冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉

采用冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉。大米样品经硝酸-高氯酸(5+1)混合酸消解后,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中加入溶于8 g·L-1氢氧化钠的25 g·L-1硼氢化钠溶液使与溶液中镉离子反应生成镉气态原子。分析中采用载气流量为0.8 L·min-1。试样溶液中加入硝酸镍和硫脲混合溶液作为增敏剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液,按选定的工作条件进行测定。镉的质量浓度在0.02~20.0μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3σ)为0.005μg·L-1。应用此法对大米样品进行分析,测得镉的回收率在96.7%~103.7%之间。     

铋膜电极溶出伏安法测定食品中痕量重金属

以铋膜电极为工作电极,采用微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法直接测定食品样品中痕量铅、镉和锌。在富集电位-1.4V,富集时间180s,铋膜质量浓度150μg·L-1的条件下,铋膜电极对铅、镉和锌的氧化溶出具有良好的电化学响应。铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在5.0~40μg·L-1的范围内与其阳极溶出峰电流呈线性关系,铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.80,0.65,0.58μg·L-1。对25μg·L-1铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)溶液用铋膜电极连续测定15次,相对标准偏差分别为6.2%,5.1%,7.1%。方法应用于食品中痕量重金属的测定,测定结果与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的测定值相符。     

蛋壳膜负载双硫腙吸附富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中镉

在碱性条件下,负载双硫腙的蛋壳膜生物吸附材料对镉离子有良好的吸附性能。据此提出用蛋壳膜负载双硫腙吸附富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中镉含量的方法。吸附pH为9,振荡时间为30min,振荡温度为30℃。镉的质量浓度在1.0~50μg·L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.12μg·L-1。在5.0,10.0μg·L-1等2个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在93.8%~103%之间。对5.0μg·L-1镉标准溶液连续测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.7%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定核纯海绵锆中微量铪

应用标准加入-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对核纯海绵锆中微量铪进行测定.当试样中锆的质量浓度为10 g·L-1时,铪的测定范围为50～400μg·g-1,回收率为103%～110%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.2%～6.5%.     

微量进样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定小白鼠血液中镉

离心分离小白鼠血液中的血红细胞和血清,所得的血红细胞经硝酸和过氧化氢消化处理.结合微量进样系统,进样量为300μL,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了小白鼠血液中血红细胞和血清中镉的含量.镉的质量浓度在0.050～0.600 mg·L-1范围内与吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为2.2μg·L-1.加标回收率为97.1%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.0%.应用此法测定了饮用0.1 g·L-1硝酸镉溶液15d的小白鼠的血清和血红细胞中镉的含量,试验组的血液中镉含量为对照组的7倍.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅锌矿尾矿渣中铜、铅、锌和镉

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了铅锌矿尾矿渣中的铜、铅、锌和镉。以铑为内标元素,选择63 Cu,66Zn,208 Pb,114 Cd作为测量同位素。铜、铅、锌的线性范围为200μg·L-1,镉的线性范围为1.0μg·L-1,检出限(3s)分别为0.04,0.10,0.03,0.003μg·g-1。测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.39%~2.2%之间。用此方法分析标准物质,测定值与认定值相符。     

高压消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定八角和桂皮中镉、铅含量

八角或桂皮样品经硝酸-过氧化氢(5+3)混合液高压密闭消解后,以20 g·L-1磷酸氢二铵作基体改进剂,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其中镉和铅的含量。镉和铅的灰化温度分别为400℃,600℃;镉和铅的原子化温度分别为1 800℃,2 100℃。镉和铅的线性范围分别为10,50μg·L-1以内,检出限(3s/k)分别为0.42,0.98μg·L-1。加标回收率在96.0%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.24%~1.7%之间。     

微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定可可粉中铅、铬和镉

建立了微波消解微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法(MPT-AES)测定可可粉中铅、铬、镉含量的方法。对酸效应及共存离子干扰进行了详细考察。在最佳条件下,测得各元素的工作曲线相关系数均大于0.9990,铅、铬、镉的方法检出限分别为4.17μg·L-1、4.38μg·L-1、3.19μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于3.85%,用MPT-AES法分析经微波消解处理的不同产地的可可粉,结果表明所测样品中重金属含量均符合国家限量标准,铅、铬、镉的加标回收率分别为95.2%~101.3%、96.4%~102.5%、95.7%~103.1%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锆铀合金中微量铪

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES),采用标准加入法对锆铀合金中微量铪进行了测定.当锆的共存量为8 g·L-1时,铪的测定范围是50～400 μg·g-1.在Zr-U合金的基础上分别加入铪50μg·g-1及400 μg·g-1作回收试验,测得回收率依次为106%及101%,相应的相对标准偏差为5.8%和3.7%.     

黄原酯棉纤维柱分离-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大米中的镉和铅量

采用黄原酯棉柱分离-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大米中的镉和铅的含量。大米样品采用硝酸-高氯酸(4+1)混合酸消解,以5mL·min-1流量经黄原酯棉柱吸附分离后,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法进行测定。镉和铅的质量浓度均在一定的范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,镉和铅的检出限(3s/k)依次为0.85,4.5μg·kg-1。对5μg·L-1的镉、铅混合标准溶液连续测定11次,两者测定值的相对标准偏差依次为1.5%,2.3%。方法用于大米样品分析,加标回收率在94.0%~105%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。