多层膜聚光镜对Schwarzschild显微镜成像均匀性的影响

 提出了利用多层膜聚光镜提高Schwarzschild显微镜成像均匀性的方法。设计了聚光镜的光学结构,使80%的等离子体辐射能量会聚在约0.8 mm直径的范围内。根据成像系统的工作波长和光线在聚光镜表面的入射角度,设计了Mo/Si周期多层膜,制备了聚光镜光学元件,膜层周期厚度为9.64 nm,周期数为30,对18.2 nm波长的峰值反射率为51.7%。利用所设计的聚光镜作为照明系统,对Schwarzschild物镜进行了网格成像实验。结果表明:在1.2 mm视场内可以实现2.5 μm的空间分辨力,并且完全消除了物镜中心遮拦所造成的像面光强分布不均匀性。     

Epoxy replication of hard X-ray supermirrors

The direct replication of W/Si supermirrors is investigated systematically. W/Si supermirrors are fabricated by direct current(DC) magnetron sputtering technology. After deposition,the supermirrors are replicated from the supersmooth mandrels onto ordinary float glass substrates by epoxy replication technique. The properties of the supermirrors before and after the replication are characterized by grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry(GIXR) measurement and atomic force microscope(AFM) . The results show that before and after replication,the multilayer structures are almost the same and that the surface roughness is 0.240 and 0.217 nm,respectively,which are close to that of the mandrel. It is demonstrated that the W/Si supermirrors are successfully replicated from the mandrel with good performance.     

Intrinsic stress analysis of sputtered carbon film

Intrinsic stresses of carbon films deposited by direct current （DC） magnetron sputtering were investigated. The bombardments of energetic particles during the growth of films were considered to be the main reason for compressive intrinsic stresses. The values of intrinsic stresses were determined by measuring the radius of curvature of substrates before and after film deposition. By varying argon pressure and target-substrate distance, energies of neutral carbon atoms impinging on the growing films were optimized to control the intrinsic stresses level. The stress evolution in carbon films as a function of film thickness was investigated and a void-related stress relief mechanism was proposed to interpret this evolution.     

Thinning and polishing of cross-section of depth-graded WSi2 /Si multilayer for linear zone plate application

A linear zone plate named multilayer laue lens (MLL) is fabricated using a depth-graded multilayer structure. The lens shows considerable potential in focusing an X-ray beam into a nanometer scale with high efficiency. In this letter, a depth-graded multilayer consisting of 324 alternating WSi 2 and Si layers with a total thickness of 7.9 μm is deposited based on the thickness sequence according to the demands of the zone plate law. Subsequently, the multilayer sample is sliced and thinned to an ideal depth along the cross-section direction using raw abrasives and diamond lapping. Finally, the cross-section is polished by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technique to remove the damages and improve the surface smoothness. The final depth of the MLL is approximately 7 μm with an achieved aspect ratio greater than 400. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicate that interfaces are sharp, and the multilayer structure remains undamaged after the thinning and polishing processes. The surface roughness achieved is 0.33 nm.     

高反射率Mo/B4C多层膜设计及制备

 运用遗传算法优化设计了Mo/B₄C多层膜结构。入射光入射角度取10°时,设计的理想多层膜膜对数为150,周期为3.59 nm,Gamma值（Mo膜厚与周期的比值）为0.41,峰值反射率为33.29%。采用恒功率模式直流磁控溅射方法制作Mo/B₄C多层膜。通过在Mo/B4C多层膜与基底之间增加15 nm厚的Cr粘附层,提高多层膜与基底的粘附力。另外,还采用调整多层膜Gamma值的方法减小其内应力,调整后多层膜结构周期为3.59 nm, Mo膜厚1.97 nm, B4C膜厚1.62 nm,峰值反射率26.34％。制备了膜对数为150的Mo/B₄C膜并测量了其反射率,在波长7.03 nm处,Mo/B₄C多层膜的近正入射反射率为21.0％。最后对测量结果进行了拟合,拟合得到Mo/B₄C多层膜的周期为3.60 nm,Gamma值0.60,界面粗糙度为0.30 nm。     

Measurement of the polarization for soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the BSRF beamline 4B7B

Three ultra-short-period W/B₄C multilayers （1.244 nm, 1.235 nm and 1.034 nm） have been fabricated and used for polarization measurement at the 4B7B Beamline at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility （BSRF）. By using the rotating analyzer ellipsometry method, the linear polarization degree of light emerging from this beamline has been measured and the circular polarization evaluated for 700-860 eV. The first soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements are carried out at BSRF by positioning the beamline aperture out of the plane of the electron storage ring.     

Multilayer-based soft X-ray polarimeter at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility

A compact high precision eight-axis automatism and two-axis manual soft-ray polarimeter with a multilayer has been designed, constructed, and installed in 3W1B at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). Four operational modes in the same device, which are double-reflection, double-transmission, front-reflection-behind-transmission and front-transmission-behind-reflection, have been realized. It can be used for the polarization analysis of synchrotron radiation. It also can be used to characterize the polarization properties of the optical elements in the soft X-ray energy range. Some experiments with Mo/Si and Cr/C multilayers have been performed by using this polarimeter with good results obtained.     

Small d-spacing WSi2/Si multilayers for X-ray monochromators

A WSi2 /Si multilayer, with 300 bi-layers and a 2.18-nm d-spacing, is designed for X-ray monochroma-tor application. The multilayer is deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering technology. The reflectivity of the 1st-order Bragg peak measured at E = 8.05 keV is 38%, and the angular resolution (Δθ/θ) is less than 1.0%. Fitting results of the reflectivity curve indicate a layer thickness drift of 1.6%, mainly accounting for the broadening of the Bragg peaks. The layer morphology is further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and a well-ordered multilayer structure with sharp interfaces is observed from the substrate to the surface. The material combination of WSi2 /Si is a promising candidate for the fabrication of a high-resolution multilayer monochromator in the hard X-ray region.     

磁控溅射方法制备直径120mm高均匀性Mo/Si多层膜

为满足极紫外、软X射线和X射线大口径多层膜反射镜的需求,采用基板扫掠过矩形靶材表面的镀膜方法,在直径120 mm的平面基板上镀制了Mo/Si周期多层膜。通过调整基板扫掠过矩形靶材表面的速率修正了薄膜的沉积速率,极大地提高了薄膜厚度的均匀性。采用X射线衍射仪对反射镜不同位置多层膜周期厚度进行了测量,结果表明,在直径120 mm范围内,Mo/Si多层膜周期厚度的均匀性达到了0.26%。同步辐射测量多层膜样品不同位置处的反射率,结果表明,在直径120 mm范围内,多层膜的膜层厚度均匀,在入射角10°时13.75 nm波长处平均反射率为66.82%。     

用于平面靶X射线诊断的1维KBA显微镜

对用于神光Ⅱ装置4.75 keV能点平面靶成像诊断的1维KBA显微镜进行了实验研究。基于空间分辨力和工作环境要求,设计了1维KBA显微镜的光学结构,并与传统KB显微镜的成像性能进行了对比分析。设计和制备了可同时工作于8 keV和4.75 keV能点的双能点多层膜KBA物镜,解决了系统装调问题。利用神光Ⅱ装置第九路激光打击Ti靶产生的X射线作为背光源照射1 500目金网,进行了4.75 keV网格成像实验,结果表明:在整个背光源照明区域内,系统的实际分辨力约为4 m,系统的有效视场受背光源大小的限制。