Development and validation method for the determination of selected tetracyclines in animal medicated feedingstuffs with the use of micellar liquid chromatography

A chromatographic procedure for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlorotetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC) in medicated feedingstuffs was developed. Samples were extracted with 0.01 M citric buffer/acetonitrile (pH 3.0) and further purified with 0.45 μm syringe filters. The purified extract was separated on Thermo column C₁₈, 150?×?4 mm, 5 μm and detection was carried out at 360 nm for OTC, and TC, 370 nm for CTC, and 350 nm for DC. TCs were eluted with a mobile phase of 0.03 M SDS/7 % 1-butanol/0.02 M oxalic acid/NaOH at pH 2.5. This method provided average recoveries of 80.4 % to 100.2 %, with CVs of 0.5 % to 6.6 % in the range of 50 to 1500 mg/kg OTC, TC, CTC, and DC in feeds. The linearity for the four TCs was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) in the range 10–300 μg/mL (50–1500 mg/kg), with a linear correlation coefficient (R)?>?0.99. The LOD and LOQ for TCs in pig and poultry feeds ranged from 4.0 to 10.7 and 4.7 to 12.6 mg/kg, respectively. The methodology was applied to the analysis of animal feedingstuffs collected from poultry and pig farms.

Analysis of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline in water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for determination of trace levels of tetracycline antibiotics in ground water and confined animal feeding operation waste water. Oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) were extracted from water samples using both polymeric and C18 extraction cartridges. The addition of a buffer containing potassium phosphate and citric acid improved tetracycline recoveries in lagoon water. Method detection limits determined in reagent water fortified with 1 microg l(-1) OTC, TC, and CTC were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.28 microg l(-1). Method detection limits in lagoon water samples fortified at 20 microg l(-1) for OTC, TC, and CTC were 3.6, 3.1, and 3.8 microg l(-1). Variability in recovery from laboratory fortified blanks ranged from 86 to 110% during routine analysis.     

Improved nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for tetracyclines at subparts per billion level

A NACE method with laser-induced fluorescence detection was modified for sensitive detection of 4 tetracyclines (TCs) in biological samples and feeds. The changes in injection mode, injection times, id of capillary, excitation wavelength, and the use of surfactant and sample stacking technique all contributed to improved LODs of TCs to sub-ng/mL level. With the optimized conditions, the instrumental LODs could reach 1.33 ng/mL for chlorotetracycline (CTC) and 13.3 ng/mL for TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), and doxycycline (DC), an improvement of 10-100-fold over past studies. A simple SPE procedure was further developed for the extraction and concentration of TCs in plasma, urine, feed, and milk. Taken together, the instrumental LOD and feasible SPE concentration factors the overall LODs for CTC could reach 65 pg/mL in feed and milk and 260 pg/mL in plasma and urine. Detection limits for TC, OTC, and DC at sub-ng/mL level were also achieved. The modified CE-LIF method was found to be less complicated and more sensitive than the best current methods using UV or LIF detection, and has been applied successfully to assess oral absorption of DC in swine and chickens and to confirm suspected TC-positive bovine serum samples.     

Development and validation of an HPLC confirmatory method for the determination of seven tetracycline antibiotics residues in milk according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC

An HPLC method with diode-array detection, at 355 nm, was developed and validated for the determination of seven tetracyclines (TCs) in milk: minocycline (MNC), TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), methacycline (MTC), demeclocycline (DMC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC). Oxalate buffer (pH 4) was used with 20% TCA as a deproteinization agent for the extraction of analytes from milk followed by SPE. The separation was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3, 5 microm, 250 x 4 mm(2 )analytical column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase, a mixture of A: 0.01 M oxalic acid and B: CH(3)CN, was delivered using a gradient program. The procedure was validated according to the European Union decision 2002/657/EC determining selectivity, stability, decision limit, detection capability, accuracy, and precision. Mean recoveries of TCs from spiked milk samples (50, 100, and 200 ng/g) were 93.8-100.9% for MNC, 96.8-103.7% for OTC, 96.3-101.8% for TC, 99.4-107.2% for DMC, 99.4-102.9% for CTC, 96.3-102.7% for MTC, and 94.6-102.1% for DC. All RSD values were lower than 8.5%. The decision limits CC(a) calculated by spiking 20 blank milk samples at MRL (100 microg/kg) ranged from 101.25 to 105.84 microg/kg, while detection capability CC(b )from 103.94 to 108.88 microg/kg.     

Determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline in milk by liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection

A multiresidue method for isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) in milk is presented. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to meet the needs of regulatory agencies. The European Community established 100 micrograms/kg as the maximum residue limit (MRL) in milk for TC, CTC, and OTC. Recoveries exceeded 80% for all tetracyclines at all levels, with good precision. Correlation coefficients of standards curves for individual tetracyclines isolated from fortified samples ranged from 0.991 for CTC to 0.998 for OTC. Other antibiotics that might interfere with analysis did not interfere with elution times of OTC, TC, and CTC. The procedure is rapid, precise, and quantitative and requires minimal preparation and minimal use of organic solvents. It can be applied to routine surveillance programs. We can prepare 10 samples for analysis in about 1.45 h.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肌肉组织中的四环素类药物残留

建立了一种专属、灵敏的方法,用于同时检测鸡肌肉组织中土霉素、四环素和金霉素的残留。首先对鸡肌肉组织中的四环素类药物进行提取,再经C18固相萃取柱净化,采用电喷雾离子源,以正离子检测方式进行质谱分析。实验结果表明,在25～500 μg/L这一质量浓度范围内上述3种四环素类药物均呈线性,其相关系数r＞0.99。在低、中、高3个质量浓度添加水平,3种四环素类药物的平均回收率为72.4%～94.9%,相对标准偏差小于11%。3种四环素类药物的检测限均可达到10 μg/kg。其方法学考察符合农牧发［2003］1号文件的有关规定。     

高效液相色谱法测定水产品中四环素类抗生素残留

建立了一种高效液相色谱法测定水产品中土霉素、四环素、去甲基金霉素、金霉素、脱氧土霉素的分析方法。样品用5.0%高氯酸溶液提取,上清液用OasisHLB固相萃取柱净化,用紫外检测器于355nm测定。土霉素、四环素、去甲基金霉素检测限为0.01mg/kg,金霉素、脱氧土霉素检出限为0.02mg/kg。5种药物的回收率在74.8%~89.3%之间,相对标准偏差为3.95%~9.95%。方法适用于水产品中四环素类抗生素残留的检测。     

Survey of residual tetracyclines in kidneys of diseased animals in Aichi Prefecture, Japan (1985-1997)

A survey was conducted to determine the incidence of tetracycline antibiotic (TCAs) residues in the kidneys of slaughtered animals that did not pass inspection for human consumption by the Japanese Food Sanitation Law and the Meat Inspection Law at the slaughterhouses in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, from April 1985 to March 1998. The kidneys were analyzed by the AOAC Official Method 995.09. Among 424 animals (147 cattle and 277 pigs), 131 (30.9%) were contaminated with TCAs, including 69 (16.3%) with chlortetracycline (CTC), 61 (14.4%) with oxytetracycline (OTC), 3 (0.7%) with tetracycline (TC), and 1 (0.2%) with doxycycline (DC). One sample (cattle kidney) was contaminated with both OTC and DC. The frequencies of OTC and TC residues were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cattle than in pigs, whereas, the frequency of CTC was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in pigs. Pig kidney samples collected in 1991-1997 had significantly higher incidences of TCAs and CTC (p < 0.01) residues than those in 1985-1986.     

Improvement of chemical analysis of antibiotics. VIII. Application of prepacked C18 cartridge for the analysis of tetracycline residues in animal liver

A simple, rapid and precise analytical method for tetracycline (TC) residues in the liver of slaughtered animals has been established. The recoveries of oxytetracycline (OTC), TC, chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DC) from beef liver spiked at the level of 1.0 ppm were 87.7, 87.5, 79.6 and 67.5% with coefficients of variations of 1.01-2.87%. Detection limits in beef liver were 0.05 and 0.1 ppm for OTC and TC and for CTC and DC, respectively. It is also possible to apply this method to the analysis of residual TCs in various foods with the same recovery, accuracy and detection limits as in the case of beef liver.     

UV spectrophotometric flow-injection assay of tetracycline antibiotics retained on Sephadex QAE A-25 in drug formulations

A flow injection analysis system with solid phase spectrophotometric transduction has been developed for the assay of tetracycline (TC), doxycicline (DTC), oxycicline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC). The packing material of the flow-through cell consists of Sephadex QAE A-25 resin on which tetracyclines are temporarily retained. The carrier itself acts as the desorbing solution. The measurements of the intrinsic absorbance of tetracyclines (1000 μl of sample volume) were made at 380 nm (TC, DTC and OTC) and 387 nm (CTC). The detection limits were found to be 0.069 (TC and OTC), 0.081 (DTC) and 0.121 (CTC) μg ml⁻¹ and the linear dynamic range extended between 0.5 and 12 (TC, DTC and OTC) and 1–20 μg ml⁻¹ (CTC). The relative standard deviations (n=10) ranged between 0.7 and 1.2%. A study of the potentially interfering species was carried out. Using the proposed method, tetracyclines were satisfactorily determined without any interference from excipients in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Validation study for the determination of tetracycline residues in animal tissues.

An interlaboratory study of the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of tetracyclines--oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)--in animal tissues was conducted. Isolation was performed with oxalic buffer followed by dechelation and deproteination with oxalic acid-acetonitrile. The extract was cleaned with a styrene-divinylbenzene cartridge. LC analysis was performed with a PLRP-S column and 0.01 M oxalic acid-acetonitrile (75 + 25, v/v) as mobile phase. Participants analyzed 2 control and 10 fortified porcine muscle and kidney samples. Additionally, porcine muscle samples containing incurred residues of tetracyclines were analyzed. Mean recoveries of fortified residues from porcine tissue ranged from 76.00 to 86.89%. Repeatabilities varied from 2.05% for OTC to 3.61% for TTC for muscle samples and from 6.75% for CTC to 8.74% for OTC for kidney samples. Reproducibilities ranged from 2.05 to 4.30% for muscle samples and from 15.77 to 18.81% for kidney samples.     

Improvement of chemical analysis of antibiotics. IX. A simple method for residual tetracyclines analysis in honey using a tandem cartridge clean-up system

A simple, rapid and precise analytical method for the residual tetracyclines in honey has been established using a tandem cartridge clean-up system (prepacked reversed-phase and ion-exchange cartridges) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The recoveries of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DC) from honey spiked at a level of 1.0 ppm are 87.1, 85.3, 98.0 and 99.0%, respectively, with coefficients of variation of 1.1-3.9%. The detection limits in honey are 0.02 ppm for OTC and TC, and 0.05 ppm for CTC and DC, respectively. The time required for the analysis of four samples is only 1 h.     

Determination of methylbenzoquate in premixes and animal feeds using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A rapid analytical procedure was developed and tested for routine identification and quantification of methylbenzoquate in feeds by liquid chromatography (LC). The ground feed samples were extracted using methanol-water (80 + 20, v/v) at 65 degrees-70 degrees C in a water bath for premixes and in dichloromethane at 45 degrees C in a water bath for final feeds, respectively. The extract of final feeds was cleaned using solid-phase extraction on silica columns. Both the final feed and premix extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase LC on a NovaPak C18 column (3.9 x 150 mm; 4 microm) with methanol-acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid (340 + 350 + 308 + 2, v/v) as mobile phase. Fluorescence detection was performed at excitation and emission wavelengths of 265 and 390 nm, respectively. Alternatively, post-column addition of sulfuric acid solution was used to decrease the determination limit. The recovery of methylbenzoquate, in a concentration range of 0.5-10 mg/kg, was 105.0 +/- 7.3%. The limit of quantitation, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1, was 48 microg/kg. The developed LC method was tested in an interlaboratory study. The interlaboratory repeatibility for both samples ranged from 7.1 to 10.6%; the interlaboratory reproducibility ranged from 11.7 to 15.2%. With the post-column addition of sulfuric acid, the limit of quantification was decreased by a factor of 50. Overall, the developed method is highly selective and can be used in routine analysis.     

Determination of tetracycline residues in soil by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

An optimized extraction and cleanup method for the analysis of chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC) in soil is presented. Soil extraction in a pressurized liquid extraction system, followed by extract clean up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and tetracycline determination by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provided appropriate efficiency and reproducibility. Different dispersing agents and solvents for soil extraction and several SPE cartridges for cleanup were compared. The best extraction results were obtained using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid-treated sand as dispersing agent, and water at 70 °C. The most effective cleanup was obtained using Strata-X^TM sorbent in combination with a strong anion exchange cartridge. Recoveries ranged from 71% to 96% and precision, as indicated by the relative standard deviations, was within the range of 8–15%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) by using LC-MS/MS, based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 10, ranged from 1 μg kg⁻¹ for TC to 5 μg kg⁻¹ for CTC. These results pointed out that this technique is appropriate to determine tetracyclines in soils. Analysis of 100 samples taken in the Valencian Community revealed that, in soil, up to 5 μg kg⁻¹ CTC, 15 μg kg⁻¹ OTC, 18 μg kg⁻¹ TC, and 12 μg kg⁻¹ DC could be detected. Detection of the analytes in several samples, which typify great part of the Spanish agricultural soils, should be outlined as most important result of this study. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Determination of Tetracyclines in Honey Using Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Absorbance Detection and Residue Confirmation by Mass Spectrometry

A determination method has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous analysis of tetracycline （TC）, oxytetracycline （OTC）, chlortetracycline （CTC） and doxycycline （DC） in honey. Tetracyclines （TCs） were removed from honey samples by chelation with metal ions bound to small Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow columns and eluted with Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine pH 4.0 buffers. Extracts were further cleaned up by Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction （SPE）, while other solid-phase extraction cartridges were compared. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a polar end-capped C 18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of oxalic acid, acetonitrile and methanol. LC with ultraviolet absorbance at 355 nm resulted in the quantitation of all four tetracycline residues from honey samples fortified at 15, 50, and 100 ng/g, with liner ranges for tetracyclines of 0.05 to 2 μg/mL. Mean recoveries for tetracyclines were greater than 50% with R.S.D. values less than 10% （n= 18）. Detection limits of 5, 5, 10, 10 ng/g for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline, respectively and quantitation limits of 15 ng/g for all the four tetracyclines were determined. Direct confirmation of the four residues in honey （2-50 ng/g） was realized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC/MS/MS）. The linear ranges of tetracyclines determined by LC/MS/MS were between 5 to 300 ng/mL, with the linear correlation coefficient r〉 0.995. The limits of detection of 1 to 2 ng/g were obtained for the analysis of the TCs in honey.     

Determination of tetracycline antibiotics in salmon muscle by liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization with fluorescence detection

A simple and accurate cleanup procedure using polymeric sorbent was developed for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC) residues in salmon muscle. It was applied to the analysis of 20 salmon samples during a month period. The OTC and TC residues were extracted with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA)-McIlvaine buffer acidified at pH 4.0 and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction with a polymeric sorbent. The advantages of the polymeric sorbent over the silica-based sorbent in the cleanup of salmon muscle samples are described. A liquid chromatographic method with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection is proposed because of its sensitivity and specificity. The average recoveries of OTC and TC from muscle salmon tissue fortified at 50, 100, and 200 microg/kg levels, ranged from 83.9 to 93.4% with a coefficient of variation between 4.09 and 5.80%. The limit of quantitation for OTC and TC in salmon muscle was 50 microg/kg.     

Development and validation of an HPLC confirmatory method for the determination of tetracycline antibiotics residues in bovine muscle according to the European Union regulation 2002/657/EC

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection, at 351 nm, was developed and validated for the determination of five tetracyclines (TCs): minocycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline in bovine muscle. Samples were macerated with a buffer solution, centrifuged, and purified using Abselut Nexus SPE cartridges. The separation of the examined TCs was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3 5 microm, 250 x 4 mm analytical column, at ambient temperature. A multistep gradient elution was followed using 0.05 M oxalic acid and CH3CN, at a flow rate of 1.65 mL/min. The procedure was validated according to the European Union regulation 2002/657/EC determining selectivity, stability, decision limit, detection capability, accuracy, and precision. The results of the validation process demonstrate that the method can be readily applied to European Union statutory veterinary drug residue surveillance programmes. Mean recoveries of TCs from bovine muscle samples spiked at three concentrations (100, 250, and 400 ng/g) were in the range of 98.7-103.3%. Method's LOQ values achieved were 40 microg/kg for MNC, CTC, and DC and 25 microg/kg for OTC and TC. The decision limits (CCalpha) were in the range of 104.7-109.8 microg/kg, while the detection capability (CCbeta) was in the range of 108.4-116.7 microg/kg for all compounds.     

柱切换直接进样高效液相色谱法测定蜂蜜中3种抗生素的残留量

建立了柱切换反相高效液相色谱法直接进样分离、测定蜂蜜中3种四环素族抗生素(土霉素OTC、四环素TC、金霉素CTC)残留量的分析方法。方法包括：用缓冲溶液溶解样品、直接进样、二次蒸馏水作流动相在C18预柱上在线富集和净化，然后用柱切换阀将预柱与一个C18分析柱接通，草酸溶液-乙腈-甲醇作流动相、紫外检测器在350nm处检测。各组分回收率均大于85％；相对标准偏差小于10％；标准曲线的相关系数在0．9983～0．9991之间；最低检出浓度(≤0．02mg／kg)，满足欧盟和日本等国要求(0．05mg／kg)。     

Quantitative determination of trace concentrations of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

The occurrence of human and veterinary pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters (e.g. streams, lakes and reservoirs) is an important emerging environmental issue. There is a need for robust, sensitive and reliable analytical methods for measuring these compounds in a variety of natural water and wastewater matrices. This paper describes a method for the determination of seven tetracycline (TC) and six sulfonamide (SA) compounds in pristine and wastewater-influenced surface water using solid-phase extraction, and LCQ Duo ion trap liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with positive electrospray ionization (ESI(+)) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The seven TCs and six SAs analyzed using this method include oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), tetracycline (TC), democlocycline (DMC), doxycycline (DXC), meclocycline (MCC), minocycline (MNC), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfadimethoxane (SDM). This study discusses the effects of flow rate, LC column diameter and LC column temperature on UV and/or mass peak quality of the different analytes. Several product ions for MS/MS detection have been identified and compared for ion trap and triple quadrupole LC/MS/MS instruments. Statistical analysis for determination of the method detection limit (MDL), accuracy and precision of the method is described. Matrix effects are evaluated in deionized, pristine and wastewater-influenced river water. The method is applied to evaluate the occurrence of these compounds in a small watershed in northern Colorado.     

Rapid forensic selected reaction monitoring liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of ionophore antibiotics found at toxic levels in animal feeds

A rapid, accurate, and selective method was developed for the forensic determination of ionophore antibiotics in animal feeds. A simple extraction procedure and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode were used for rapid identification and confirmation of monensin and lasalocid in feed samples and for quantitation of monensin. Extracts from a homogenous portion of ground feeds were prepared using liquid-solid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction techniques. Feed extracts were further purified by a simple defatting and solvent wash step and then concentrated to dryness. Feed extract residues were reconstituted in 1 mL LC mobile phase and a 2 microL aliquot injected into the SRM LC/MS system. The latter system used a C18, 100 x 2.0 mm, LC column coupled to a PE-Sciex API 2000 tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a TurbolonSpray LC/MS interface. Feed samples were extracted and analyzed for the determination of monensin and lasalocid within a couple of hours. Control feed samples fortified with monensin at concentrations from 50 ppb to 5 ppm provided a linear response and calibration curve across this range with a correlation coefficient of 0.996.