X射线相衬成像应用于惯性约束核聚变多层球壳靶丸检测

随着惯性约束核聚变(ICF)研究的逐步深入,尤其是氘氚(DT)燃料层球壳梯度掺杂的广泛应用,对轻物质界面的诊断需求日益增长.在北京同步辐射形貌成像站的微米CT机上利用类同轴相衬成像方法获取了三层球壳靶丸的相衬图像,最佳空间分辨率达到了2μupm,衬度达到12%;通过分析边缘增强函数和衬度传递函数之间的关系,总结出一套完整的类同轴相衬成像方法,同时将相衬成像结果与吸收成像结果对比.实验结果表明,X射线相衬成像在轻物质界面的分辨中具有明显的优势,能够广泛应用于ICF研究、医学断层扫描CT装置和生物结构等前沿科学领域.     

X射线相衬成像技术应用于高能量密度物理条件下内爆靶丸诊断

内爆压缩过程中多层球壳靶丸变化规律的研究是惯性约束聚变的核心内容. 利用相衬成像技术可以提高低Z材料分界面成像衬度的特点在神光Ⅱ大型激光装置上开展了相关研究. 实验通过激光打Ti靶和针孔点背光的方式产生4.75 keV的X射线微点源, 针对内爆压缩过程中的靶丸样品投影成像获得了清晰的多层球壳靶丸图像, 空间分辨率优于10 μm.同时利用一维流体力学数值模拟程序分析了球壳运动的过程, 实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好.表明了X射线相衬成像技术在高能量密度物理环境下仍然能够提高低Z材料分界面的衬度,获得高质量的物理图像,能够广泛应用于可控聚变能源、 天体物理等前沿科学领域.     

X射线相衬成像中靶丸球壳界面晕区暗区现象

在微聚焦X射线以及等离子体X射线源平台上开展了多层球壳靶丸的相衬成像实验。实验结果表明,通过相衬成像能够获得清晰的多层球壳靶丸图像并观察到球壳内外表面晕区暗区现象。根据光的折射原理解释了该晕区暗区现象产生的物理机制。实验结果与几何模型计算结果符合较好。     

背光阴影成像表征降温速率对ICF冷冻冰层均化的影响

利用背光阴影成像技术研究了降温速率对惯性约束聚变(ICF)球形氘氘冷冻靶中燃料冰层均化的影响.实验中,首先对ICF冷冻靶温度场进行标定以确定靶丸处的温度,然后利用背光阴影成像系统对降温过程中靶丸内燃料冰层的空间变化进行实时原位测量,得到了不同降温条件下冷冻靶背光阴影成像图像中亮环的功率谱.实验结果表明:相比快速降温,台阶式缓慢降温有利于形成均匀的燃料冰层;同时验证了背光阴影成像技术表征ICF冷冻靶内冷冻冰层均化的有效性.     

基于激光驱动等离子体X光源的X射线相衬成像

为了诊断惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆靶丸球壳的多层信息,在神光Ⅱ激光器上对激光驱动等离子体X光源的相衬成像进行了研究。利用神光Ⅱ第9路激光驱动平面Ti靶获得X光源,在10μm的针孔约束下作为次级点光源对样品成像,用X光胶片记录。成功地将相衬成像技术应用于ICF实验,综合考虑成像放大倍数、分辨力、成像衬度和抑制烧蚀碎片等因素,选择合适的实验条件,成功获得了清晰的双层内爆靶丸球壳结构,空间分辨力优于10μm。     

间接驱动冷冻双壳层点火靶的设计和分析

双壳层靶中,由于燃料被高Z壳层包裹,其点火方式要求燃料整体点火,不同于单壳层中心热斑点火。结合点火条件和对于其中物理过程的认识,设计了间接驱动的冷冻双壳层点火靶。利用冷冻的氘氚(DT)燃料,可适当提高双壳层靶的燃料装量,获得和NIF装置条件下中心热斑点火靶相当的放能。间接驱动下,X射线烧蚀并驱动外壳层碰撞内壳层,把能量传递给内壳层,进而压缩和点燃冷冻的DT燃料。壳层碰撞过程是能量传递的关键,通过调整内外壳层的质量比,提高了碰撞效率,相应地降低了靶丸点火的能量需求。一维数值模拟分析了该点火靶的内爆过程及定性分析了其中的流体力学不稳定性。同时,也指出了泡沫中形成的辐射冲击波对内壳层的预热效应,即辐射冲击波的致稳效应,能够很好地抑制内壳层外界面处的不稳定性发展,进而会减弱高Z内壳层和燃料的混合。     

背光阴影成像技术表征ICF靶丸内表面粗糙度

 发展了背光阴影成像技术,用于诊断透明ICF冷冻靶冰层内表面质量。分析了单层球壳阴影图像中形成亮环的物理机制。用光学追迹软件Tracepro模拟产生了透明单层球壳的阴影图像,用于研究亮环位置与球壳厚度及折射率的关系。建立了背光阴影成像实验装置,获得了透明单层球壳具有明显亮环的实验阴影图像。编制了阴影图像处理软件,获得了靶丸内表面1维功率谱曲线,并据此计算出靶丸内表面均方根粗糙度。理论分析、软件模拟及实验研究均表明,背光阴影成像技术是透明冷冻靶冰层内表面质量的有效诊断方法。     

快点火背光照相数值模拟

在激光惯性约束聚变实验研究中,诊断燃料层密度通常利用纳秒激光束辐照金属靶片产生特征X射线作为背光照明光源,对内爆球壳进行瞬态辐射照相,进而推断球壳内爆燃料层的密度。利用蒙特卡罗程序,对快点火X射线背光照相进行了研究,模拟了针孔成像中不同的针孔大小、障板厚度、背光能量对成像质量的影响,对于快点火实验中微米尺寸塑料小球,进行了诊断方案优化。模拟结果表明,综合考虑光通量及成像空间分辨,针孔半径为10 m时成像效果最佳;此时,采用2.7 keV的Mo背光源可以获得最佳的密度分辨。     

X射线相衬成像法检测内爆靶参数

理论分析了利用X射线同轴离焦相衬成像法测量金黑腔内塑料中心微球位置的可行性,在此基础上进行了实验研究。实验结果证明,由于低Z低密度材料对高能X射线有相位调制作用,因此仍能够形成一定的图像反差,这种效应并不依赖X射线的能量,因此在一定的尺度范围内,可以实现高Z高密度材料与低Z低密度材料在高能X射线下同时成像,克服了传统吸收成像的不足,最终实现了内爆靶装配参数的精密检测。     

双层塑料靶丸的X射线相衬成像

 为对微聚焦X射线相衬成像技术应用于双层以及多层塑料靶丸成像和特征分析进行可行性研究,基于类同轴X射线成像技术,综合考虑成像放大倍数、分辨率和衬度等因素,选择合适的实验参数,成功获得了较为清晰的双层塑料靶丸X射线相衬成像照片;采用数字图像处理技术的图像分割手段,如拉普拉斯高斯边缘检测法等对所成像中靶丸边界特征进行分析处理,获得了双层靶丸内层厚度为（10.5±0.6） μm,外层厚度为（9.2±0.7） μm,靶丸外径为（273.3±1.0） μm等参数。     

Width determination of SiO2-films in Si-based devices using low-loss EFTEM: image contrast as a function of sample thickness

Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) has become one of the most efficient tools for specimen characterization at nanometer length scales. EFTEM imaging is most often carried out in the core-loss region but image intensity becomes more and more a limiting factor with decreasing feature size. Alternatively, it is possible to record EFTEM images in the low-loss region, where intensities are essentially higher and where in many cases the images contain material specific contrasts. In this paper we investigate the influence of the important parameters on the material contrast between silicon and silicon dioxide, e.g. specimen thickness, specimen orientation, energy-loss and energy selecting slit width. We show that sample thickness plays an important role and present two methods to calculate material contrast as a function of energy-loss and sample thicknesses. The first method uses spectra taken from both materials at different sample thickness by electron energy-loss spectroscopy, the second calculates contrast directly from a series of energy filtered images. From the results we determine the ideal acquisition parameters for the Si/SiO(2) system and demonstrate imaging at sufficient resolution below 2nm with a test sample of thin SiO(2) layers on Si.     

多点光源相衬成像法应用于内爆背光照相实验

针对常规内爆背光照相中存在的光源均匀性差、 靶丸图像烧蚀层与气体层界面不清晰、 瞄准精度差等关键问题设计了新型的背光照相靶. 在神光II大型激光装置上采用阵列点光源结合相衬成像的方式获取了清晰的靶丸烧蚀层与气体层界面信息, 同时具备光源均匀性好, 成像视场大的优点; 采用诊断狭缝限光的方式大大提高了瞄准精度使得整体图像质量优于常规靶设计. 实验结果表明, 激光驱动等离子体产生的点光源结合相衬成像方法在精密物理诊断中具有重要的作用, 可以广泛应用于惯性约束聚变以及高能量密度物理研究. 关键词： 惯性约束聚变 背光照相 针孔点背光 相衬成像     

High-areal-density fuel assembly in direct-drive cryogenic implosions

The first observation of ignition-relevant areal-density deuterium from implosions of capsules with cryogenic fuel layers at ignition-relevant adiabats is reported. The experiments were performed on the 60-beam, 30-kJUV OMEGA Laser System [T. R. Boehly, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00325-2]. Neutron-averaged areal densities of 202+/-7 mg/cm2 and 182+/-7 mg/cm2 (corresponding to estimated peak fuel densities in excess of 100 g/cm3) were inferred using an 18-kJ direct-drive pulse designed to put the converging fuel on an adiabat of 2.5. These areal densities are in good agreement with the predictions of hydrodynamic simulations indicating that the fuel adiabat can be accurately controlled under ignition-relevant conditions.     

A new method for information retrieval in two-dimensional grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging

Grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging has been demonstrated to be an extremely powerful phase-sensitive imaging technique.By using two-dimensional(2D) gratings,the observable contrast is extended to two refraction directions.Recently,we have developed a novel reverse-projection(RP) method,which is capable of retrieving the object information efficiently with one-dimensional(1D) grating-based phase contrast imaging.In this contribution,we present its extension to the 2D grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging,named the two-dimensional reverseprojection(2D-RP) method,for information retrieval.The method takes into account the nonlinear contributions of two refraction directions and allows the retrieval of the absorption,the horizontal and the vertical refraction images.The obtained information can be used for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional phase gradient field,and for an improved phase map retrieval and reconstruction.Numerical experiments are carried out,and the results confirm the validity of the 2D-RP method.     

Zernike phase contrast in scanning microscopy with X-rays

Scanning X-ray microscopy focuses radiation to a small spot and probes the sample by raster scanning. It allows information to be obtained from secondary signals such as X-ray fluorescence, which yields an elemental mapping of the sample not available in full-field imaging. The analysis and interpretation from these secondary signals can be considerably enhanced if these data are coupled with structural information from transmission imaging. However, absorption often is negligible and phase contrast has not been easily available. Originally introduced with visible light, Zernike phase contrast(1) is a well-established technique in full-field X-ray microscopes for visualization of weakly absorbing samples(2-7). On the basis of reciprocity, we demonstrate the implementation of Zernike phase contrast in scanning X-ray microscopy, revealing structural detail simultaneously with hard-X-ray trace-element measurements. The method is straightforward to implement without significant influence on the resolution of the fluorescence images and delivers complementary information. We show images of biological specimens that clearly demonstrate the advantage of correlating morphology with elemental information.     

硬X射线微分相衬成像的噪声特性分析

量子噪声引起光强随机波动是影响X射线相衬图像质量的一个重要因素.提出了一种针对硬X射线微分相衬成像噪声特性的分析方法,通过数值模拟获得了量子噪声对成像结果的作用规律.模拟结果表明,折射像和散射像的噪声均方差与叠栅条纹对比度成反比关系,叠栅条纹对比度越大,统计所得的均方差值越小.在保证X射线探测效率的前提下,提高叠栅条纹对比度将有利于获得高质量的相衬图像,并为有效减少X射线曝光剂量提供条件.     

SiC热氧化SiO_2层结构的光谱学表征

C原子的存在,不仅影响SiC热氧化SiO2层与SiC间的界面态,也直接影响SiO2层的结构和致密性。本文用红外光谱对SiC和Si热氧化生长SiO2层进行了研究,分析和讨论SiO2/SiC和SiO2/Si的红外反射光谱特征峰,以及不同的热氧化条件和退火过程对这些谱峰的影响,对SiC热氧化SiO2层质量的光谱学表征进行了初步探讨。     

A New Method of Analyzing Edge Effect in Phase Contrast Imaging with Incoherent X-rays

A method has been devised to calculate the half-width of the phase contrast enhanced edge of an X-ray- image with incoherent X-rays. This method is based on changes in the wave fronts of X-rays after penetrating an object, and it takes into account the blur due to penumbra observed in practical radiographic imaging. The method closely predicted edge enhancement when images of a plastic fiber were produced with practical X-ray tubes (Cu, Mo, and W anodes with focus-diameters of 10,100, and 40 μ, respectively). Thus, the method shows promise in facilitating phase contrast X-ray imaging in both medical radiography and non-destructive inspection using incoherent X-rays from X-ray tubes with substantial focus-sizes.     

优化X射线同轴相位衬度成像的理论研究

采用同轴相位衬度成像方法，基于PGW理论获得的频域相位衬度传递函数，对于理想光源和多色X射线源，用计算机模拟分析了如何选择物像距离和空间频率以获取最佳相位衬度像。实际应用中要综合考虑具体成像实验装置对于物像距离的可调范围以及成像分辨率的要求。对于具有一定谱宽的X射线源，应选择谱宽尽量小的源，以获得含信息量丰富、分辨率高的图像。     

X射线菲涅耳波带板成像和投影式相衬成像的数值模拟比较

通过解析分析和数值模拟,比较了钛K线（4.5 keV）与铜K线（8.0 keV）等X射线源背光透视物体情况下,菲涅耳波带板直接成像与投影式相衬成像对被透视物体的空间分辨能力。结果表明,波带板成像可实现优于1 m的高空间分辨能力,而且使用较大尺度背光源更有利于成像。对于高透射或弱吸收的透视物体,波带板难以成像,可采用投影式相衬成像实现m级空间分辨。计入了以前文献没有考虑到的更高阶影响后,解析给出了点光源照射下相衬像的强度分布与对比度。模拟了微焦点X射线源照射存在厚度起伏的薄膜靶以及密度空间调制靶的相衬成像,点光源情况下模拟结果和解析结果相符。讨论了光源大小、成像距离等参数对相衬成像对比度和空间分辨能力的影响,结果表明,通过减小光源尺度和调节物体到探测面的距离,空间分辨能力可优化到1～4 m。