激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析硅酸盐矿物基体效应的研究

标样与样品之间基体效应的差异是影响LA-ICP-MS分析结果准确度的重要因素,而元素的相对灵敏度因子(RSF)是基体效应的重要表征.本研究考察了17个玻璃标样中49种常见元素及10个电子探针天然硅酸盐矿物标样中10种主、微量元素RSF的差异,比较了以Ca,Al,Si为内标对基体效应的补偿作用及元素分馏效应的影响.结果表...     

基体归一定量技术在激光烧蚀-等离子体质谱法锆石原位多元素分析中的应用

探讨了内标法和基体归一法校准的基本原理。基体归一校准法的基本步骤为:先用简单外标法测得样品中尽可能全的主、次、痕量元素含量,氧化物加和后进行100%归一,得到灵敏度校正系数,对所有元素的测定结果进行修正。修正结果的可靠性在很大程度上取决于测定元素是否"完全"。由于锆石的基体元素组成简单且易于测定,很适合用基体归一法校准。在激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)微区原位分析中,应用基体归一校准法的最大优点是:可以避免预先用其它微区分析技术对未知样品中的内标元素进行定量。该技术可适用于具有环带结构、难以找到均匀分布的内标元素的地质样品的元素空间分布测定。在高分辨ICP-MS(Element2)和NewWave-UV-213激光系统上,应用基体归一定量技术同时分析了锆石中主、次、痕量共54种元素。对未知锆石样品的分析,基体归一法与内标法结果的一致性令人满意。分析德国蛇纹岩标准玻璃ATHO-G中相对误差<25%的有52个元素,<10%的有36个元素;大多数元素的相对标准偏差<10%。     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱:双外标结合基体归一定量校准策略

定量校准策略是激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(AICP-MS)分析技术的重要组成部分,直接影响分析数据的质量.本研究评估了现有玻璃标准物质定值不确定度的相对大小,并探究了NIST、MPI-DING和USGS系列玻璃标准物质之间的基体效应.结果表明,NIST610的定值不确定度优于其它玻璃标准物质,在本实验条件下,NIST、MPI-DING和USGS系列玻璃标准物质之间的基体效应可忽略不计.在此基础上提出了双外标结合基体归一定量校准策略,外标分别为NIST610和StHs6/80-G.此策略克服了由于NIST610主量成分与地质样品差别大而造成的主量元素准确度差以及StHs6/80-G中某些微量元素含量低、定值不确定度较大等缺点.对比采用3种定量校准策略(单外标NSIT610基体归一法、单外标StHs6/80G基体归一法和双外标基体归一法)校准的ML3B-G数据可知,双外标基体归一法有效避免了单外标基体归一法的不足,并提高了分析数据的准确度.采用双外标结合基体归一定量校准策略校准了BCR-2G、CGSG-2和KL-2G中的主量元素和微量元素.结果表明,绝大多数分析数据在定值不确定度范围内,验证了此校准策略的实用性.同时,本研究得到的主量微量元素数据进一步补充了BCR-2G、CGSG-2和KL-2G的定值数据库.     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定碳化硅器件中杂质元素

采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS),以NIST玻璃标准物质制作校准曲线,29Si为内标,相对灵敏度因子(RSF)校准标样和样品间的基体效应,对碳化硅陶瓷器件中9种痕量元素(B,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe和Ni等)进行定量测定。选择线性扫描方式,激光剥蚀孔径为150μm,氦气和氩气流量为0.7 L/min时,信号稳定性和灵敏度最佳。经内标校准后,各元素标准曲线的线性有较大改善,线性相关系数为0.9981~0.9999。以建立的方法对碳化硅标准参考物质(BAM-S003)中的痕量元素进行测定,并与标准参考值进行对比,结果一致,证实了LA-ICP-MS方法应用于碳化硅样品检测的准确性和有效性。采用本方法定量测定碳化硅器件中痕量元素,结果与辉光放电质谱法(GD-MS)测定的结果比较一致。元素B,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Sr和La的检出限为0.004~0.08 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱快速分析水系沉积物主量及痕量元素

基于193 nm ArF准分子激光器与四级杆电感耦合等离子体质谱联用,我们描述了固体样品分析中定量校准的基本原理,提出了一个简单,快速、同时分析水系沉积物中主量及痕量元素的方法:无内标校准法.分析了水系沉积物中主、痕量共52种元素.对水系沉积物标准参考物质GSD-4的分析,结果与推荐值具有良好的一致性,相对误差<15%的有46个元素,<10%的有36个元素;大多数元素的相对标准偏差<10%.结果表明,运用多个外标和无内标校准法,能够对水系沉积物样品进行多元素快速、同时分析,分析结果的准确度优于传统的外标-内标结合校准法.     

193nmArF准分子激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱测定富钴结壳中的稀土元素

采用193nm ArF准分子(Excimer)激光剥蚀ICP—MS测定了富钴结壳中痕量稀土元素。比较了^27Al、^49Ti作为内标元素时稀土元素的LA—ICP—MS分析信号的响应行为。结果表明,^27Al与稀土元素具有相似的激光剥蚀行为以及等离子体激发、电离特征;以Al为内标元素,NIST610玻璃标准为外标,可有效抑制基体效应和灵敏度漂移的影响。方法的检出限为1．2～15．8ng／g,用于标准参考物质中稀土元素的测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=5)在2．2％～6．4%,测定值与标准参考值的相对误差小于6．5％。     

激光剥蚀ICP-MS法测定盐类矿物单个流体包裹体的成分

采用纯石英毛细管人工流体包裹体作为校准样品,通过对系列人工流体包裹体激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)测试分析,初步建立了LA-ICP-MS分析盐类矿物单个流体包裹体化学组成的分析方法流程以及包裹体中8种常见元素K,Ca,Mg,Sr,Rb,B,Li和Br的校准曲线。其中,K,Ca,Mg,Sr,Rb和Li的校准曲线的相关系数R2>0.9991;相对标准偏差为0.1%～6.2%;B和Br的校准曲线的相关系数R2稍低,分别为0.9910和0.9618;相对标准偏差4.1%～29.6%。校准曲线结果表明,建立的盐类矿物单个流体包裹体原位ICP-MS多元素定量分析方法是可行的,并且是较准确的。本方法简便、快速、灵敏度高。运用本方法对新疆罗布泊石盐和石膏矿物流体包裹体进行了测试,取得了满意的结果。     

激光烧蚀-等离子体质谱结合归一定量方法原位线扫描检测石榴石多种元素

探讨了基体归一定量技术在实际应用中存在的问题.外标结合内标归一校正法避免了内标法中需要采用其它微区技术测定内标含量的繁琐步骤,可方便地用于具有环带结构等难以找到均匀分布的内标元素的地质样品的元素空间分布测定,解决了在采用直接外标法进行基体归一时,不能同时采用多外标进行校正的缺陷.激光线扫取样的最大优势是快速、省时.采用线扫的激光取样方式,结合归一定量技术,对具有环带结构的天然石榴石样品中的45种元素进行了分析测定,并与传统的激光打坑结果作对比,结果令人满意.     

辉光放电质谱法测定核级石墨粉中痕量杂质

建立了直流辉光放电质谱法(DC-GDMS)测定核级石墨粉中痕量杂质元素的方法。用一定的压力将石墨粉镶嵌在高纯铟片上,形成一个直径约为5 mm的圆形石墨薄层,用铟片辅助石墨粉放电,实现了粉状样品直接检测。优化的实验条件为放电电流0.8 mA,放电电压1.2 kV,放电气体流速0.437 mL/min。用石墨粉标准样品(19J T61029)单点校准了仪器相对灵敏度因子,消除基体效应,实现15个关键杂质元素定量分析。方法检出限为5.0 ng/g,在单侧0.05显著性水平下,利用Student's t检验,方法测定结果t值均小于临界值,与标准值无显著性差异。相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。本方法与电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定结果比较,相对误差在2.4%~17.4%之间。     

X-射线荧光光谱测定氧化铍中杂质元素

拟定了ＢｅＯ中１２种痕量杂质元素的Ｘ－射线荧光光谱测定方法,采用光谱纯试剂人工合成校准标样,粉末压块法制备分析样片。考虑到ＢｅＯ对Ｘ射线的透明性,在样片与样品盒支架之间垫置钼片消除试样盒发射线的干扰并产生附加激发以提高灵敏度。本文分析结果与等离子民发射和原子吸收光谱对照相吻合。     

Determination of trace elements in zeolites by laser ablation ICP-MS

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a quadrupole-based mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-QMS) was applied for the analysis of powdered zeolites (microporous aluminosilicates) used for clean-up procedures. For the quantitative determination of trace element concentrations three geological reference materials, granite NIM-G, lujavrite NIM-L and syenite NIM-S, from the National Institute for Metallurgy (South Africa) with a matrix composition corresponding to the zeolites were employed. Both the zeolites and reference materials were fused with a lithium borate mixture to increase the homogeneity and to eliminate mineralogical effects. In order to compare two different approaches for the quantification of analytical results in LA-ICP-MS relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) of chemical elements and calibration curves were measured using the geostandards. The experimentally obtained RSCs are in the range of 0.2-6 for all elements of interest. Calibration curves for trace elements were measured without and with Li or Ti as internal standard element. With a few exceptions the regression coefficients of the calibration curves are better than 0.993 with internal standardization. NIM-G granite reference material was employed to evaluate the accuracy of the technique. Therefore, the measured concentrations were corrected with RSCs which were determined using lujavrite reference material NIM-L. This quantification method provided analytical results with deviations of 1-11% from the recommended and proposed values in granite reference material NIM-G, except for Co, Cs, La and Tb. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the determination of the trace element concentration (n = 5) is about 1% to 6% using Ti as internal standard element. Detection limits of LA-ICP-QMS in the lower microg/g range (from 0.03 microg/g for Lu, Ta and Th to 7.3 microg/g for Cu, with the exception of La) have been achieved for all elements of interest. Under the laser ablation conditions employed (lambda: 266 nm, repetition frequency: 10 Hz, pulse energy: 10 mJ, laser power density: 6 x 10(9) W/cm2) fractionation effects of the determined elements relative to the internal standard element Ti were not observed.     

土壤、沉积物系列标准物质中38种元素的ICP-MS定值

探讨了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定土壤元素的基体效应及元素间的基体干扰，采用模拟土壤元素天然组成比值的校正溶液，利用^115In-^103Rh双内标校正系统有效地抑制了分析信号的动态漂移，建立了测定土壤中元素的ICP－MS方法；对GBW07410－07416土壤、沉积物系列标准物质进行定值，测定结果与XRF分析结果比较，同时用于GBW07404、GBW07405、GBW07408、GBW07309管理样分析，结果令人满意。     

Calibration of laser-ablation ICP-MS. Can we use synthetic standards with pneumatic nebulization?

An approach for the determination of trace element concentrations in high purity metals, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with a laser-ablation system for direct solid sample introduction after calibration with nebulized liquid standards was made. Due to the inherent differences in the rate of sample introduction with laser-ablation and pneumatic nebulization, a matrix element must be used as an internal standard. This is problematical for elements that have no isotope with a relative abundance of less than 0.1 %, since the ion signals would be too high for direct measurement, and reduction of the ablation rate would compromise the sensitivity for trace elements. Due to the high stability of ICP-unit and mass filter of the instrument used, it was found that the tail of a mass-peak of the matrix element could be used as an internal standard. Therefore, a position at –0.5 amu from the matrix-isotope (e.g. ^62.5Cu in copper samples) was used for internal standardization. The standard deviation of this signal in a period of 2.5 h was 3.6% RSD with no notable drift when the laser ablation was used for sample introduction. The calibration of the matrix-element by nebulizing liquid standards showed that the ion signal measured on the peak-tail is directly proportional to the element concentration in the ICP. This indicates that the peak shape is not only stable, but also independent of the peak height. The advantages of this method lie in the easy preparation of calibration standards for quantitative measurements with a laser-ablation system and access to homogeneous standards for materials, that are difficult to homogenize in the solid state. The calibration of the traces is performed relatively to a fixed concentration of the matrix element. Calibrations were carried out for trace concentrations in high purity copper and good recoveries were obtained for high-purity reference standards. Received: 23 February 1998 / Revised: 20 July 1998 / Accepted: 25 July 1998     

Calibration of laser-ablation ICP-MS. Can we use synthetic standards with pneumatic nebulization?

An approach for the determination of trace element concentrations in high purity metals, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with a laser-ablation system for direct solid sample introduction after calibration with nebulized liquid standards was made. Due to the inherent differences in the rate of sample introduction with laser-ablation and pneumatic nebulization, a matrix element must be used as an internal standard. This is problematical for elements that have no isotope with a relative abundance of less than 0.1 %, since the ion signals would be too high for direct measurement, and reduction of the ablation rate would compromise the sensitivity for trace elements. Due to the high stability of ICP-unit and mass filter of the instrument used, it was found that the tail of a mass-peak of the matrix element could be used as an internal standard. Therefore, a position at –0.5 amu from the matrix-isotope (e.g. ^62.5Cu in copper samples) was used for internal standardization. The standard deviation of this signal in a period of 2.5 h was 3.6% RSD with no notable drift when the laser ablation was used for sample introduction. The calibration of the matrix-element by nebulizing liquid standards showed that the ion signal measured on the peak-tail is directly proportional to the element concentration in the ICP. This indicates that the peak shape is not only stable, but also independent of the peak height. The advantages of this method lie in the easy preparation of calibration standards for quantitative measurements with a laser-ablation system and access to homogeneous standards for materials, that are difficult to homogenize in the solid state. The calibration of the traces is performed relatively to a fixed concentration of the matrix element. Calibrations were carried out for trace concentrations in high purity copper and good recoveries were obtained for high-purity reference standards. Received: 23 February 1998 / Revised: 20 July 1998 / Accepted: 25 July 1998     

Determination of trace elements in zeolites by laser ablation ICP-MS

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a quadrupole-based mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-QMS) was applied for the analysis of powdered zeolites (microporous aluminosilicates) used for clean-up procedures. For the quantitative determination of trace element concentrations three geological reference materials, granite NIM-G, lujavrite NIM-L and syenite NIM-S, from the National Institute for Metallurgy (South Africa) with a matrix composition corresponding to the zeolites were employed. Both the zeolites and reference materials were fused with a lithium borate mixture to increase the homogeneity and to eliminate mineralogical effects. In order to compare two different approaches for the quantification of analytical results in LA-ICP-MS relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) of chemical elements and calibration curves were measured using the geostandards. The experimentally obtained RSCs are in the range of 0.2-6 for all elements of interest. Calibration curves for trace elements were measured without and with Li or Ti as internal standard element. With a few exceptions the regression coefficients of the calibration curves are better than 0.993 with internal standardization. NIM-G granite reference material was employed to evaluate the accuracy of the technique. Therefore, the measured concentrations were corrected with RSCs which were determined using lujavrite reference material NIM-L. This quantification method provided analytical results with deviations of 1–11% from the recommended and proposed values in granite reference material NIM-G, except for Co, Cs, La and Tb. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the determination of the trace element concentration (n = 5) is about 1% to 6% using Ti as internal standard element. Detection limits of LA-ICP-QMS in the lower μg/g range (from 0.03 μg/g for Lu, Ta and Th to 7.3 μg/g for Cu, with the exception of La) have been achieved for all elements of interest. Under the laser ablation conditions employed (λ: 266 nm, repetition frequency: 10 Hz, pulse energy: 10 mJ, laser power density: 6 × 10⁹ W/cm²) fractionation effects of the determined elements relative to the internal standard element Ti were not observed. Received: 7 April 2000 / Revised: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 31 May 2000     

The properties of calibration errors in the analysis of reduced sulfur compounds by the combination of a loop injection system and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection

In order to evaluate the extent of analytical biases involved in the GC calibration, we conducted a series of experiments to examine the calibration methods of trace gas components. For the purpose of this comparative study, gaseous standards of reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) including hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methanethiol (CH₃SH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS₂), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were calibrated by the combination of a GC/PFPD technique and a loop-injection method. In the course of this study, two different types of calibration methods were tested and compared: incremental-injection of a given standard with the fixed standard concentration (FSC) versus injection of multiple standards (with different concentrations) at the fixed standard volume (FSV). In the case of the FSV calibration, a notable increase in the GC sensitivity is apparent with decreasing loop size (or injection volume). For instance, the calibration slope for RSC obtained using a 10 μl loop system was approximately three times higher than that for a 250 μl one. However, the results obtained by the FSC method exhibit much poorer sensitivity than its counterpart with slight differences in their sensitivities across different standard concentrations (due to such factors as the matrix effect from varying injection volumes). Thus, the overall results of this study confirm that the detailed characterization of the selected calibration method (e.g., the use of FSV approach relative to FSC) is of primary significance to perform an accurate quantification of trace gases.     

Investigations on the use of pneumatic cross-flow nebulizers with dual solution loading including the correction of matrix effects in elemental determinations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

The use of a so-called trihedral and a T-shaped cross-flow pneumatic nebulizer with dual solution loading for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry has been studied. By these devices analyte clouds from two solutions can be mixed during the aerosol generation step. For both nebulizers the correction of matrix effects using internal standardization and standard addition calibration in an on-line way was investigated and compared to elemental determinations using a conventional cross-flow nebulizer and calibration with synthetic standard solutions without matrix matching. A significant improvement of accuracy, both for calibration with internal standardization and standard addition, was obtained in the case of four synthetic solutions containing each 40 mmol L^− 1 Na, K, Rb and Ba as matrix elements and 300 μg L^− 1 Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb as analytes. Calibration by standard addition in the case of dual solution loading has been shown to be very useful in the determination of elements at minor and trace levels in steel and alumina reference materials. The results of analysis for minor concentrations of Cr, Cu and Ni in steel as well as for Ca, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Zn in alumina powder certified reference materials subsequent to sample dissolution were found to be in good agreement with the certificates. Limits of detection were found to be only slightly above those for a conventional cross-flow nebulizer and a precision better than 3% was realized with both novel nebulizers.     

Improvement of the capabilities of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry by replacing the desolvation system of an ultrasonic nebulization system with a pre-evaporation tube

The effect of replacing the desolvation system (i.e., heater/condenser (HC) and membrane desolvator (MD)) of an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) system with a pre-evaporation tube (PET) that is heated to about 400 °C on the analytical capabilities of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) was investigated. A multivariate optimisation was conducted in each case to find operating conditions maximizing plasma robustness. Under optimum conditions, the analytical performance of ICP–OES was significantly improved (i.e., better sensitivity, detection limit and plasma robustness) with USN–PET compared to that achieved with both the commercially-available USN–HC–MD and a conventional pneumatic nebulizer/spray chamber sample introduction system. However, only the USN–PET approach allows the determination of Hg, which appears to otherwise be lost in the heater/condenser system. Using a simple external calibration, without any matrix matching, and using an argon emission line for internal standardization, the results obtained for the determination of trace elements in certified soil reference materials (SRM 2710 and 2711) by USN–PET were in good agreement with certified values. This is unlike with conventional sample introduction systems where internal standardization using an Ar line is unusual, as it does not compensate for physical interferences, and either internal standardization (with internal standards added to the sample and standard solutions) or matrix-matched calibration is required.