顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱测定水中异味化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色盐／质谱联用测定了水中常见的3种异味化合物，即2-甲基异茨醇、土腥素和β-柠檬醛。研究并讨论了纤维头的类型、盐的种类和浓度、温度、萃取时间、搅拌和解吸时间等因素对异味化合物萃取量的影响。结果表明：在水样中加入30％（W／V）的NaCl溶液，采用65μm PDMS／DVB纤维头，在搅拌的条件下，于60℃顶空萃取40min为异味化合物固相微萃取的最佳条件。在优化的条件下，使异味化合物吸附于纤维涂层后，将其在250℃高温下解吸，再用GC—MS分析。土腥素、β-柠檬醛、2-甲基异茨醇的检出限依次为1．0、1．3和1．7ng／L；其相对标准偏差分别为4．9％、8．4％和6．2％：3种异味化合物在5～1000ng／L的范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0．997。因此，用该方法分析水中痕量（ng／L级）的异味化合物，结果满意。     

啤酒中N-亚硝胺的SPME-GC-MS分析

研究了固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME—GC—MS)联用方法检测啤酒中的N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA)、N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR)、N-亚硝基二丁胺(NDBA)，采用聚二甲基硅氧烷／二乙烯苯(PDMS／DVB)萃取头，对影响固相微萃取效率的萃取时间、搅拌速度以及萃取方式等进行了优化，在优化实验条件下，方法的线性范围在12．5～250μg／L之间，相关系数r为0．9971～0．9995，检出限分别为NDEA4．50μg／L，NPYR8．99μg／L，NDBA2．27μg／L，NDBA回收率为86％～96％，相对标准偏差6．296～8．996，该法简化了前处理步骤，快速、方便．结果满意。     

固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定水样中的痕量苯并(k)荧蒽

研究了固相微萃取(SPME)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用测定水样中痕量苯并(k)荧蒽的的分析方法。对SPME的条件如萃取时间、萃取温度、离子强度、解吸方式、解吸溶剂、解吸时间和HPLC条件进行了优化，建立了SPME-HPLC联用分析水样中痕量苯并(k)荧蒽的方法，并用于自来水、雨水和纯净水等实际水样的分析。SPME优化的条件为室温、搅拌速度1100r／min、萃取时间30min、甲醇解吸溶剂、解吸时间2min。HPLC的条件为C18反相色谱柱、甲醇流动相、流速1mL/min、紫外检测器、波长244nm，以峰高为测量信号。方法的线性范围为0～8．00μg／L，检出限为0．014μg／L，相对标准偏差(n=6)为6．7％，回收率为82．0％～104．2％。该方法适合于水样中痕量苯并(k)荧蒽的分析。     

固相微萃取/高效液相色谱联用分析水样中邻苯二甲酸酯

研究了固相微萃取（SPME）／高效液相色谱（HPLC）联用测定环境中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯的分析方法,比较了5种不同类型涂层对5种邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取效果,采用3因素3水平正交实验设计对SPME的条件如萃取时间,离子强度,解吸时间等进行了优化,SPME优化的条件为：65μm聚二甲基硅烷／乙烯苯（PDMS／DVB）涂层,室温,搅拌速率1100r／min,萃取时间30min,纯乙腈解吸,解吸时间2min。HPLC的条件：C18反相色谱柱,乙腈-水（体积比60：40）梯度淋洗,流速1mL／min,紫外检测波长228nm。方法 的线性范围为0．50～80．00μg／L,检出限为0．11～2．20μg／L,相对标准偏差（n=6）为2．5％～9．6％,用于自来水、凉开水和雨水等实际水样的分析,回收率为82％～128％。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-电子捕获快速富集检测海水中的有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)技术结合气相色谱-电子捕获(GC—ECD)检测方法,对大连近海养殖区内海水中的痕量12种有机氯农药进行检测,以便对该水域中海产品的食品安全性进行评估。该法具有较好的线性(相关系数为0．98～0．99),检出限达0．2～7ng／L,定量下限为0．66～23ng／L,重复测定的相对标准偏差小于10％(n=3),回收率为68％～133％。对影响SPME的参数和海水中存在的基质干扰进行探讨。     

固相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定垃圾渗滤液中的双酚A

本文应用固相微萃取一高效液相色谱法(SPME—HPLC)分析了垃圾渗滤液中的痕量双酚A。对SPME的条件如测定模式、pH值、萃取时间、解吸方式、解吸溶剂、解吸时间和HPLC条件进行了优化。建立了SPME—HPLC分析垃圾渗滤液中痕量双酚A的方法。方法的线性范围为12．8～192μg／L,相关系数为0．9975,检出限为3．25μg／L(3σ,n=11)。以12．8μg／L的双酚A标准溶液平行测定11次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4．4％,回收率为94．5％～103．3％。将其用于分析具有垃圾填埋场的渗滤液实际水样,结果十分满意。该方法具有快速、灵敏、简单、无溶剂的特点,适合于环境水样中痕量双酚A的分析。     

顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法检测可可麦汁中吡嗪类化合物

建立了顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱快速测定可可麦汁中3种吡嗪类物质(2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪)的方法.选择不同的固相微萃取头对萃取温度和时间进行优化,所得最佳萃取条件为:在60℃下,采用75 μm CAR/PDMS萃取头对麦汁样品萃取40 min.本方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0.023～ 0.056 μg/L,线性范围1～500 mg/L;相对标准偏差为3.6％～6.4％;回收率为95.4％～102.7％.本方法应用于样品检测,发现可可麦汁中吡嗪的浓度与原料中可可粉的添加量正相关,显示了很好灵敏性.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法检测30种农药残留

建立使用一种萃取头同时检测蔬菜中30种农药的GC-MS分析方法。采用了SPME-GC/MS自动进样技术,比较聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、聚二甲基硅氧烷-二乙烯基苯(PDMS/DVB)、聚乙二醇-二乙烯基苯(CW/DVB)4种固定相涂层的分析效果,选择了目标物萃取效率较高、干扰物萃取较少的PDMS。通过正交实验设计,选择不同的萃取温度、萃取时间、振荡速度进行试验,最终确定振荡速度250 r/min,萃取温度70℃,萃取时间60 min作为萃取条件。对不同的无机盐浓度对标准品溶液和加入基质标准品溶液的提取效率的影响分别进行了试验,确定用10%(w/V)NaCl溶液增加提取液离子强度。试验过程中优化分析的色谱条件和质谱条件,进样到分析结束时间可控制在40 min。该方法检测蔬菜样品中混合标准溶液的回收率为43%～119%,相对标准偏差在3.4%～19%之间。     

阿特拉津及其降解产物的磺酸化聚合物柱固相萃取及高效液相色谱-质谱法测定

建立了环境水样中痕量除草剂阿特拉津(ATR)及其环境中的主要降解产物Deethylatrazine(DEA),Deisopropylatrazine(DIA),Hydroxyatrazine(HA)的Oasis MCX(磺酸化(二乙烯基苯-N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)共聚物)小柱离线萃取,HPLC-MS选择离子检测的分析方法。对MCX(60mg,3mL)小柱的萃取条件(样品溶液的pH,上样速率,上样体积,洗脱液pH)进行了优化,得出最佳的实验条件。ATR,DEA,DIA,HA的穿透体积均大于450mL。本实验利用HPLC-APCI选择离子模式对被分析物进行检测,500mL水样的化合物检出限为0．01～0．06μg／L;回收率均大于75％,符合欧盟饮用水中单种农药浓度不应超出0．1μg／L的检测标准。该方法用于官厅水库坝后水样的分析,测出该处水样中ATR为2．04μg/L,DEA为11．4μg／L,DIA为0．75μg／L。     

顶空-固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用法快速分析海水中13种苯系物

建立了同时测定海水中常见的13种痕量苯系物(BTEX)的顶空-固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)检测方法。利用涂有100μm Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)涂层的萃取头顶空萃取海水样品,GC-MS检测和外标定量法对目标物进行分析。实验对萃取纤维头的类型、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸时间、样品体积等主要萃取条件进行了优化。在优化萃取条件下,13种苯系物的线性范围为0.16~32μg/L,相关系数为0.999 0~1.000 0,检出限为0.006~0.043μg/L。在3个加标水平(0.16、1.6、16μg/L)下,海水样品中13种苯系物的回收率为80.0%~117%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为2.0%~5.6%。该方法前处理简便易行、灵敏度高,为海水中痕量苯系物的检测提供了一种简便、快捷、环保的测定方法。     

Determination of Trace Bisphenol A in Leachate by Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A rapid determination method for trace bisphenol A in leachate by solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The experimental condition of SPME, such as select operation, solid phase microextraction fibers, pH, extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time, desorption solution, mode, and the analytical conditions of HPLC were optimized. As compared with the graph that was produced by HPLC alone, the graph by only HPLC couldn't analyze bisphenol A and compared to the results of three solid‐phase microextraction fibers. The linear range was between 0.0128 mg/L and 0.192 mg/L in this method, and the correlative coefficient was 0.9975. Limits of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility were also determined. The limit of detection of this method was 3.25 µg/L (3σ, n=11). The relative standard deviation (RSD, n=3) was 4.4%. The method was used for the determination of trace bisphenol A in leachate of Qingshan landfill and leachate of Liufang landfill. The recoveries were between 94.5% and 103.3%. This method is fast, convenient, sensitive, solvent free, and suitable for the determination of trace bisphenol A in leachate.     

Quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples using solid‐phase microextraction

A method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction with internal surrogates combined with solid‐phase microextraction and GC‐MS has been developed. Five kinds of commercial solid‐phase microextraction fibers, 100 μm PDMS, 30 μm PDMS, 65 μm PDMS/DVB, 50 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS and 85 μm PA, were compared to choose the optimal SPME fiber for extraction of PAHs. One hundred micrometers of PDMS fiber was found to be more suitable for the determination of PAHs due to its wider linear range, better repeatability, lower detection and more satisfactory efficacy than the other fibers. Under the recommended conditions, 100 μm PDMS fiber could provide low nanogram level detection limits with correlation coefficient greater than 0.98. The method was also applied to determine PAHs in a spiked soil sample, obtaining recoveries higher than 79.3%. A field study with naturally contaminated samples from local contaminated sites was carried out. The proposed method was found to be a reliable, inexpensive and simple preparation method for quantitative determination of 16 PAHs in soil samples.     

葫芦脲用作固相微萃取涂层新材料

本文对葫芦脲(CB)作为一种新型固相微萃取(SPME)涂层材料进行了研究并用于中药白豆蔻的气相色谱分析测定.本文采用的CB SPME涂层制备方法简便、快速,并具有良好的热稳定性和重复性.CB[6]SPME萃取得到的主要成分与水蒸气蒸馏（SD）法基本一致,并且CB[6]SPME对色谱后流出的目标成分的相对峰面积比明显高于SD法和商品SPME萃取材料PDMS/CAR和PDMS/DVB,这可能是由于葫芦脲的特殊分子结构及其与组分分子间选择性作用所致.葫芦脲作为一种新型SPME涂层材料具有很大的研究潜力和应用前景.     

Determination of terpenes in tequila by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Solid phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for the determination of seven terpenes in tequila. The method was selected based on the following parameters: coating selection (PA, PDMS, CW/DVB, and PDMS/DVB), extraction temperature, addition of salt, and extraction time profile. The extraction conditions were: PDMS/DVB fiber, Headspace, 100% NaCl, 25 degrees C extraction temperature, 30 min extraction time and stirring at 1200 rpm. The calibration curves (50-1000 ng/ml) for the terpenes followed linear relationships with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99, except for trans,trans-farnesol (r = 0.98). RSD values were smaller than 10% confirmed that the technique was precise. Samples from 18 different trade brands of "Aged" tequila analyzed with the developed method showed the same terpenes in different concentrations. The analytical procedure used is selective, robust (more than 100 analyses with the same fiber), fast and of low-cost.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定小米黄酒风味成分

为全面了解小米黄酒风味成分的构成和气味特征,优化了85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、75μm碳分子筛(CAR)/PDMS、50/30μm二乙烯基苯(DVB)/CAR/PDMS萃取头提取小米黄酒风味成分的条件,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对风味成分进行定性、定量分析,并计算气味活性值(odor active value,OAV),同时利用OAV分析风味成分的气味特征和气味强度。结果显示:不同萃取头的最优萃取条件为样品量8 mL、萃取时间40 min、萃取温度60℃、NaCl添加量1.5 g。小米黄酒风味成分由醇、酯、含苯化合物、烃、酸、醛、酮、烯、酚和杂环类化合物构成,醇为主要风味成分。通过OAV确定了苯乙醇、苯乙烯、2-甲基萘、1-甲基萘、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲氧基-苯酚为小米黄酒气味特征成分,苯基乙醇、苯乙醛对气味贡献最大。PA和PDMS萃取头分别对极性和非极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果,CAR/PDMS和DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头对中等极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果。该研究全面了解了小米黄酒风味成分的构成,为其产品开发及品质控制提供理论了依据。     

Determination of chlorophenols in landfill leachate using headspace sampling with ionic liquid-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A new microextraction technique based on ionic liquid solid-phase microextraction (IL-SPME) was developed for determination of trace chlorophenols (CPs) in landfill leachate. The synthesized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₄MIM][PF₆]), was coated onto the spent fiber of SPME for extraction of trace CPs. After extraction, the absorbed analytes were desorbed and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The term of the proposed method is as ionic liquid-coated of solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (IL-SPME-GC/MS). No carryover effect was found, and every laboratory-made ionic liquids-coated-fiber could be used for extraction at least eighty times without degradation of efficiency. The chlorophenols studied were 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The best results of chlorophenols analysis were obtained with landfill leachate at pH 2, headspace extraction for 4 min, and thermal desorption with the gas chromatograph injector at 240 °C for 4 min. Linearity was observed from 0.1 to 1000 μg L⁻¹ with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 7% and recoveries were over 87%. The limit of detection (LOD) for pentachlorophenol was 0.008 μg L⁻¹. The proposed method was tested by analyzing landfill leachate from a sewage farm. The concentrations of chlorophenols were detected to range from 1.1 to 1.4 μg L⁻¹. The results demonstrate that the IL-SPME-GC/MS method is highly effective in analyzing trace chlorophenols in landfill leachate.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定玩具中可迁移有机锡化合物

建立了顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定玩具中10种可迁移有机锡化合物的方法。玩具材料经0.07 mol/L HCl浸泡2 h后,使用醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液将浸泡液的pH值调至4.7,然后加入四乙基硼化钠将浸泡液中的有机锡化合物乙基化,在振荡条件下用100 μ m聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)纤维进行顶空固相微萃取,萃取完成后将纤维插入气相色谱进样口进行热解吸,使用DB-5毛细管柱对10种有机锡化合物进行分离。10种有机锡化合物的检出限为0.5~5 μg/kg。两个加标水平(0.500 μg/L和5.00 μg/L)下的回收率分别为80.7%~118.7%和86.2%~120.5%,RSD均低于15%。应用该方法测定了玩具可触及材料(包括涂层、织物、塑料、木料)中的可迁移有机锡化合物。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,不需使用有毒有机溶剂,绿色环保。     

Headspace solid phase microextraction in-situ supercritical fluid extraction coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in sediments

Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in-situ supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was investigated for the determination of trace amounts of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in sediments. Quantitation was performed by using gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS/MS). The optimum conditions of HS-SPME following SFE were obtained using 500 μL n-butanol as a derivatization reagent in supercritical carbon dioxide with static extraction for 10 min, then dynamic extraction for 20 min at 30 MPa and 70 °C and simultaneous collected with 100 μm film thickness PDMS fiber. The linear range of proposed method was from 5 to 5000 ng g(-1), with limit of detection ranging from 0.39 to 0.54 ng g(-1) and limit of quantitation ranging from 1.30 to 1.80 ng g(-1). The developed method was successfully applied to analyze PFCAs in sediments from rivers and beach near industrial areas. The concentrations of PFCAs determined are from 282 to 4473 ng g(-1).     

Analysis of triazine in water samples by solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of triazine is described. Carbowax/templated resin (CW/TPR, 50 μm), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB, 60 μm), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm), and polyacrylate (PA, 85 μm) fibers were evaluated for extraction of the triazines. CW/TPR and PDMS/DVB fibers were selected for further study. Several parameters of the extraction and desorption procedure were studied and optimized (such as types of fibers, desorption mode, desorption time, compositions of solvent for desorption, soaking periods and the flow rate during desorption period, extraction time, temperature, pH, and ionic strength of samples). Both CW/TPR and PDMS/DVB fibers are acceptable; a simple calibration-curve method based on simple aqueous standards can be used. The linearity of this method for analyzing standard solution has been investigated over the range 5-1000 ng mL⁻¹ for both PDMS/DVB and CW/TPR fibers. All the correlation coefficients in the range 5-1000 ng mL⁻¹ were better than 0.995 except Simazine and Atratone by CW/TPR fiber. The R.S.D.s range from 4.4% to 8.8 % (PDMS/DVB fiber) and from 2.4% to 7.2% (CW/TPR fiber). Method-detection limits (MDL) are in the range 1.2-2.6 and 2.8-3.4 ng mL⁻¹ for the two fibers. These methods were applied to the determination of trazines in environmental water samples (lake water).     

Evaluation of a completely automated cold fiber device using compounds with varying volatility and polarity

A fully automated cold fiber solid phase microextraction device has been developed by coupling to a GERSTEL multipurpose (MPS 2) autosampler and applied to the analysis of volatiles and semi-volatiles in aqueous and solid matrices. The proposed device was thoroughly evaluated for its extraction performance, robustness, reproducibility and reliability by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). With the use of a septumless head injector, the entire automated setup was capable of analyzing over 200 samples without any GC injector leakages. Evaluation of the automated cold fiber device was carried out using a group of compounds characterized by different volatilities and polarities. Extraction efficiency as well as analytical figures of merit was compared to commercial solid phase microextraction fibers. The automated cold fiber device showed significantly improved extraction efficiency compared to the commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and cold fiber without cooling for the analysis of aqueous standard samples due to the low temperature of the coating. Comparing results obtained from cold fiber and commercial divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber temperature profile demonstrated that the temperature gap between the sample matrix and the coating improved the distribution coefficient and therefore the extraction amount. The linear dynamic range of the cold fiber device was 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ to 100 ng mL⁻¹ with a linear regression coefficient ≥0.9963 for all compounds. The limit of detection for all analytes ranged from 1.0 ng mL⁻¹ to 9.4 ng mL⁻¹. The newly automated cold fiber device presents a platform for headspace analysis of volatiles and semi-volatiles for large number of samples with improved throughput and sensitivity.