铋光栅X射线相衬成像条纹对比度的定量计算

吸收光栅是X射线相衬成像系统的关键器件,铋吸收光栅由于其制作成本低廉且适于在普通实验室开展制作而受到青睐。提出了一种针对铋光栅X射线相衬成像条纹对比度的定量计算方法,通过建立模型,数值计算了不同铋层厚度的吸收光栅所对应的叠栅条纹对比度,并比较了π和π/2相位光栅两种情形下的结果。结果显示,随着吸收光栅铋层厚度的增加,条纹对比度逐渐增加,当源光栅和分析光栅的铋层厚度分别达到150μm和110μm时,利用π相位光栅在40kV管电压下其条纹对比度可达48%,60kV管电压下其条纹对比度只能达到22%。而在两个吸收光栅铋层厚度相同的情况下,采用π/2相位光栅所得条纹对比度略优于π相位光栅的结果。对铋光栅X射线相衬成像条纹对比度的计算分析,可作为X射线相衬成像系统设计的参考依据,推动该成像技术走向实用化。     

基于级联光栅的X射线相衬成像实验研究

为避免小周期高宽比吸收光栅的制作,提出了由泰伯-劳干涉仪和逆泰伯-劳干涉仪组成的级联光栅X射线相衬成像装置,该装置利用泰伯-劳干涉仪的自成像作为逆泰伯-劳干涉仪的源.通过实验验证了该方法的有效性,得到了成像系统的莫尔条纹和强度振荡曲线.条纹最高对比度为17.4%,随着吸收光栅偏离零点位置,条纹对比度逐渐降低,但是在其位置跨越从-17mm到12mm的范围内,条纹对比度仍保持在10%以上.实验讨论了样品位置对成像灵敏度的影响,结果表明当样品位置靠近相位光栅两侧时,其成像灵敏度最高.本文的研究可应用于生物医学成像的大视场X射线相衬成像系统的设计.     

双能分析光栅的设计

双能X射线光栅相衬成像系统具有成像效率高、辐射小、无须步进装置、成像平台简单等优点。研究了不同X射线能量下,CsI厚度与荧光透射率、金属铋的厚度与光强透射率的关系。基于以上研究,设计了一种双能分析光栅,阐述了光栅结构及栅条的制作材料,分析了栅条厚度的计算方法。对双能分析光栅成像进行了仿真,结果表明,设计的双能分析光栅可以获得清晰的条纹图像,并具有良好的条纹对比度。将设计的双能分析光栅应用于双能X射线光栅相衬成像系统,对成像系统进行了仿真,成像系统可以获得被测物体的相位一阶导数图像,表明设计的双能分析光栅是有效的。     

X射线相衬成像法在线表征冷冻靶技术

阐述了冷冻靶类球面物体X射线相衬成像机理;Tracepro软件模拟研究证明了X射线相衬成像法能用于冷冻靶燃料层参数的表征;研制了在线表征冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验装置,利用该装置开展了二乙烯基苯泡沫球壳及实际氘氘冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验研究,获得了玻璃微球内氘氘冷冻层X射线相衬图像,成像分辨力达1.5 m;利用X射线相衬成像法可同时表征烧蚀球壳及冷冻燃料层,为惯性约束聚变实验提供冷冻靶参数。     

复合组分材料的X射线定量相衬成像研究

对复合组分材料的应用和需求日益广泛,但如何精确地测量其定量结构信息仍是一个亟待解决的难题.建立了复合组分结构模型,利用X射线同轴相衬成像和相位恢复方法,分别进行了计算机模拟和实验研究,系统地分析了复合组分材料不同的密度差异对X射线相衬成像和相位恢复精度的影响以及噪声对定量相位恢复的影响.实验结果表明,利用X射线定量相衬...     

抑制傅里叶变换法恢复的X射线相衬像中的伪影

在基于光栅的X射线相衬信号的恢复方法中,主要有相移法和傅里叶变换法两种方法.相移法具有精度高、噪声小的优点,但由于至少需要三幅图像才能恢复出相衬信号,样品所受的辐射剂量大.而傅里叶变换法只需一幅图像即可恢复出物体的相衬信号,具有快速、实时的优点,但恢复出的信号精度低,易受伪影影响.因此,本文利用两幅图像傅里叶变换法恢复X射线相衬信号,该方法能够有效地抑制相衬信号中由于频谱混叠所产生的伪影.另外,通过增加载波条纹的频率,能够拉大频域中的频谱间隔,从而进一步抑制伪影的产生.     

利用定量相衬成像消除X射线同轴轮廓成像中散射的影响

在所有的相衬成像方法中，X射线同轴轮廓成像由于光路简单、不需要任何光学元件而备受关注.其缺点是无法直接消除散射的影响，从而限制了它在生物医学等领域中的应用.利用数字模拟方法研究了引入散射前后轮廓像的质量随样品到探测器距离的变化情况.模拟结果表明直接轮廓成像存在一个最佳成像距离，因而无法通过改变样品到探测器距离来减小散射的影响.利用定量相衬成像不受成像距离限制的特点，研究了远距离成像时散射的影响.结果表明，样品到探测器的距离增大到一个临界值时，散射对重构像的影响可降到一个极值，此时成像质量得到了明显改善. 关键词： 散射 X射线同轴轮廓成像 定量相衬成像     

关于X射线同轴位相衬度成像的研究

利用模糊函数对部分相干源相X射线衬成像进行了详细的理论分析.列举了不同条件下的实验结果.通过与吸收成像相比较,相衬成像无疑对生物样品的内部结构有更高的对比度和可见度.     

X射线菲涅耳波带板成像和投影式相衬成像的数值模拟比较

通过解析分析和数值模拟,比较了钛K线（4.5 keV）与铜K线（8.0 keV）等X射线源背光透视物体情况下,菲涅耳波带板直接成像与投影式相衬成像对被透视物体的空间分辨能力。结果表明,波带板成像可实现优于1 m的高空间分辨能力,而且使用较大尺度背光源更有利于成像。对于高透射或弱吸收的透视物体,波带板难以成像,可采用投影式相衬成像实现m级空间分辨。计入了以前文献没有考虑到的更高阶影响后,解析给出了点光源照射下相衬像的强度分布与对比度。模拟了微焦点X射线源照射存在厚度起伏的薄膜靶以及密度空间调制靶的相衬成像,点光源情况下模拟结果和解析结果相符。讨论了光源大小、成像距离等参数对相衬成像对比度和空间分辨能力的影响,结果表明,通过减小光源尺度和调节物体到探测面的距离,空间分辨能力可优化到1～4 m。     

光源尺寸和光谱带宽对波带板成像的影响

X射线菲涅耳波带板成像能实现亚微米空间分辨能力,有可能应用于激光等离子体或聚变靶的高分辨X射线成像诊断.之前的数值模拟研究表明,成像分辨能力受光源尺寸、入射光或成像光谱带宽的影响.本文报道在632.8 nm为中心波长的可见光波段,对波带板成像的数值模拟和原理性验证实验.数值模拟表明:随着扩展光源尺寸增加,视场中央分辨能力基本不变,而像对比度下降;随着成像的光谱带宽的增加,视场中央分辨能力与像对比度同时下降.实验证实了数值模拟的结论,且实验与数值模拟结果的定量比较也符合得较好.     

Improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio in interferometry using multi-frame high-dynamic-range and normalization algorithms

Using both high dynamic range (HDR) and normalization methodologies, we show a method to improve the fringe pattern contrast in interferometric measurements normally used for phase recovering. In a simulated interferogram that mimics the main effects that can be found in an interferometric process (stray-light, photon noise, electronic noise, scattering phenomena, etc.) it was possible to improve the contrast of the fringes and to decrease the root mean square error by more than 35%. The method proposed is applied to experimental interferograms to measure wavefront error and retardance changes on liquid crystal (LC) devices. It is done by using a Mach–Zehnder set-up in which we used different polarization areas. The proposed method increases the quality of the phase recovered and decreases the root mean square error by 50%.     

Additive-subtractive phase-modulated speckle interferometry: Fringe visibility under partial decorrelation

Additive-subtractive phase modulated speckle interferometry (ASPMSI) is a technique that minimizes the susceptibility of speckle methods to environmental noise while providing fringes of good visibility. The method requires the acquisition of two consecutive video frames of additive-speckle images of the same two deformed states of an object at a rapid enough rate such that ambient noise is not a problem. The additive-speckle images as expected are of very poor visibility due to the presence of the self-interference term. An interframe phase-modulation is introduced and the two additive-speckle images are digitally subtracted to improve the fringe visibility by removing the self-interference term. The ASPM-SI method works with in-plane and out-of-plane deformation sensitive ESPI as well as with displacement-gradient sensitive speckle-shearing interferometry. It is shown that the ASPM-SI scheme has higher visibility than conventional additive-SI and performs consistently better than subtractive-SI schemes in the presence of partial interframe speckle decorrelating optical noise. Furthermore, it is shown that the fringe visibility of the out-of-plane displacement sensitive interferometer which uses a protected reference beam separate from the object beam can be made to be essentially unity even at complete interframe decorrelation.     

Quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating x-ray interferometry with source grating

Dual phase grating x-ray interferometry is compatible with common imaging detectors,and abandons the use of an absorption analyzer grating to reduce the radiation dose.When using x-ray tubes,an absorbing source grating must be introduced into the dual phase grating interferometer.In order to attain a high fringe visibility,in this work we conduct a quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating interferometry to find how the source grating affects the fringe visibility.Theoretical analysis shows that with the generalized Lau condition satisfied,the fringe visibility is influenced by the duty cycle of the source grating and the transmission through the grating bar.And the influence of the source grating profile on the fringe visibility is independent of the phase grating type.Numerical results illustrate that the maximum achievable fringe visibility decreases significantly with increasing transmission in the grating bar.Under a given transmission,one can always find an optimal duty cycle to maximize the fringe visibility.These results can be used as general guidelines for designing and optimizing dual phase grating x-ray interferometers for potential applications.     

X-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging with a grating interferometer: Theory and simulation

A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer, which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imaging and the improved image contrast. By using this theory, several key parameters of phase contrast imaging can be predicted, for instance, the fringe visibility and period, and the conversion condition from the differential phase imaging (DPI) to the phase difference imaging (PDI). Additionally, numerical simulations are performed with certain x-ray optical components and imaging geometry. Comparison with the available experimental measurement [Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 063105 (2018)] demonstrates the accuracy of this developed quantitative analysis method of x-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging.     

Application of improved Speckle contouring technique to surface roughness measurements

One of the well known drawbacks in Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is the poor fringe density due to electronic and speckle noise and decreasing fringe visibility with increasing speckle decorrelation. As recently reported we suggested improving the fringe density and enlarging the measurement range by the incremental addition of phase images. The technique has already been successfully applied to in-plane and out-of-plane displacement field measurements of carbon-fibre reinforced composites. This paper demonstrates how the technique can be used to improve the sensitivity and to extend the measurement range for speckle contouring applications. The angular correlation of the speckle phase images is used to get the desired 3D information of the investigated object surface. It is demonstrated how the angular speckle contouring techinque can easily be automated with respect, for example, to possible industrial applications. Roughness measurements are carried out on milled Rugo test surfaces. All measurements are performed without the usual vibration isolation, and of course, without the treatment of the surface with fine, white powder for contrast enhancement, which would falsify the results.     

Investigation of noise properties in grating-based x-ray phase tomography with reverse projection method

The relationship between noise variance and spatial resolution in grating-based x-ray phase computed tomography(PCT) imaging is investigated with reverse projection extraction method, and the noise variances of the reconstructed absorption coefficient and refractive index decrement are compared. For the differential phase contrast method, the noise variance in the differential projection images follows the same inverse-square law with spatial resolution as in conventional absorption-based x-ray imaging projections. However, both theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate that in PCT the noise variance of the reconstructed refractive index decrement scales with spatial resolution follows an inverse linear relationship at fixed slice thickness, while the noise variance of the reconstructed absorption coefficient conforms with the inverse cubic law. The results indicate that, for the same noise variance level, PCT imaging may enable higher spatial resolution than conventional absorption computed tomography(ACT), while ACT benefits more from degraded spatial resolution. This could be a useful guidance in imaging the inner structure of the sample in higher spatial resolution.     

Vibration-induced phase noise in Mach–Zehnder atom interferometers

The high inertial sensitivity of atom interferometers has been used to build accelerometers and gyrometers, but this property makes these interferometers very sensitive to the laboratory seismic noise. This seismic noise induces a phase noise which is large enough to reduce the fringe visibility in many cases. We develop here a model calculation of this phase noise applicable to a wide class of Mach–Zehnder atom interferometers and we apply this model to our thermal lithium interferometer. We are thus able to explain the observed dependence of the fringe visibility on the diffraction order. The dynamical model developed in the present paper should be very useful to further reduce this phase noise in atom interferometers and this reduction should open the way to improved interferometers. PACS 03.75.Dg; 39.20.+q; 42.50.Vk     

X射线相衬成像技术应用于高能量密度物理条件下内爆靶丸诊断

内爆压缩过程中多层球壳靶丸变化规律的研究是惯性约束聚变的核心内容. 利用相衬成像技术可以提高低Z材料分界面成像衬度的特点在神光Ⅱ大型激光装置上开展了相关研究. 实验通过激光打Ti靶和针孔点背光的方式产生4.75 keV的X射线微点源, 针对内爆压缩过程中的靶丸样品投影成像获得了清晰的多层球壳靶丸图像, 空间分辨率优于10 μm.同时利用一维流体力学数值模拟程序分析了球壳运动的过程, 实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好.表明了X射线相衬成像技术在高能量密度物理环境下仍然能够提高低Z材料分界面的衬度,获得高质量的物理图像,能够广泛应用于可控聚变能源、 天体物理等前沿科学领域.     

Phase-locked laser coherent interference

A method of locking the relative phase to provide stable constructive or destructive interference between the phase-modulated sidebands from a pair of phase modulators is demonstrated. It is discussed theoretically for optimal fringe visibility related to the phase noise from faulty system. After phase locking using the phase modulating and lock-in technique,the drift of the relative phase is focalized around ±0.0016 rad and the fringe visibility is restricted to 2×10-4 .     

X射线同轴轮廓成像中影响成像质量的若干因素研究

采用数字模拟方法较为系统地研究了光子能量、样品直径和散射强度对成像质量的影响，克服了已有实验结果的局限性.研究得到成像质量随光子能量的变化关系，模拟结果与已有实验结果相符.研究发现，当其他成像参数不变时，同一样品存在多个光子能量可实现相近的成像质量，且成像质量都较好，这可用于定量相衬成像中多图重构时图像的选择，也为对辐射剂量有要求的样品提供理论依据.得到了不同直径样品在成像质量最佳时所对应的样品到探测器距离，发现这一距离随样品直径的增加而增加.研究了样品厚度或折射率变化导致的散射X射线对成像质量的影响，发 关键词： X射线同轴轮廓成像 成像质量 X射线散射