KF promoted mesoporous γ-Al2O3 with strong basicity: Preparation,characterization and catalytic activitiy for transesterification to biodiesel

The present paper describes the preparation of KF/M-γ-Al₂O₃, efficient mesoporous solid bases. The procedure involves loading KF into a crystalline mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ that was synthesized by the self-assembly of poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP) with Al³⁺ species. The synthesis is based on the strong acid-base interaction, hydrothermal treatment at 180°C and calcination at 550°C. Characterizations using XRD analysis and low temperature N₂ adsorption indicated that different amounts of KF could be introduced into crystalline mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ to obtain catalysts with high BET surface areas, large pore volumes and uniform pore size distribution. Based on SEM images, KF/M-γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts have rough surface character and a large nanopore volume. CO₂-TPD curves registered for KF/M-γ-Al₂O₃ contain high temperature peaks, indicating strong basicity of the catalysts. Under the same reaction conditions KF/M-γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts exhibit much better activities for transesterification to biodiesel than KOH, NaOH, H₂SO₄, hydrotalcite and CaO. Enhanced activities appear to arise from strong basisity and large BET surface areas.     

Equilibrium solubility of sodium 3-sulfobenzoate in binary (sodium chloride + water), (sodium sulfate + water), and (ethanol + water) solvent mixtures at temperatures from (278.15 to 323.15) K

The solubility of sodium 3-sulfobenzoate in binary (sodium chloride + water), (sodium sulfate + water), and (ethanol + water) solvent mixtures was measured at elevated temperatures from (278.15 to 323.15) K by a steady-state method. The results of these experiments were correlated by a modified Apelblat equation. The dissolution enthalpy and entropy of sodium 3-sulfobenzoate in aqueous solutions of different mole fraction were obtained.     

纳米纤维固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测麻辣烫汤液中喹诺酮类药物

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测麻辣烫汤液中5种喹诺酮类抗生素的分析方法。麻辣烫汤液样品经EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液(pH 4)提取后,以HCX固相萃取小柱净化富集,用水淋洗,2%氨化甲醇洗脱。采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器(HPLC-FLD),于激发波长280 nm,发射波长450 nm处进行检测,流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(25∶75∶0.1,V/V,三乙胺调至pH 2.8)。麻辣烫汤液样品中氟罗沙星、诺氟沙星、沙拉沙星、环丙沙星、奥比沙星5种喹诺酮类抗生素加标回收率为72.1%~110.3%;日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%~4.3%,日间相对标准偏差为2.0%~4.3%;检出限(LOD)为1.2~5.4μg/L;定量限(LOQ)为3.9~18μg/L。本方法能够满足实际麻辣烫汤液样品的分析要求。     

羽状氮化碳水润滑剂对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副摩擦学性能的影响

随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,对可能存在污染或破坏环境且造成资源浪费的生产活动以及设备的更新升级提出了新的更高的要求. 对于介质润滑领域,尤其是应用广泛且节能环保的水润滑领域,相比传统的润滑油,水作为润滑剂除了安全性高和具有冷却作用外,最大特点就是绿色环保、节约资源且成本低廉. 但是,纯水本身具有一些不足之处,比如黏度低、耐极压能力差、承载和润滑性能差等,导致纯水不适合直接作为润滑剂,这在很大程度上限制了涉及水润滑相关产业的发展. 基于此,在本文中以柠檬酸和尿素为原料,采用一步水热法合成了羽状氮化碳材料. 此方法的特点在于可将氮化碳原位分散于水中,制成水基润滑剂,既实现了溶质的均匀分散和有效抑制团聚,同时可以制备微米级分布的水溶性氮化碳材料. 将其作为水润滑剂,利用环-块摩擦磨损试验机,以逐滴滴加的方式考察了不同质量分数羽状氮化碳对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副在苛刻边界润滑条件下的摩擦学性能. 材料的微观形貌表征结果表明:体相氮化碳在水热条件下直接发生了层间剥离,生成了层间结构蓬松的羽状结构材料. 由于水热条件下的高温和高压环境,导致其层间结合强度显著降低. 同时,蓬松的层间结构有利于氮化碳材料在摩擦过程中向界面转移,在界面形成薄而连续的转移膜. 界面转移物质的拉曼分析结果表明:相较于单纯去离子水,以羽状氮化碳为水润滑剂时,金属对偶表面转移的含碳物质的有序化程度显著提高,而且有序化程度随着水润滑剂中氮化碳含量的增加而逐步提高,间接表明氮化碳材料在界面形成了结构有序的转移膜. 而且氮化碳基转移膜的承载能力和润滑性能俱佳,它可有效保护环氧树脂(EP)-不锈钢配副,避免单纯去离子水润滑时因其承载和润滑性能差导致EP严重磨损的发生. 纯去离子水作为润滑剂时,配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别为0.56和2.92×10?4 mm3/(N·m). 而逐滴添加质量分数20%的羽状氮化碳水润滑剂,上述配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别下降了71.4%和78.1%. 原位水基羽状氮化碳作为一种新型绿色环保水润滑剂,在聚合物-金属配副的润滑设计和使用寿命延长方面具有一定的研究价值和应用潜力.      

一种模拟动边界绕流的锐利界面浸入边界法

When the structural wall moves over a fixed grid, the structure coverage will change, resulting in many dead and emerging elements. To avoid the influence of malformation and reconstruction of body-fitted grids on the calculation efficiency and accuracy of the fluid-structure interaction problems with coupled boundary movement on the fixed grid, an improved numerical method for describing the interaction between an immersed rigid body and fluid based on a sharp-interface is proposed. In this method, both the fluid and solid are regarded as pure fluid domains in the whole computational domain, and the solid boundary is divided into several Lagrangian grid points. The flow parameter or velocity is reconstructed by interpolation at the interface element, which is then directly used as the boundary condition of the flow field, thus reflecting the influence of the wall boundary conditions. The method constructs the calculation structure of “virtual point, force point and vertical foot point”, and the velocity of the virtual point is obtained by bilinear interpolation. Then, the velocity of the force point is calculated by forcing the solid boundary to meet the no-slip condition, and the equations of the coupling system based on the immersion boundary method are finally solved to realize the numerical simulation of the flow with a complex moving boundary. The numerical program for this immersed boundary method is established using C++, then the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method are validated by comparison with the literature and experimental results of the basic numerical example of flow around a cylinder. Furthermore, the effects of the structural shape and the angle of attack on the trailing vortex structure, the vortex shedding frequency, and the lift/ coefficient characteristics of the flow around the elliptical cylinder have been analyzed. The anti-symmetric S-type, “P+S” Ⅰ-type and “P+S” Ⅱ-type trailing vortex shedding modes, as well as the variation laws of the vortex structure size, vortex shedding frequency and lift-drag coefficients ratio with axis ratio and angle of attack, are captured. The critical angle of attack (25°) corresponding to the maximum lift-drag ratio is determined as 25°.     

直读光谱法测定不锈钢中铬的不确定度评定

利用光电直读光谱仪测定不锈钢中铬含量,对其在测量过程中不确定度产生的原因进行了分析,并对测量结果的不确定度进行了评定。     

魔芋总生物碱量的测定

用酸性染料比色法测定魔芋总生物碱量,以盐酸金刚烷胺计,在2—10μg/mL范围内线性关系良好。设计正交试验选择总生物碱的最佳提取条件为：料液比1：12,乙醇浓度85%,索氏提取4h。     

咖酚伪麻片中盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

建立高效液相色谱法测定咖酚伪麻片中盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的方法。色谱柱为C18（150mm×4.6mm×5μm）,流动相为0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钠-甲醇（75∶25）,流速为1mL/min,检测波长为210nm。盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.2155—1.0776μg/g范围内线性良好,r=0.9999;盐酸伪麻黄碱的平均收率为100.92%,RSD值为0.41%（n=5）。此法操作简单,准确性好,可用于咖酚伪麻片中盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

风速对空气源热泵翅片管换热器结霜特性影响

针对风速对空气源热泵翅片管室外换热器结霜特性的影响进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,结霜量随风速的增加不是成线形增长,在风速为1.3m/s时结霜量最小.霜层厚度随着风速的增加反而减小,而翅片管换热器的最大换热量随着风速的增加而增加.     

基于出行目的链的出行生成—分布组合模型分析

目前,我国城市轨道交通客流预测大多采用交通产生、吸引、出行分布、出行方式划分四阶段模型,其中出行生成与分布是方式划分和交通分配的前提,是模型重要的组成部分.在对传统的四阶段模型的分析基础上,结合非集计模型的优点,论文提出了基于出行目的链的出行生成—分布组合模型.模型充分考虑了居民出行链、出行目的等对客流预测的影响,在完善我国轨道交通客流预测理论和方法,提高预测精度等方面具有一定的理论价值和实际意义.