高师化学专业绿色化学课程研究性教学的探讨

研究性教学已成为高校教学改革的必由之路。针对绿色化学的课程特点,有选择地将研究性教学应用于高师化学专业绿色化学课程教学过程中,采用引导教学、问题激发教学和文献研究教学等形式进行了研究性教学的探索,从多方面启迪学生,挖掘他们的学习潜力,培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,达到了提高教学质量的目的。     

“餐饮废油转化生物柴油的小型化装置设计”研究性学习案例

通过以学生为主、教师为辅的研究性学习,学生成功设计了可将餐饮废油转化为生物柴油的小型化装置,为处理餐饮废油开辟了一条便捷的途径。通过此次研究性学习,极大地提高了学生发现问题、解决问题、实验设计、动手操作、探究、合作、交流、表达等各项能力,教师也从中受益匪浅。     

化学实验课堂实施微研究性学习的研究

化学实验课堂以微研究性学习的方式展开,具体实施环节包括背景知识调研、实验方案设计、实验探究、答辩交流等。实践过程特别强调学习目标的落实及评价方式多元化。经过一学期的实施,课堂微研究性学习对教师和学生产生了积极的影响。问卷调查的结果显示：教师新的教学观念得到了更好的贯彻,教学能力得到了提升;学生发现问题、提出问题、解决问题的能力增强,对知识获取的主动性增强,小组合作能力增强。     

研究性教学理念在大学化学教学中的应用初探

将研究性教学理念引入到大学化学的教学中,根据教学内容设计不同教学过程,如通过实例加强学生对科学方法的认识;通过创设问题情境引发学生主动学习;注重实验教学对理论教学的促进作用以及加强学生对化学在生活、生产中实用性的认识。这样有助于学生在化学课堂上积极思考、主动学习,更好地培养学生的研究能力和独立解决问题的能力。     

引入源头活水激活高三化学教学

研究性学习能提高学生分析问题、解决问题的能力和创造能力,而高三化学的实际又决定了很难让学生开展研究性学习,本文探讨了如何将研究性学习融入到高三化学复习中,如何利用研究性学习优化高三复习、提高学生能力的一些做法。     

新课程中如何开展化学研究性学习——“氯碱工业”教学有感

化学研究性学习,从广义来说,它是指学生在教师指导下自主发现问题,探究问题而获得结论。它贯穿于化学学习活动的全过程。从狭义来说,是指学生在教师指导下,从自然、社会和自身生活中选择和确定研究专题,主动地应用有关化学知识及相关学科知识解决问题,培养能力的学习活动。开展研究性学习的目的,一是让学生在亲身体验中培养发现问题、提出问题和综合运用知识解决问题的能力;二是让学生在自主探究中体验科学探究的方法,培养创新能力和探索精神。     

Sandwich教学法在物理化学教学中的应用——以化学势表达式的推导为例

以化学势表达式的推导为例,探究了Sandwich教学法在物理化学教学中的应用。详细介绍了Sandwich教学法实施过程中教师如何提出问题以呈现教学目标,学生如何通过自主学习与全班交流来探究与解决问题,以及最后又如何通过总结与反馈回归教学目标。通过以学生为主体的Sandwich教学过程的实施,学生对化学势概念、热力学基本方程及状态函数法等重要的物理化学基本概念、公式及方法有了更深入的理解和掌握。Sandwich教学方法相较于传统教学模式更能激发学生学习的主动性和积极性,从而提高学生学习物理化学的兴趣与效果。     

PBL教学法在高职药学专业有机化学教学中的应用

在高职药学专业有机化学的教学中采用PBL教学法,教学过程设计主要分为:教师课前设置问题,学生查找资料,分组讨论,学生评价,教师总结5个步骤。与传统教学法相比,PBL教学法具有能够激发学生学习兴趣,培养其自主学习能力,提高分析、解决问题的能力,提升学生整体素质等优点。     

开展研究性教学过程中存在的问题和改进措施

"研究性学习"作为一门新的活动内容和课程计划,涉及面广,内容丰富。与接受式学习相比,学生和教师的角色地位都发生了深刻的变化。积极开展研究性教学,由单纯的知识传授者变为学生学习的促进者、组织者、引导者和参与者,对培养学生的研究、探求知识的能力是十分有利的。对开展研究性教学过程中存在的问题,应在不断的思索中积极的寻求改进措施。     

开设无机化学研究性实验的实践和总结

介绍了武汉大学无机化学实验组自1991年以来在对一年级化学专业学生开设研究性实验工作中的进展和经验.提出了以学生为主体,旨在培养学生解决问题能力和创新思维的研究性实验教学思路,并对相应工作进行了总结.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。