无人机高光谱波段选择的叶面积指数反演

叶面积指数（LAI）是评价作物长势和作物产量的重要参数。为有效利用高光谱信息,优选出最佳波段进而构建新型双波段指数来提高LAI估测精度,以冬小麦为研究对象,获取冬小麦孕穗期无人机高光谱数据和实测地面LAI数据,开展冬小麦LAI反演研究。首先采用连续投影算法（SPA）、最佳指数法（OIF）以及逐波段组合法（E）分别进行无人机高光谱数据最佳波段筛选,进而将所选最佳波段构建新型双波段指数（VI_OIF,VI_SPA,VI_E）;然后将构建的新型双波段指数和常规双波段指数（VI_F）与LAI进行相关性对比分析,最后结合支持向量回归（SVR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和随机森林回归模型（RFR）进行LAI估算,并对比分析常规双波段指数的估算精度,验证最佳波段选择方法构建新型双波段指数的最佳回归模型反演LAI的可行性。结果表明：（1）新构建双波段指数VI_OIF,VI_SPA,VI_E和VI_F与冬小麦LAI的相关性均达到0.05的显著水平,其中VI_SPA和VI_E与LAI的相关系数高于0.65,且RSI_SPA和RSI_E与LAI的相关性较高（r>0.71）;（2）对比分析VI_OIF、VI_SPA、VI_E和VI_F构建的SVR模型、PLSR模型和RFR模型的冬小麦LAI估测精度,VI_SPA_PLSR模型估测精度最高,R2和RMSE分别为0.75和0.90。该方法可为无人机高光谱数据波段选择以及冬小麦LAI反演提供技术支持和理论参考。     

冬小麦冠层高光谱对低温胁迫的响应特征

在全球范围内,低温冻害已经成为了冬小麦减产的主要灾害之一,而高光谱遥感技术已成为一种有效的监测与预防手段。为了探究拔节期冬小麦冠层高光谱对低温胁迫的响应规律,通过低温胁迫试验,对同一品种拔节期冬小麦在-2,-4和-6℃等3个温度梯度下处理12h,并测定其冠层光谱反射率,提取红边参数,从而研究低温胁迫对冬小麦冠层光谱特征的影响。结果表明,冬小麦在遭受低温胁迫后,在近红外波段冠层光谱反射率随着低温胁迫程度的加大而升高,而在可见光波段则降低,并出现"绿峰"减弱,"红谷"抬升的现象。另外,对原始光谱进行一阶微分处理后,其一阶微分光谱随低温胁迫程度的加剧,出现向短波方向移动,红边位置也出现"蓝移"现象,红边面积与红边幅值也出现逐渐增大的趋势。研究表明冬小麦在拔节期遭受低温胁迫以后,其冠层光谱对其响应敏感,利用高光谱技术可以实现冬小麦冻害的有效监测。     

In-Situ Monitoring of Chromium Uptake in Different Parts of the Wheat Seedling (Triticum aestivum) using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The present work is a methodological study to investigate the effect of chromium (VI) stress on wheat seedlings. Point detection capability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was utilized for the monitoring of in-situ chromium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Chromium accumulation and its effects on other elements in wheat seedling were investigated by comparing the intensities of spectral lines of chromium and other minerals present in the LIBS spectra. In-situ LIBS spectra of the different parts of the wheat seedlings were recorded by directly focusing the laser beam on the surface of root, stem, and leaf of the seedlings grown with and without chromium-containing solutions. The spectra obtained from the different parts (root, stem, and leaf) of the wheat plant were analyzed to determine the distribution pattern/accumulation of chromium. Effect of the chromium uptake on the distribution pattern of other elements like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) was also investigated. It was observed that chromium concentrations in plant organs decreased in the following order: roots > leaves > stems.     

补充富硒小麦和富硒玉米对大鼠血硒状态影响的对比观察

给克山病病区粮喂养６周的大鼠补充富硒小麦或富硒玉米,观察了大鼠血硒和血ＣＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性的变化。结果显示,补充富硒小麦和富硒玉米均可有效地升高大鼠血浆硒、红细胞硒和红细胞ＧＳＰ－Ｐｘ活性,且两种形式硒的作用效果相同;停止补硒后,补充富硒小麦组大鼠的红细胞和红细胞ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性均显著高于补充富硒玉米组大鼠。表明给大鼠补充富硒小麦较补充富硒玉米好。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定山东小麦中铬、镍、铜、砷、镉、铅、锌的含量

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定山东小麦中7种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Zn)的方法,并对山东地区千余份小麦进行分析。结果表明,通过使用适宜的内标和He碰撞模式,7种重金属元素的方法检出限在0.0007~0.09 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在10%以内,标准曲线线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法用于国家有证标准物质(GSB-3、GSB-4、GSB24)的测定,结果与标准值相符。方法灵敏度高,重现性好,定量准确,可用于大批量小麦样品的测定。     

Geographical discrimination of Chinese winter wheat using volatile compound analysis by HS‐SPME/GC‐MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

This study aimed to develop a potential analytical method to discriminate the Chinese winter wheat according to geographical origin and cultivars. A total of 90 wheat samples of 10 different wheat cultivars among three regions were examined by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The peak areas of 32 main volatile compounds were selected and subjected to statistical analysis, which revealed significant differences among different regions and cultivars. Multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant influence of regions, wheat genotypes, and their interaction on the volatile composition of wheat. Principal component analysis of the aromatic profile showed better visualization for wheat geographical origins. Finally, a classification model based on the linear discriminant analysis was successfully constructed for the discrimination of regions and cultivars with the correct classification percentages of 90 and 100%, respectively.     

15N Distribution in Wheat and Chemical Fractionation of Root-Borne 15N in the Soil

Abstract

Spring wheat plants were grown in split-root containers and labelled with ¹⁵N by fertilizing one compartment of the container with ¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ (95 at.-% ¹⁵N exc.). After the harvest, approx. 90% of the ¹⁵N incorporated by the plants were found in the shoots and 3% in the roots; approx. 7% had been released into the soil of the unlabelled compartment. The ¹⁵N in the soil of the unlabelled compartment was extracted with KCl and hydrolysed with HCl. Approx. 60% of the ¹⁵N was found in the hydrolysable organic N pool of the soil and 9% in the fraction of the soluble and exchangeable inorganic nitrogen.     

小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量测量不确定度的评定

按照GB/T 18415-2001方法测定小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量并对测量结果的不确定度进行了评定.对测量重复性、线性回归、标准溶液浓度、称量等因素引入的不确定度进行了量化.测量结果的相对扩展不确定度U=2.4%(k=2).     

基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分建模研究

将小麦叶片原始光谱经过预处理后,采用主成分分析(PCA)对数据进行降维,取前3个主成分输入小波神经网络,建立了基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分预测模型(WNN);进一步研究了小波基函数个数的选取(WNN隐层节点数)对小波神经网络模型性能的影响,并将WNN模型与偏最小二乘法(PLS)和传统的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型进行了比较.结果表明,所建立的WNN模型能用于同时预测小麦叶片全氮和可溶性总糖两种组分含量,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.101%和0.089%,预测相关系数(R)分别为0.980和0.967.另外,在收敛速度和预测精度上,WNN模型明显优于BPNN和PLS模型,从而为将小波神经网络用于近红外光谱的多组分定量分析奠定了基础.     

A review on enzyme and ultrasound: A controversial but fruitful relationship

A critical review on the effect of ultrasound (US) on enzymes and their biocatalytic action is presented here. Discussion on the information users of US acquire before utilizing the different devices, and the importance they give to US frequency is constant along the review. The authors have gone into the different areas in which the US–enzyme binomial has been applied. The lack of enough information on the US–enzyme-working conditions under which each piece of research has been developed, and the necessity to provide complete information on the data and metadata to give enough light on each piece of research (and thus on the potential comparison of results from different studies) are critically exposed. With this aim, the study has been divided into the positive effect of US on enzymes to favor the production of metabolites, polymers or proteins; and the degradation, inhibition or activation of the biocatalyst under US application. Also the effect of US on enzyme production and the main fields of application of the US–enzyme binomial are discussed.