真空回流提取-高效液相色谱法测定灯盏花中的槲皮素

云南具有丰富的植物和药物资源,其主要成分的有效提取成为高效利用的关键.本文作者采用真空回流法提取灯盏花中的槲皮素黄酮化合物,优化了提取条件,结合高效液相色谱法对提取产物进行了测定,并与常压回流提取法进行了对照;结合提取后样品的扫描电镜分析,探讨了不同提取方法对提取产物表观结构的影响.结果表明,真空联用提取法优于常压提取法,利用真空负压下的提取可避免黄酮化合物的氧化,提高提取效率.     

离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法在人参化学成分研究中的应用

以离子液体作为微波吸收介质建立了离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法,对人参中的化学成分进行了提取,并将该法与固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法、极性溶剂微波提取法以及混合溶剂微波提取法进行了对比.结果表明,极性溶剂提取的主要化学成分为极性化合物,而固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法与离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法相比,提取所得的化学成分并无明显差别,说明离子液体是一种较好的微波吸收介质和能量传递材料.所建立的方法具有提取时间短、操作简单及绿色环保等优点,且对后期分析无明显影响,是快速提取化学成分的理想方法.     

快速溶剂萃取柚皮中的黄酮类化合物

采用快速溶剂萃取法从柚子皮中提取出黄酮类化合物,考察了不同的提取溶剂、提取时间、提取温度、循环次数等提取条件下的提取效果,并与微波法、超声波法及索氏提取法进行了对比.结果表明,快速溶剂萃取法提取柚子皮中的黄酮类化合物,在提取溶剂用量、提取时间和提取效率等方面,均优于传统的提取方法,且自动化程度高,为进一步开发利用柚子皮的药用价值提供了参考.     

超高压提取桑叶芦丁

考察了常温下超高压提取桑叶芦丁的提取工艺,观察了不同提取溶剂、提取压力、溶剂与原料比、提取时间及桑叶颗粒大小等因素对桑叶芦丁提取率的影响,并对提取工艺进行了优化。桑叶芦丁的最佳萃取条件为:70%乙醇水溶液为提取溶剂,提取压力为500MPa,提取时间为8min,桑叶颗粒大小为0.18～0.25mm,溶剂与原料比为20∶1,桑叶芦丁提取率达23.9mg/g。     

不同基质中有机氯农药提取技术及发展趋势

该文根据各种基质特点及其中有机氯农药的分布特点,对不同介质中有机氯农药的提取方法进行了归纳.着重介绍了不同基质中有机氯农药提取方法,如均质法、固相萃取法、索氏提取法、基质固相分散法、加速溶剂萃取法、超临界流体提取法、超声波提取法和微波辅助提取法等.通过详细实例,总结了上述提取方法的优缺点,并对有机氯农药提取方法做了展望...     

超声波辅助提取柿子树叶单宁的研究

以70%的丙酮溶液为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取野柿叶中的单宁,考察了超声波的功率、提取温度、提取时间等因素对单宁提取量的影响.采用响应面法对提取条件进行优化,并建立了二次回归模型.实验结果显示:当提取温度为52℃、超声波功率为80 W、提取时间为42 min,在此条件下单宁的提取量为203.15 mr/g,比无超声波...     

生姜挥发性成分的分析

本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了生姜挥发性成分，并用GC／MS方法对提取的挥发性成分进行了鉴定。共鉴定了30种化学成分，并进行了讨论。     

微波辅助提取-气相色谱质谱联用测定肉桂中的挥发油

利用非极性溶剂微波辅助提取(NPSMAE)-气相色谱质谱联用研究了肉桂中的挥发油成分, 并测定了挥发油中的主要成分肉桂醛(Cinnamaldehyde)的含量. 考察了NPSMAE提取溶剂的种类、提取温度、提取时间及固液比等对测定的影响, 同时将NPSMAE与超声波辅助提取(UAE)及水蒸气蒸馏(HD)等方法进行了比较. 结果表明, 与常规提取方法相比, NPSMAE具有提取时间短、提取产率高等优点, 是一种实用的中药挥发油提取方法.     

庐山石韦中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

优选庐山石韦中总黄酮类化合物的提取工艺.以芦丁为对照品,就微波提取法、碱提酸析法、丙酮提取法、乙醇提取法对庐山石韦中总黄酮类化合物的提取效果进行了比较,并采用正交试验,以提取物中总黄酮得率为指标进行试验.优选出庐山石韦中总黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺为20倍量的55%乙醇溶液在80℃条件下浸提5 h.总黄酮的得率为5.91%.该提取工艺可行.提取率高.     

基于超声喷泉的超声雾化结合固相萃取法提取西洋参叶中8种人参皂苷

实验使用超声喷泉替代气溶胶进行传质,改进了超声雾化提取-固相萃取法,设计了实验装置,并用于西洋参叶中的8种常见人参皂苷的提取。对提取剂种类、体积、pH值和盐浓度,洗脱剂种类和体积以及吸附剂质量等影响因素进行了考察与优化。在最优条件下,8种人参皂苷的回收率在96.3%~110.6%之间,RSD在2.8%~4.3%之间,本方法对8种人参皂苷均具有良好的提取率。与传统的超声雾化提取-固相萃取法相比,本方法简化了提取装置,缩短了提取时间,提高了提取效率。     

Polymer-coated synthetic fibers designed for miniaturized sample preparation process

Miniaturized sample preparation technique for complex sample matrices has been developed with a polymer-coated fibrous extraction medium. Several hundreds of fine fibrous materials were packed longitudinally into a fused-silica capillary followed by a polymeric coating on it to prepare the extraction capillary. The extraction capillary was installed in a liquid chromatograph as a sample loop of the injection valve. The on-line coupled sample preparation/separation system demonstrated a good validity for the analysis of phthalates in real river and wastewater samples. The lowest limits of quantification for several phthalates were less than 1 ng/ml. The effect of polymeric coating to the filaments on the extraction power was also investigated.     

Use of experimental design to optimize the analysis of volatile compounds by dynamic headspace extraction followed by cold trapping and capillary GC

A central composite design has been used to improve the extraction performance of a dynamic headspace method; extraction yield was evaluated on a homogeneous sample of cheese powder. The volatile compounds were stripped from the sample with nitrogen and adsorbed on a Tenax trap, analysis being performed with a thermal cold trapping injector connected directly to a capillary GC. Three variables (sample temperature, extraction time, and nitrogen flow rate) were investigated, and a quadratic model with interactions was postulated. Twenty experiments was performed, each producing five responses. It was shown that the best conditions for the extraction procedure were those characterized by the highest values of the three variables investigated.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定尘铅前处理方法的研究

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定尘铅样品,在0-1．00mg／L范围内样品中铅含量与吸光度呈良好线性关系,检出限为2．88μg／m^2（按定容体积50mL、采样体积400L计）。采取酸煮法、索氏提取法、微波消解法、超声波提取法等4种前处理方法,在0．100,0．500,1．00mg3个质量水平对空白滤筒进行加标回收试验,4种前处理方法的回收率和测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为91．8％-97．4％,2．2％～3．2％;83．0％-86．8％,7．4％-10．3％;93．6％-97．2％,2．5％～3．7％;89．3％-90．9％,3．2％～4．5％,提取效果以酸煮法和微波消解法最佳,超声波提取法次之,索氏提取法最差。     

Headspace solvent microextraction A new method applied to the preconcentration of 2-butoxyethanol from aqueous solutions into a single microdrop

A new procedure and experimental setup for the headspace solvent microextraction of volatile organic materials from aqueous sample solutions is described. The extraction occurs by suspending a 3-μl drop of the solvent from the tip of a microsyringe to the headspace of a stirred aqueous sample solution for a preset extraction time. The temperature of the microdrop and the bulk of sample solution should be kept constant at optimized values. The sample analyses were carried out by gas chromatography. The procedure was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of 2-butoxyethanol from content of some color samples used for painting the outer coverage of some machines such as coolers, refrigerator, cloths machine, etc. Parameters such as extraction time, nature of extraction solvent, size of microdrop, sample volume, stirring rate, ionic strength and pH of sample solution were studied and optimized, and the method performance was evaluated.     

Novel sample preparation technique with needle-type micro-extraction device for volatile organic compounds in indoor air samples

A novel needle-type sample preparation device was developed for the effective preconcentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air before gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. To develop a device for extracting a wide range of VOCs typically found in indoor air, several types of particulate sorbents were tested as the extraction medium in the needle-type extraction device. To determine the content of these VOCs, air samples were collected for 30 min with the packed sorbent(s) in the extraction needle, and the extracted VOCs were thermally desorbed in a GC injection port by the direct insertion of the needle. A double-bed sorbent consisting of a needle packed with divinylbenzene and activated carbon particles exhibited excellent extraction and desorption performance and adequate extraction capacity for all the investigated VOCs. The results also clearly demonstrated that the proposed sample preparation method is a more rapid, simpler extraction/desorption technique than traditional sample preparation methods.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定热塑性弹性体中的多环芳烃

建立了一种简单、准确的测定热塑性弹性体中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法。考察了样品制备、萃取溶剂、萃取方法、时间以及温度对厂家制备的阳性热塑性弹性体样品中PAHs提取效率的影响,确定了萃取条件和方法。样品经甲苯超声萃取、浓缩后用环己烷溶解、二甲亚砜液液萃取净化后采用GC-MS进行分析,内标法定量。通过对不同材质阳性热塑性弹性体样品的加标回收、精密度试验等对建立的方法进行评价,16种PAHs的平均回收率为70%～117%,精密度为0.2%～10.8%。该方法适合于热塑性弹性体中PAHs的测定。     

High-throughput dynamic microwave-assisted extraction on-line coupled with solid-phase extraction for analysis of nicotine in mushroom

A simple and low-cost high-throughput dynamic microwave-assisted extraction (HTDMAE) device was firstly assembled and validated by the extraction of nicotine in mushroom samples. In this device, a household microwave oven was applied to provide the microwave energy; a vacuum pump was used to deliver the solvent. Compared with traditional dynamic microwave-assisted extraction method, the sample throughput and microwave energy utilization were improved by the HTDMAE, up to 20 samples could be treated simultaneously in 9 min. Taking extraction of nicotine in mushroom sample as an example, a method was established with extraction, separation and enrichment of nicotine in a single step by the device on-line coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE). Nicotine was first extracted from the mushroom samples with water under the action of microwave energy, and then directly introduced into the SPE column which was packed with cation-exchange resins. Subsequently, the nicotine trapped on the resins was eluted with methanol-ammonia (95:5, v/v) and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The limit of detection of nicotine obtained is 5.6 μg kg(-1) in fresh mushroom sample. The recovery of nicotine in mushroom samples is in the range of 87.4-104.0%. The proposed method which significantly reduced the overall analysis time and increased sample throughput should be favored for routine analyse of complex solid sample.     

Parallel electromembrane extraction in the 96-well format

The repeatability and extraction recoveries of parallel electromembrane extraction (Pa-EME) was thoroughly investigated in the present project. Amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and haloperidol were isolated from eight samples of pure water, undiluted human plasma, and undiluted human urine, respectively; in total 24 samples were processed in parallel. The repeatability was found to be independent of the different sample matrices (pure water samples, human plasma, and water) processed in parallel, although the respective samples contained different matrix components. In another experiment seven of the 24 wells were perforated. Even though the perforation caused the total current level in the Pa-EME setup to increase, the intact circuits were unaffected by the collapse in seven of the circuits. In another approach, exhaustive extraction of amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and haloperidol was demonstrated from pure water samples. Amitriptyline and haloperidol were also isolated exhaustively from undiluted human plasma samples; the extraction recovery of fluoxetine from undiluted human plasma was 81%. Finally, the sample throughput was increased with the Pa-EME configuration. The extraction recoveries were investigated by processing 1, 8, 68, or 96 samples in parallel in 10 min; neither the extraction recoveries nor the repeatability was affected by the total numbers of samples. Eventually, the Pa-EME was combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to combine high-throughput sample preparation with high-throughput analytical instrumentation. The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the potential of electromembrane extraction as a high throughput sample preparation platform; and hopefully to increase the interest for EME in the bioanalytical field to solve exisiting and novel analytical challenges.     

A new procedure for solid-phase microextraction using a flow-through system with air segmentation

Three different procedures for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of trace organic compounds from liquids were evaluated: simple extraction with magnetic stirring, use of a laboratory-made flow-through extraction cell and a new system based on a laboratory-made flow-through extraction cell in which the sample stream is segmented with air bubbles. In this new procedure, the sample flows through the cell as a regular sequence of small plugs separated by air bubbles instead of in a continuous stream. This new system combines the advantages of SPME, as a simple, fast, sensitive and solvent-free sample concentration/introduction technique, with the advantages of on-line processing of aqueous sample as a less time-consuming, efficient and continuous technique. For testing the new flow-through procedure, a mixture of phthalate esters was used for direct absorption from an aqueous solution with a 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. The efficiency and precision of the procedure were compared with those of extraction with magnetic stirring and the usual flow-through cell concept. The results indicate better contact of the analytes with the extraction film when the air-segmented flow-through extraction cell is employed.     

Solid-phase extraction for multiresidue determination of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and pyrimethamine in Bovine's milk

This paper describes a systematic approach to the development of a solid-phase extraction method for simultaneous extraction of 10 antibiotic residues in bovine milk, belonging to groups of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and pyrimethamine. The sample preparation steps include acidic deproteinization of milk proteins followed by sample enrichment and cleanup using a polymer-based Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge. The analyses were carried out by using a method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry with positive ion mode. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as sample loading pH, SPE wash solvent composition, and eluting solution pH were carefully investigated and optimized. The developed solid-phase extraction procedure coupled to multiresidue liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method was applied for the analysis of 10 antibiotic residues in milk samples, and it proved to be simple, sensitive, and selective providing a recovery ranging from 70 to 106%.