硬X射线光栅微分干涉相衬成像两步相移算法的理论与实验研究

针对硬X射线光栅微分干涉相衬成像在实际应用中对低辐射剂量和快速获取图像的要求, 通过对实验系统的理论分析和参数优化设计, 采用了两步相移算法用于提取物体相位信息. 这种方法可以有效降低X射线对物体的辐射剂量, 大大提高恢复相位信息的速度, 为X射线光栅相衬成像在未来的医疗和工业中的应用奠定基础. 关键词： 光栅干涉 X射线相衬成像 两步相移算法     

相移吸收二元性算法用于X射线混合衬度定量显微CT的可行性研究

本文采用相移吸收二元性(PAD)相位恢复算法来实现混合 衬度样品内部不同密度组分的定量成像, 采用数字模拟和实验研究验证该方法的可行性. 模拟结果表明, 对于三种不同材料其重构误差均小于1%, 且误差值随材料折射率的增大而减小. 利用上海光源X射线成像线站开展了实验研究, 结果表明用单距PAD相位恢复算法可获取样品的定量信息. 与模拟结果相比, 实验中的重构精度相对较低, 环状伪影可能是影响精度的主要原因. 模拟和实验研究过程中, 均只采用了一组单距投影数据. 可以认为, 相移吸收二元性算法可用于混合衬度样品的定量信息分析研究. 由于剂量相对较低, 应可适合于软组织和骨骼同时存在时生物医学样品的定量相衬CT研究.     

无吸收光栅的X射线相位衬度成像实验研究

通过对基于空间相干源和具有分析光栅功能的X射线转换屏的微分干涉X射线相位衬度成像 系统的理论分析, 利用线发射体阵列结构阳极X射线管和光助电化学刻蚀技术 研制的相位光栅和具有分析光栅功能的X射线转换屏, 组建了一种无吸收光栅的X射线微分干涉相衬成像系统. 在此系统上开展了生物样品的实验研究, 获得了较传统吸收成像更为清晰和更多样品结构信息的相位衬度图像. 从而试验验证了该系统方案设计的可行性, 为X射线相衬成像技术从实验室走向临床应用提供了有效途径.     

微焦点源X射线相衬成像技术

 相衬成像方法利用硬X射线对低密度弱吸收物质成像，可获得高衬度图像。用菲涅尔衍射理论分析了X射线图像的形成机理。在频域中根据光学传递函数，对物像距离、样品空间频率等对图像相位衬度的影响进行了分析。分辨率和衬度是决定图像可见度的两个依据，分辨率主要依赖于光源的空间相干性，空间相干性又决定于源点尺寸，而时间相干性（单色性）是一个不重要的影响因子。利用多色微焦点源实现了X射线相衬成像技术，获得了有价值的相衬图像，如低原子序数低密度泡沫材料的硬X射线相衬图像，与吸收衬度成像相比，其图像质量得到了很大提高，能观察到泡沫材料的细微结构，分辨率可达μm量级。     

X射线相衬成像光子筛

基于 Zernike相衬成像原理和光瞳切趾原理,提出一种将相位板和切趾光子筛集成为一个相衬显微物镜的 X射线相衬成像光子筛的设计方法.这种 X射线相衬成像物镜可以实现生物体组织或者其他弱吸收材料的高分辨率和高衬度成像.通过优化光子筛透镜的衍射结构,可以抑制成像系统的点扩展函数的旁瓣和消除高阶衍射焦点,从而提高成像分辨率;另外,将光子筛透镜和变相板合为一体,克服了成像透镜和变相板难以对准的缺陷.以高斯切趾光子筛为例,实验验证了设计方法的可行性. 关键词： X射线显微技术 相衬成像 光瞳切趾 光子筛     

双能X射线光栅相衬成像的研究

X射线光栅相衬成像存在系统复杂、成像效率低、步进精度要求高、光栅加工难度大等问题.本文设计了一种双能阵列X射线源和双能分析光栅,并应用于X射线光栅相衬成像,提出了一种双能X射线光栅相衬成像系统,阐述了该成像系统的成像原理和相位信息提取方法.提出的成像系统不需要精密步进平台,精简了成像系统,避免了步进误差导致的成像质量降低问题;两次曝光就可以成像,提高了成像效率;双能阵列X射线源、双能分析光栅的应用避免了源光栅、分析光栅难以加工的问题.对提出的成像系统及其相位提取方法进行了仿真,仿真结果显示成像系统可以正常成像,提取到的检测样本的X射线相衬成像相位一阶导数分布与相关文献实验所得结果一致.     

单光栅相衬成像莫尔伪影的理论分析与消除

与传统相衬成像方法相比,基于傅里叶变换的X射线单光栅相衬成像技术具有辐射剂量低、成像速度快等优势,在材料、医疗等领域具有广阔的应用前景。物体频谱信息的获取是利用该技术恢复相位的关键步骤,但其提取过程容易受到莫尔伪影的影响而导致成像质量下降,限制了该方法的发展应用。针对上述问题,基于莫尔伪影的理论分析和成像系统的结构特征,提出了旋转光栅和调节光栅投影频率两种方案来消除伪影,并在实验上成功验证了它们的可行性,为X射线单光栅相衬成像的推广应用提供了参考。     

聚合物泡沫结构及密度分布的相衬CT表征技术

阐述了利用X射线相衬成像技术研究高分子有机泡沫材料微观结构的原理及方法,理论分析及实验结果表明,X射线相衬成像方法可以在相当大的程度上提高低Z聚合物泡沫材料的成像衬度。将相衬成像技术与计算机层析成像技术相结合,获得了泡沫样品的3维骨架结构分布,同时,提出利用统计切片骨架"粒子"质心分布的方法来表征其密度分布均匀性。结果说明,该方法能够在微观层次上实现对泡沫样品3维密度分布的完备表征。     

硬x射线同轴相衬成像的相位恢复

基于角谱的概念，分析了硬x射线同轴相衬成像过程，在传统相位恢复算法GS算法的基础上 ，提出了基于角谱传播的相位恢复算法——迭代角谱法（IASA），并利用数值法模拟研究了 相衬成像和相位恢复过程，从理论上验证了这一相位恢复算法. 关键词： 相位恢复 相位衬度 角谱 硬x射线     

X射线相衬成像法在线表征冷冻靶技术

阐述了冷冻靶类球面物体X射线相衬成像机理;Tracepro软件模拟研究证明了X射线相衬成像法能用于冷冻靶燃料层参数的表征;研制了在线表征冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验装置,利用该装置开展了二乙烯基苯泡沫球壳及实际氘氘冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验研究,获得了玻璃微球内氘氘冷冻层X射线相衬图像,成像分辨力达1.5 m;利用X射线相衬成像法可同时表征烧蚀球壳及冷冻燃料层,为惯性约束聚变实验提供冷冻靶参数。     

西洋参和高丽白参的X射线显微鉴定研究

传统的中药材显微鉴定,样品制备苛刻.加入某些试剂容易造成结构信息丢失.本文利用X射线相位衬度成像方法较为系统地研究了西洋参、高丽白参的显微结构,并对二者在草酸钙簇晶、导管、木栓细胞、韧皮部和木质部射线等显微结构方面的异同进行了详细分析.实验研究结果表明,该方法能够在无需对样品进行特殊处理的情况下,较好地实现西洋参、高丽白参的显微结构鉴定,有望成为中药材显微鉴定领域中一种简便快速的新型鉴定方法.实验还发现,西洋参和高丽白参韧皮部和木质部射线的显微结构存在很大的区别.这一显微结构有可能成为人参类贵重中药材显微鉴别中的一个新增依据.     

Theoretical and experimental study of phase optimization of tapping mode atomic force microscope

Phase image in tapping-mode atomic force microscope (TM-AFM) results from various dissipations in a microcantilever system. The phases mainly reflect the tip-sample contact dissipations which allow the nanoscale characteristics to be distinguished from each other. In this work, two factors affecting the phase and phase contrast are analyzed. It is concluded from the theoretical and experimental results that the phases and phase contrasts in the TM-AFM are related to the excitation frequency and energy dissipation of the system. For a two-component blend, it is theoretically and experimentally proven that there exists an optimal excitation frequency for maximizing the phase contrast. Therefore, selecting the optimal excitation frequency can potentially improve the phase contrast results. In addition, only the key dissipation between the tip and sample is found to accurately reflect the sample properties. Meanwhile, the background dissipation can potentially reduce the contrasts of the phase images and even mask or distort the effective information in the phase images. In order to address the aforementioned issues, a self-excited method is adopted in this study in order to eliminate the effects of the background dissipation on the phases. Subsequently, the real phase information of the samples is successfully obtained. It is shown in this study that the eliminating of the background dissipation can effectively improve the phase contrast results and the real phase information of the samples is accurately reflected. These results are of great significance in optimizing the phases of two-component samples and multi-component samples in atomic force microscope.     

Preliminary research on dual-energy X-ray phase-contrast imaging

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) has been widely applied to measure the bone mineral density(BMD) and soft-tissue composition of the human body. However, the use of DEXA is greatly limited for lowZ materials such as soft tissues due to their weak absorption, while X-ray phase-contrast imaging(XPCI) shows significantly improved contrast in comparison with the conventional standard absorption-based X-ray imaging for soft tissues. In this paper, we propose a novel X-ray phase-contrast method to measure the area density of low-Z materials, including a single-energy method and a dual-energy method. The single-energy method is for the area density calculation of one low-Z material, while the dual-energy method aims to calculate the area densities of two low-Z materials simultaneously. Comparing the experimental and simulation results with the theoretical ones, the new method proves to have the potential to replace DEXA in area density measurement. The new method sets the prerequisites for a future precise and low-dose area density calculation method for low-Z materials.     

Vector kink-dark complex solitons in a three-component Bose–Einstein condensate

We investigate kink-dark complex solitons(KDCSs) in a three-component Bose–Einstein condensate(BEC) with repulsive interactions and pair-transition(PT) effects. Soliton profiles critically depend on the phase differences between dark solitons excitation elements. We report a type of kink-dark soliton profile which shows a droplet-bubble-droplet with a density dip, in sharp contrast to previously studied bubble-droplets. The interaction between two KDCSs is further investigated. It demonstrates some striking particle transition behaviours during their collision processes, while soliton profiles survive after the collision. Additionally, we exhibit the state transition dynamics between a kink soliton and a dark soliton. These results suggest that PT effects can induce more abundant complex solitons dynamics in multi-component BEC.     

Stability of multi-component epilayers and nanopattern formation

A uniform multi-component epilayer may lose stability under the combined action of spinodal decomposition and epilayer–substrate interaction, separating into multiple phases. The phases may further self-organize into regular patterns. This paper investigates the compositional stability of a ternary epliayer and the subsequent emergence of nanoscale patterns. Multiple energetic forces and kinetic processes involving phase separation, phase coarsening and phase refining are incorporated into a continuous phase field model. Linear stability analysis is performed by perturbing a uniform concentration field into a sinusoidal field with small amplitude and arbitrary wavelength. The analysis shows that the epilayer–substrate interaction counteracts the coarsening effect of phase boundary energy and may lead to the formation of steady nanoscale patterns. Detailed analysis also reveals the interaction of multi-phases and its effect on the stability condition. Numerical simulation of evolving concentration field is discussed at the end of the paper. The simulations show that the pattern formation process of multi-component epilayers involves remarkably rich dynamics.     

叠栅偏折层析测量火焰温度和密度分布

提出将带滤波的叠栅偏折层析系统用于存在化学反应的多组分复杂气体流场的诊断.以丙烷的燃烧火焰为例,实验提取出叠栅条纹的偏移量并转换为偏折角,然后基于偏折层析的滤波反投影算法重建出场的折射率分布,给出了两种不同情况下给定截面的三维温度和密度分布.对比发现,对存在化学反应的多组分火焰流场不能基于假设研究对象是空气流场,而必须对火焰流场本身发生的化学反应及生成物进行考虑,混合流场的等效G-D常量和分子量必须根据不同场的具体组分情况进行修正.     

Crystalline structure in the confined-deconfined mixed phase: Neutron stars

We review the differences in first order phase transition of single and multi-component systems, and then discuss the crystalline structure expected to exist in the mixed confined-deconfined phase of hadronic matter. The particular context of neutron stars is chosen for illustration. The qualitative results are general and apply for example to the vapor-liquid transition in subsaturated asymmetric nuclear matter.     

一种新型的空气扰动探测方法

基于光折变材料的二波耦合特性提出了一种新型的空气扰动探测方法。空气中的微扰导致入射到光折变材料中两束光的光程差发生改变，干涉条纹随之发生变化。由于光折变体相位栅建立时间比较长，体相位栅不能及时跟随干涉条纹发生变化，导致干涉条纹与体相位栅间的相移将随空气扰动信息的变化而变化。相移角的改变将导致瞬态能量转移，输出两束光的能量在瞬态能量转移作用下将实现对空气扰动信息的光调制，并且这种调制过程是一种差分调制方式。在接收端采用电差分检测方法便可解调出空气扰动信息。这种利用光折变体相位栅的差分探测方法在未来的探测领域将有广泛的应用前景。     

Lineshape analysis of photoreflectance spectra from InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells

The fundamental optical transitions in In_0.15Ga_0.85As/GaAs single symmetric quantum wells (QWs) are studied through photoreflectance (PR) measurements and their dependence on the well distance from the surface. A phase rotation of the lineshape of the PR signal is observed as was predicted in our previous works. PR spectra of several samples, measured at 77 K, are compared with results of PR lineshape calculations, and a fairly good agreement is found. The quantum-confined Stark effect is shown to be the dominant modulation mechanism in the QW. Pronounced interference effects make PR spectra from QWs sensitive to the cap layer thickness.     

The extended trace identity and its application

The trace identity is extended to the general loop algebra. The Hamiltonian structures of the integrable systems concerning vector spectral problems and the multi-component integrable hierarchy can be worked out by using the extended trace identity. As its application, we have obtained the Hamiltonian structures of the Yang hierarchy, the Korteweg-de--Vries (KdV) hierarchy, the multi-component Ablowitz--Kaup--Newell--Segur (M-AKNS) hierarchy, the multi-component Ablowitz--Kaup--Newell--Segur Kaup--Newell (M-AKNS--KN) hierarchy and a new multi-component integrable hierarchy separately.