等方式,对高中生化学符号学习现状进行了探查。结果显示:高中女生化学符号学习水平优于男生;学生对化学符号的辨识有一定的偏向;对化学符号的理解浅尝辄止;化学符号应用水平有待提高。     

高中生化学学科核心素养影响因素研究

运用自编“高中生化学学科核心素养现状调查问卷”对湖北省范围内16个市（自治州）4类学校的36519名高中生首次进行大规模化学学科核心素养调查。结果表明：高中生化学学科核心素养总体表现良好,其中宏观辨识与微观探析素养水平最高,证据推理与模型认知素养水平最低;男生的化学学科核心素养及其5个维度上的表现均显著高于女生;高中生的个人维度为首要影响因素,其次为学校维度,家庭维度总体虽然影响程度不大,但是家庭经济状况对其化学学科核心素养具有较大影响;化学学习策略、化学学习动机、化学学习适应性对高中生化学学科核心素养及其5个维度具有显著正向预测作用,为强影响因素;湖北省骨干教师及市县高中化学学科教研员预测的影响化学学科核心素养因素的排序结果与实际学生调查结果存在差异。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。