煤燃烧过程生成氮氧化物前驱体的研究

对煤中氮在燃烧条件下生成NOx前驱体（HCN、NH3）进行了研究。实验采用石英玻璃管流化床反应系统，测定了神木煤、澳大利亚烟煤、澳大利亚褐煤在400 ℃～900 ℃HCN、NH3的生成，用离子色谱测定了HCN、NH3的生成量，用差热分析测定了三种煤的燃烧峰温及起始燃烧温度。实验结果表明，在燃烧条件下煤中氮转化为HCN、NH3的比例很高，这一释出过程伴随着煤燃烧过程而发生; 在400 ℃～500 ℃燃烧时HCN、NH3的生成量占煤中总氮质量分数的50%～70%,无论是煤挥发分还是半焦中的氮都在此条件下转化生成了HCN、NH3, 这一实验规律与热解条件的实验结果不同。煤样在更高的温度下燃烧（>700 ℃）时，气体产物中的HCN、NH3的质量分数很少，这是HCN、NH3进一步氧化生成了NOx的缘故。     

煤及煤焦气化过程中NOx前驱体释放规律研究

采用管式固定床反应器，在常压下考察了气化剂和气化温度对中澳两种煤及其焦气化过程中含氮化合物的释放规律。研究发现：在CO2气氛中，煤气化过程中NH3及HCN的释放规律与煤热解过程中的结果基本类似，在800 ℃产生的NH3量最多，后随温度的进一步升高而下降；煤及其焦的水蒸气气化随反应温度的升高将会产生大量的NH3，且在考察的温度区间没有下降的拐点；在煤水蒸气气化过程中，煤中的挥发分不仅能形成HCN而且对NH3的形成起重要作用；煤气化产生HCN的量随气化温度的升高而增加，与气化剂的选择无关。     

酸洗脱矿对胜利褐煤热解过程中N迁移转化的影响

在石英管流化床反应器中对胜利褐煤进行快速热解实验,考察了773~1 173 K下酸洗脱矿对胜利褐煤热解过程中N迁移转化规律的影响。通过比较原煤和酸洗后煤中N的不同逸出规律可以得出,影响酸洗前后胜利褐煤热解过程中N迁移转化规律的主要是碱金属Na及碱土金属Ca;热解过程中,煤中的Na和Ca促使煤中的N向NH3转化并有效抑制了HCN的生成,金属离子的存在对催化焦油N转化为NH3的作用较为明显;原煤中的碱金属和碱土金属的赋存使半焦裂解反应加剧,降低了固体半焦的产率,半焦N的产率也随之减少;与原煤相比,酸洗煤热解半焦中的吡啶型N(N-6)含量较多,而吡咯型N(N-5)和季N(N-Q)相对较少。     

煤热解过程中生成氮化物的研究

使用管式反应器在600℃-900℃范围内考察了温度和煤种等对煤中氮热解转化成HCN和NH3的影响。实验结果表明：热解的温度越高，气相产物中的HCN和NH3的生成量越大；煤化程度越高，煤中氮转化为HCN的量越少；惰质组含量较高的煤样，热解生成的NH3较多。在这些实验的基础上，对煤种和惰质组含量对氮氧化物前驱体生成的影响进行了初步的探讨。     

升温速率对胜利褐煤热解过程中N迁移转化的影响

在固定床/流化床管式石英反应器中进行了胜利褐煤的快速热解和慢速热解实验,考察了升温速率对N迁移转化及对半焦内部N化学形态变化的影响。研究结果表明,快速升温热解气相N(NH₃和HCN)生成量明显高于慢速热解时的生成量,且随着温度的升高,两者差值均逐渐增大。在多数情况下,NH₃或HCN的产率在973 K左右并不随温度的升高而增加,这与高温下的半焦热缩聚反应以及挥发分的二次反应有关。快速热解条件下,半焦N的释放速率要快于半焦炭本身失重速率。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析认为,热解使得吡咯型N(N-5)部分转化为吡啶型N(N-6)和季氮型N(N-Q),快速热解有利于生成N-6,而慢速热解下半焦中N-Q含量较高。     

微型流化床反应分析仪中原位/非原位煤焦气化动力学研究

利用新开发的微型流化床反应分析仪(micro-fluidized bed reaction analysis, MFBRA) 考察了义马烟煤半焦的原位以及两种非原位半焦气化行为并测定了其动力学参数,其中,原位半焦气化是指煤热解温度和气氛与半焦气化过程一致,非原位半焦1气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,热态条件下直接在CO₂气氛下气化;非原位半焦2气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,冷却收集后再在CO₂气氛下气化。研究发现,原位半焦具有最大的比表面积和最小的平均孔径,石墨化程度最弱,且对CO₂的化学吸附能力最强,表面活性位点最多。在最小化气体扩散的实验条件下,原位半焦气化反应的反应速率明显比非原位半焦气化反应快,且求取的活化能数据较小。实验揭示了原位半焦和非原位半焦结构和反应性的差异,也证明了MFBRA对原位等温气化反应的适用性。     

煤炭解耦燃烧过程N迁移与转化Ⅰ:热解阶段煤N的释放规律

在固定床装置上进行了三种煤的热解实验,考察了热解温度、热解时间等因素对煤氮迁移转化的影响。热解实验表明,A煤1 073 K热解产生HCN,在热解前3 min释放完毕,早于NH₃释放,且当NH₃开始逸出后HCN生成量急剧减少;三种煤热解HCN、NH₃的累积释放量在不同时刻达到各自最大值后急剧下降;半焦氮随热解温度的升高而增加。在973~1 123 K三种煤热解有50%~60%煤氮转化为焦氮,40%~50%煤氮随挥发分一起释放,挥发分氮有20%~50%的氮物种以NH₃和HCN的形式存在,其中,HCN占气相氮的50%~60%、NH₃占40%~50%。     

含氧/蒸汽气氛中煤高温分解产物分布及反应性

在流化床反应器中考察了含氧/水蒸气气氛中煤在850 ℃下的热解特性,包括产物分布特性及生成的半焦与焦油的反应性,研究了温度、过量空气比(Equivalence ratio: ER)和水蒸气/煤比(S/C, 质量比)的影响。结果表明,随热解温度、ER和S/C质量比的增加,气体产率增加,而半焦和焦油产率减少。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,H₂含量降低。O₂和水蒸气的加入使半焦的比表面积显著增加,半焦气化活性增强,但半焦在900 ℃和 ER 为0.22的条件下出现轻微石墨化,降低了其气化活性。同时,反应气氛中含有O₂和水蒸气对焦油的性质有显著影响,与单纯的N₂气氛相比,O₂和水蒸气的存在使热解焦油中单环芳烃、酮类、酚类、脂肪烃都明显减少,这对于焦油的进一步裂解及重整更加有利。     

升温速率对氨基酸裂解生成含氮气体的影响研究

为进一步阐明卷烟烟气中含氮有害气体的形成机理,以甘氨酸、天冬酰胺和天冬氨酸为研究对象,采用TG-FTIR技术对其在不同升温速率下热解时含氮气体的释放特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随着升温速率增加,三种氨基酸TG和DTG曲线各个失重阶段的起始和终止温度向高温侧移动;(2)氨基酸结构不同,HCN、NH3、HNCO的生成温度及生成量不同;(3)增加升温速率,三种氨基酸热解过程中HCN、NH3、HNCO的生成量均增加,但三种氨基酸氮转化的选择性不尽相同。甘氨酸和天冬酰胺热解过程中氮主要转化为NH3,而天冬氨酸在低升温速率下热解时,氮主要转化为HCN和NH3,在高升温速率下主要生成HNCO。     

载Na胜利褐煤热解过程中氮的迁移转化

采用具有流化床/固定床特征的石英反应器进行不同Na负载量的胜利褐煤热解实验,考察不同Na负载量对煤热解过程中氮迁移的影响。用紫外可见分光光度计分析气相的NH_3和HCN,用X光电子能谱仪(XPS)表征固体半焦中有机氮的存在形式。结果表明,低温热解时,增加Na的含量对煤中氮转化为NH_3起促进作用;高温热解时,Na抑制煤中氮转化为NH_3。Na对煤中氮转化为HCN表现为抑制作用,这种影响规律不随温度而变化。载Na量增加降低半焦氮含量,促进半焦中季氮的生成,但这种影响在低温时不明显。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.