Synthesis of Nano‐Sized TiO2 Colloidal Sol and Its Optical Properties

Nano‐sized TiO₂ sol was prepared through a wet synthesis process. The synthesis procedure involved hydrolysis of TiCl₄, acid treatment, and a SiO₂ surface‐modifying process. Before surface modification, the TiO₂ suspension was treated with acid to remove Na ions, soluble TiO_2, and other impurities. The acid treatment of a TiO₂ suspension at a higher temperature was proved to be useful for effective SiO₂ modification. The colloidal sol provided high transparency in visible light as well as excellent UV‐shielding properties. Surface modification of TiO₂ particles with SiO₂ greatly improved both the dispersing stability in neutral pH and the photostability of TiO₂ colloidal sol.     

Study on the performance of different types of three-dimensional chromatographic systems

The maximum achievable performance of possible types of three-dimensional chromatographic systems (LC × LC × LC) has been investigated. The Pareto-optimization approach was applied to establish a trade-off between three main objectives (total peak capacity, analysis time and dilution of the sample) and Pareto-front values were obtained. The performances of ^xLC × ^xLC × ^xLC (three-dimensional separation in space), ^tLC × ^tLC × ^tLC (three-dimensional separation in time) and the hybrid ^xLC × ^xLC × ^tLC system were compared mutually and with two-dimensional chromatographic systems. It was found that ^xLC × ^xLC × ^xLC performs best in terms of maximum achievable peak capacity in shortest analysis time. Based on current thin-layer-chromatography performance it should be possible to obtain a peak capacity of 50,000 within 20 min. If contemporary column-packing standards can be upheld the achievable limit is approximately 50% higher. However, in an ^xLC × ^xLC × ^xLC chromatographic system analytes remain in the separation domain after the analysis, which complicates the detection. Use of an ^xLC × ^xLC × ^tLC system with elution in the last dimension alleviates the detection problem. The maximum achievable peak capacity in the same analysis time is lower for ^xLC × ^xLC × ^tLC than for ^xLC × ^xLC × ^xLC. Using the same (reasonable) length of the separation domain (e.g. a cube 200 × 200 × 200 mm) for both systems, it is possible to achieve peak capacities of 78,000 for ^xLC × ^xLC × ^tLC operated in the gradient mode, which is twice higher than for an ^xLC × ^xLC × ^xLC system. A three-dimensional (three-column) time-based ^tLC × ^tLC × ^tLC system does not greatly improve the performance of ^tLC × ^tLC in terms of (maximum) peak capacity and (minimum) analysis time. Dilution factors in ^tLC × ^tLC × ^tLC are very high. Decreasing the dilution has a detrimental influence on the peak capacity. The trade-off between these objectives is of crucial importance. The influence of several parameters (length of the separation domain, particle size, etc.) on the performance of chromatographic systems was investigated, optimal ranges were found.     

Ultrasonic pre-treatment modifies the pH-dependent molecular interactions between β-lactoglobulin and dietary phenolics: Conformational structures and interfacial properties

There is a need to understand the ultrasound-induced changes in the interactions between proteins and phenolic compounds at different pH. This study systematically explored the role of high-intensity ultrasound pre-treatment on the binding mechanisms of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) to two common phenolic compounds, i.e., (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CA) at neutral and acidic pH (pH 7.2 and 2.4). Tryptophan fluorescence revealed that compared to proteins sonicated at 20% and 50% amplitudes, 35%-amplitude ultrasound pre-treatment (ULG-35) strengthened the binding affinities of EGCG/CA to β-LG without altering the main interaction force. After phenolic addition, ULG-35 displayed a similar but a greater extent of protein secondary and tertiary structural changes than the native protein, ascribed to the ultrasound-driven hydrophobic stacking among interacted molecules. The dominant form of β-LG (dimer/monomer) played a crucial role in the conformational and interfacial properties of complexes, which can be explained by the distinct binding sites at different pH as unveiled by molecular docking. Combining pre-ultrasound with EGCG interaction notably increased the foaming and emulsifying properties of β-LG, providing a feasible way for the modification of bovine whey proteins. These results shed light on the understanding of protein–phenolic non-covalent binding under ultrasound and help to develop complex systems with desired functionality and delivery.     

度鲁特韦关键中间体的合成及分子蒸馏提纯工艺

4-甲氧基乙酰乙酸甲酯是合成抗HIV新药度鲁特韦的关键中间体。本文以4-氯乙酰乙酸甲酯与甲醇为起始原料，氢化钠和甲醇钾作为混合碱，合成4 甲氧基乙酰乙酸甲酯，通过分子蒸馏法对其进行提纯获得纯品，总收率88%，纯度99.7%，其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。并对分子蒸馏工艺条件进行了优化。     

Synthesis of Nanosized Silicon Carbide Through Non-Transferred Arc Thermal Plasma

A thermal plasma system was used for the preparation of nanosized SiC powder. First SiC was synthesized by solid-state reaction using waste silicon and activated carbon powders and then plasma processing was carried out to form nanosized SiC. Phase and structural analysis was carried out by X-ray diffraction which confirmed the formation of SiC in both cases. Plasma treatment did not show any kind of change in structure and phase of SiC; except little free silicon. Morphological investigation showed the formation of 20–30 nm spherical SiC particles after plasma treatment which was initially 1–5 μm. It was found that DC current played an important role in the reduction of particle size. It was proposed that nanosized SiC was formed due to the dissociation of grains from their grain boundary due to strong plasma gas stream.     

Application of RANS-based method to predict acoustic noise of chevron nozzles

Passive noise control devices for jet flows, such as chevron nozzles, have been studied for a long time due to their large application in turbofan engines. The main purpose of their usage is the reduction of low-frequency noise generation and thus decreasing the noise perceived at the far field. This work is a numerical study of acoustic noise generated by jet flow operating at Mach number 0.9 and Reynolds number 1.38 × 10⁶, considering two chevron nozzle geometries that differ from each other by the penetration angle into the flow. The main aim was to demonstrate that Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS)-based methods are reliable means to obtain acoustical noise predictions for the industry with a considerably low computational cost. In order to achieve this objective, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) RANS simulations were performed with a cubic k-ɛ model and the acoustic noise spectrum for different angles of radiation was obtained via the Lighthill ray-tracing (LRT) method. The numerical results for the acoustic and flow fields were seen to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that this methodology can be used as a fast and useful option to predict acoustic noise of jet flows from chevron nozzles.     

羽状氮化碳水润滑剂对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副摩擦学性能的影响

随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,对可能存在污染或破坏环境且造成资源浪费的生产活动以及设备的更新升级提出了新的更高的要求. 对于介质润滑领域,尤其是应用广泛且节能环保的水润滑领域,相比传统的润滑油,水作为润滑剂除了安全性高和具有冷却作用外,最大特点就是绿色环保、节约资源且成本低廉. 但是,纯水本身具有一些不足之处,比如黏度低、耐极压能力差、承载和润滑性能差等,导致纯水不适合直接作为润滑剂,这在很大程度上限制了涉及水润滑相关产业的发展. 基于此,在本文中以柠檬酸和尿素为原料,采用一步水热法合成了羽状氮化碳材料. 此方法的特点在于可将氮化碳原位分散于水中,制成水基润滑剂,既实现了溶质的均匀分散和有效抑制团聚,同时可以制备微米级分布的水溶性氮化碳材料. 将其作为水润滑剂,利用环-块摩擦磨损试验机,以逐滴滴加的方式考察了不同质量分数羽状氮化碳对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副在苛刻边界润滑条件下的摩擦学性能. 材料的微观形貌表征结果表明:体相氮化碳在水热条件下直接发生了层间剥离,生成了层间结构蓬松的羽状结构材料. 由于水热条件下的高温和高压环境,导致其层间结合强度显著降低. 同时,蓬松的层间结构有利于氮化碳材料在摩擦过程中向界面转移,在界面形成薄而连续的转移膜. 界面转移物质的拉曼分析结果表明:相较于单纯去离子水,以羽状氮化碳为水润滑剂时,金属对偶表面转移的含碳物质的有序化程度显著提高,而且有序化程度随着水润滑剂中氮化碳含量的增加而逐步提高,间接表明氮化碳材料在界面形成了结构有序的转移膜. 而且氮化碳基转移膜的承载能力和润滑性能俱佳,它可有效保护环氧树脂(EP)-不锈钢配副,避免单纯去离子水润滑时因其承载和润滑性能差导致EP严重磨损的发生. 纯去离子水作为润滑剂时,配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别为0.56和2.92×10?4 mm3/(N·m). 而逐滴添加质量分数20%的羽状氮化碳水润滑剂,上述配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别下降了71.4%和78.1%. 原位水基羽状氮化碳作为一种新型绿色环保水润滑剂,在聚合物-金属配副的润滑设计和使用寿命延长方面具有一定的研究价值和应用潜力.      

一种模拟动边界绕流的锐利界面浸入边界法

When the structural wall moves over a fixed grid, the structure coverage will change, resulting in many dead and emerging elements. To avoid the influence of malformation and reconstruction of body-fitted grids on the calculation efficiency and accuracy of the fluid-structure interaction problems with coupled boundary movement on the fixed grid, an improved numerical method for describing the interaction between an immersed rigid body and fluid based on a sharp-interface is proposed. In this method, both the fluid and solid are regarded as pure fluid domains in the whole computational domain, and the solid boundary is divided into several Lagrangian grid points. The flow parameter or velocity is reconstructed by interpolation at the interface element, which is then directly used as the boundary condition of the flow field, thus reflecting the influence of the wall boundary conditions. The method constructs the calculation structure of “virtual point, force point and vertical foot point”, and the velocity of the virtual point is obtained by bilinear interpolation. Then, the velocity of the force point is calculated by forcing the solid boundary to meet the no-slip condition, and the equations of the coupling system based on the immersion boundary method are finally solved to realize the numerical simulation of the flow with a complex moving boundary. The numerical program for this immersed boundary method is established using C++, then the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method are validated by comparison with the literature and experimental results of the basic numerical example of flow around a cylinder. Furthermore, the effects of the structural shape and the angle of attack on the trailing vortex structure, the vortex shedding frequency, and the lift/ coefficient characteristics of the flow around the elliptical cylinder have been analyzed. The anti-symmetric S-type, “P+S” Ⅰ-type and “P+S” Ⅱ-type trailing vortex shedding modes, as well as the variation laws of the vortex structure size, vortex shedding frequency and lift-drag coefficients ratio with axis ratio and angle of attack, are captured. The critical angle of attack (25°) corresponding to the maximum lift-drag ratio is determined as 25°.