氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒。样品经硝酸和高氯酸消解,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中,加入溶于50g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液的20g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液,使其与溶液中砷及硒离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量依次为800mL·min~(-1),600mL·min~(-1),屏蔽气的流量均为1000mL·min~(-1)。试样溶液中加入硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液作为还原剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液0.5mL,按选定的工作条件操作。砷及硒的质量浓度分别在0.04～0.40,1.00～10.0μg·L~(-1)范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)砷为0.017μg·L~(-1),硒为0.314μg·L~(-1)。分别加入两元素的标准溶液作回收试验,测得砷和硒的回收率分别在95.3%～104.4%和94.7%～105.2%之间。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定饮用水中砷和锑

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定饮用水中砷和锑。在盐酸(1+9)溶液中,加入硼氢化钾溶液作还原剂,使其与溶液中砷(Ⅲ)及锑(Ⅲ)离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气及屏蔽气的流量依次为400mL·min~(-1)及800mL·min~(-1)。试样溶液中加入硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂,于仪器中引入1.0mL试样溶液,按所选定的工作条件操作。砷及锑的质量浓度均在10.0μg·L~(-1)以内与其对应的荧光强度呈线性关系,砷和锑的检出限(3S/N)依次为0.087μg·L~(-1)和0.048μg·L~(-1)。应用此法对饮用水进行分析,测得砷和锑的回收率分别在90.5%～93.3%和92.5%～95.3%之间。     

原子荧光光谱法测定煤矿复垦区土壤中砷

取土壤样品0.5g,加入硝酸-盐酸-水(1+3+4)混合酸15mL,先在室温放置过夜,然后在沸水浴上加热2h,冷却,加入50g·L~(-1)硫脲-50g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸(1+1)混合溶液5mL后,用盐酸(5+95)溶液定容至50mL,用原子荧光光谱法在选定的仪器工作条件下测定试样溶液中砷量,所采用的硼氢化钾溶液的质量浓度为25g·L~(-1)方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.05μg·L~(-1),用标准加入法测得的回收率在93%～101%之间。按所提出的方法分析了土壤标准物质(GBW07403),测得其砷量与认定值一致。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定岩石中砷和锑

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了岩石中砷和锑的含量。样品预先粉碎至通过孔径为0.25～0.42mm的细筛,称取此粉碎的样品0.1000～0.3000g,先于盐酸-硝酸(3+1)混合酸8mL中浸泡30 min,然后放入沸水浴中消解2 h,将溶液及不溶物一起移入50 mL容量瓶中,加水定容。移取上清液5.00mL置于10mL容量瓶中,加入100g·L~(-1)硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液2.5mL,用盐酸(5+95)溶液定容,分取此溶液1.0mL进样按选定的仪器条件进行分析。用20g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液作为产生砷及锑的氢化物的还原剂,砷(Ⅲ)及锑(Ⅲ)的质量浓度依次在0.50～60μg·L~(-1)和0.50～80μg·L~(-1)范围内与其相应的荧光强度呈线性关系。应用此方法测定了两种岩石标准物质(GBW 07106及GBW 07108)中的砷及锑量,其测定值与认定值一致,相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于3.5%。     

微波消解样品-原子荧光光谱法测定酸菜中砷

称取一定量已切碎、捣碎并混匀的酸菜样品用硝酸及过氧化氢先在90℃水浴中消解约20min,然后将溶液冷却,移入微波消解仪中消解。消解完毕后将溶液冷至室温,移入25mL容量瓶中,加入50g·L~(-1)硫脲-50g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸混合溶液5 mL,加水定容。在所选定的仪器条件下用14g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液作还原剂生成砷的氢化物进行测定。砷的质量浓度在10.00μg·L~(-1)以内与相应的荧光强度值呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.064μg·L~(-1),测得方法的回收率在89.0%～102.5%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.7%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定茶水中砷

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定茶水中砷含量。样品经硝酸-高氯酸(4+1)混合酸消解,在盐酸(6+94)溶液中加入30 g·L-1硼氢化钾-5 g·L-1氢氧化钾溶液使与溶液中砷离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量为400 mL·min-1。试样溶液中加入硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂。引入仪器的进取样量为1.2 mL,按选定的工作条件操作。荧光强度与砷的质量浓度在0.20~100μg·L-1范围内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.030μg·L-1。应用此法对3种茶叶泡出的茶水进行分析,测得回收率在97.7%~101.5%之间。     

前置取样系统-高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定进口天然气中4种形态砷的含量

采用前置取样系统-高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定进口天然气中4种形态砷的含量。样品采用pH 4.3的10mmol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠-10mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸溶液吸收装置进行前处理,以Hypersil GOLD aQ色谱柱为分离柱,以上述pH 4.3的吸收剂混合溶液为流动相,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行测定。4种形态砷的线性范围均为0.20~5.00μg·L~(-1),方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.044~0.066μg·L~(-1)。加标回收率为81.4%~97.4%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.2%~4.9%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定海产品中总砷

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定海产品中总砷的含量。样品经硝酸-高氯酸(4+1)混合酸消解,样品溶液中加入硫脲和抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂。于盐酸(5+95)溶液中加入10g.L-1硼氢化钾-5g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液使与溶液中砷离子反应生成氢化物。分析时采用载气流量为400mL.min-1,屏蔽气流量为800mL.min-1。砷的质量浓度在20μg.L-1以内与荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.015μg.L-1。应用此法对3种海产品进行分析,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.4%～4.2%之间,回收率在98.5%～101.0%之间。     

化学蒸气发生-多通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定化探样品中的砷、锑、铋、汞

采用氢化物发生-四通道原子荧光光谱仪同时测定化探样品中砷、锑、铋和汞的含量。试样溶于盐酸-硝酸-水(3+1+4)的混合酸中,分取适量试液在盐酸(1+4)溶液和含硫脲10g·L-1的介质中预还原30min。用纯氩气作载气和屏蔽气,流量依次为300,900mL·min-1。仪器采用间歇流动进样方式,硼氢化钾溶液的质量浓度为15g·L-1。上述4种元素的质量浓度在一定范围内呈线性,检出限(3S/N)为0.031μg·L-1(砷)、0.028μg·L-1(锑)、0.024μg·L-1(铋)和0.004 8μg·L-1(汞)。应用此方法分析了化探样品,并用标准加入法对上述4种元素进行回收试验,测得回收率在95.4%~101%之间。     

加速溶剂萃取联合高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定畜肉制品中的6种砷形态

采用高效液相色谱联用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定畜肉制品中的一甲基砷、二甲基砷、三价砷、五价砷、砷甜菜碱和砷胆碱。称取经组织粉碎机粉碎的样品约3.0g置于不锈钢萃取池中,加入6g石英砂,搅拌均匀,以甲醇(2+1)溶液为提取溶剂,进行加速溶剂萃取。提取完成后,将提取液用甲醇(2+1)溶液定容至100mL,经0.45μm滤膜过滤。采用Dionex IonPac AS-17色谱柱(250mm×4.0mm,10μm)分离滤液中的6种砷形态,以20mmol·L~(-1) NH_4HCO_3溶液为流动相在1.0mL·min~(-1)流量下进行洗脱,采用ICP-MS测定洗脱液中6种砷形态。结果表明:6种砷形态质量浓度均在0.5～50.0μg·L~(-1)内与对应的响应强度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.15～0.24μg·kg~(-1)之间。加标回收率在86.0%～108%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.6%～3.9%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。