有机化学试题选登

有机化学试题选登一、完成下列反应二、合成１．自苯合成２－苯基吲哚２．自硝基苯合成６，６’联喹啉３．自丙二酸二乙酯及必要试剂合成２－甲基－４－异丙基１，３环己二酮４．自丙二酸二乙酯及必要试剂合成β－（３－环己烯基）丙酸５．自乙酰乙酸乙酯合成４－甲基－４...     

N—乙酰基—β—（2—萘基）—D—丙二酸乙酯的合成

对Ｎ－乙酰基－β－（２－萘基）－Ｄ－丙二酸乙酯的合成方法进行了改进，在相转移催化条件下，实现了乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯的烷基化，产率由７５％提高到７８％。     

固-液相转移催化羰基化合成丙二酸二乙酯

本文首次以四乙基碘化铵为固-液相转移催化剂, 在常温常压下对氯乙酸乙酯进行催化羰基化反应, 定量合成了丙二酸二乙酯, 并讨论了各种因素对反应收率的影响。     

微波条件下芳胺甲叉丙二酸二乙酯类化合物的制备

报道了微波激发了乙氧甲叉丙二酸乙酯与芳胺反应，高产率也合成了芳胺甲叉丙二酸二乙酯类化合物。     

相转移催化羰基化合成丙二酸二乙酯的研究

在相转移催化剂存在下，使用原位制备的钴催化剂实现了氯乙酸乙酯的常压羰基化，丙二酸二乙酯收率达８０％以上。讨论了溶剂、相转移催化剂等对反应的影响。     

DL—β—（噻唑基）—α—乙酰氨基丙酸合成方法的改进

报道了由（４－噻唑基）－甲基乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯通过碱性水解并脱羧来合成外消旋β－（４－噻唑基）－α－乙酰氨基丙酸的新路线，产率可达８０％，同时对前几步中间产物的合成进行了有效的改进。     

用草酸二乙酯合成正丙氧基丙二酸二乙酯

前言丙二酸二乙酯是重要的合成原料,不同取代的丙二酸酯可进一步合成多种不同取代的化合物。烷氧基取代丙二酸酯的合成,文献报导不多。用草酸酯作原料,以醇钠作缩合剂,对于合成脂肪族烷氧基取代的丙二酸酯尚未得到满意的结果。本文进行了正丙氧基丙二酸二乙酯之合成,全部合成过程以反应式表述如下:     

(1-萘甲基)四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯的新法合成

（１－萘甲基）四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯（Ⅴ）是合成萘呋胺酯草酸盐的重要前体,而萘呋胺酯草酸盐作为一种新型周围血管扩张剂,正受到越来越多的重视［１,２］．（１－萘甲基）四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯（Ⅴ）的原有合成方法［３］产率低,且反应时间长．本文改进了（Ⅴ）的原...     

环化聚合的研究——4-取代1,6二烯类单体的聚合

合成了二丙烯基丙二酸二乙酯,二丙烯基丙二酸二甲酯,二丙烯基腈基醋酸乙酯,二丙烯基醋酸乙酯,α,α′二氯代丙烯基丙二酸二乙酯,二丙烯基二仲丁基硅烷及—丙烯基丙二酸二乙酯,并在游离基引发下进行了环化聚合。其中二丙烯基丙二酸二甲酯,α,α′二氯代丙烯基丙二酸二乙酯及二丙烯基二仲丁基硅烷三者为文献上未见报导的新单休。所得聚合体可溶在有机溶剂中。测定了聚合体的环化率、分子量、特征粘度等数据。     

四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯的新法合成

四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯的新法合成牛福水陈楠周智明＊（北京理工大学精细化工教研室１０００８１）四氢糠基丙二酸二乙酯是合成萘呋胺酯草酸盐的重要前体，而萘呋胺酯草酸盐做为一种新型周围血管扩张剂，对脑动脉硬化、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞、耳鸣、头颈损伤及其后遗症有良好...     

煤烘玉米和饮水为介质地氟病区骨畸形病人全血尿多元素含量的分析

采集了贵族个煤烘玉米为主要介质和河北２个饮水为介质氟病区内骨畸形病人的全血、尿、检测了其中８种元素含量,结果表明,贵州各氟病区少儿骨软化与成年骨硬化畸形病人的全血铝、钙、磷、铁和尿氟、铝均显著高于同龄对照组,尿磷均低于同龄对照组。少儿骨软化病人全血锌均下降,尿锌多下降。某水型氟病区骨软化经产妇尿氟、全血铜升高;骨软化少年全血铝显著升高,锌、铁下降,尿氟升高,尿锌,磷下降。海边的典型氟骨症病人全血、     

延边地区65～108岁健康老人头发中锌、铜、铁、锰、镁的含量

用原子吸收光谱法测定延边地区317名65～108岁老人头发中锌、铜、铁、锰、镁含量，观察不同民族、性别、年龄老人这些元素的差异。结果表明：1.朝鲜旗发锌低于汉族，满族发铜低于汉族、朝鲜族，汉族发镁高于朝鲜族、满族，发铁、发锰在汉、朝、满民族之间无区别。2．汉族、朝鲜族男发锌高于女性，汉族女性发铜高于男性，发铁、发锰、发镁在性别之间无区别。3、90岁组朝鲜族发锰、发镁低于65岁、76岁组，朝鲜族发锌、发铜、发铁在65～108岁之间无统计学意义。     

Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.     

ESR方法检测竹红菌素的半醌负离子自由基

从顺磁共振波谱检测到通过竹红菌素的光诱导还原和基态竹红菌素跟脂肪胺的电子转移两条途径所得到的自由基信号, 并由电化学还原得到同一自由基, 确认它为半醌负离子自由基。竹红菌素溶液中加入芳香胺观察不到ESR信号。它的3,10位上与醌基相邻近的羟基离解以后, 无论在基态还是在激发态都观察不到ESR信号。此外, 还从吸收光谱观察到半醌负离子自由基吸收以及竹红菌素跟脂肪胺之间的相互作用。     

Radial structure and property relationship in the thermal stabilization of PAN precursor fibres

Here we report on the role of oxygen in the evolution of radial heterogeneity in the fibre structure and properties of PAN fibres stabilized in air and vacuum at different temperatures. Modulus mapping by Nano-indentation showed heterogeneous modulus distribution in the fibres treated in air, while no variation in modulus was observed in fibres processed in vacuum. Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis revealed that the temperature dependent oxygen diffusion from skin to core of the fibres assisted in the evolution of higher extent of sp²-hybridized carbons in the skin compared to core of the air treated samples. Conversely, no radial structure variations were observed in the vacuum treated fibres. Higher modulus in the skin of air-treated fibres was due to the formation of compact structures which was associated with the enhanced intermolecular interactions facilitated by the formation of C=C bonds within the polymer backbone, promoted by oxidative-dehydrogenation reaction. Supporting these observations, the fracture morphology examined by SEM showed a brittle fracture in the skin and ductile fracture in the core.     

The Behavior of Trivalent and Pentavalent Methylarsenicals in Lake Biwa

Seasonal changes in the distribution of arsenic species were observed in a dredged area in the southern basin of Lake Biwa, Japan. The concentrations of dimethylarsenic acid [DMAA(V)] became comparable with those of inorganic forms during a stratification period. DMAA(V) increased not only in the photic zone but also in the hypolimnion. In the photic zone, an increase in DMAA(V) was observed with the yearly maximum of water temperature. In the hypolimnion, the seasonal changes in methylarsenicals differed from those in surface waters. DMAA(V) maxima appeared seasonally under sub-anoxic conditions and developed regionally at the redox boundary and above the sediment surface. The DMAA(V) concentrations increased in the initial period of oxygen depletion and just after the disappearance of anoxia, while they diminished in the anoxic hypolimnion by midsummer. The seasonal behavior of trivalent methylarsenicals, which are readily oxidized in oxic environments, was similar to that of DMAA(V). The total arsenic concentration in the surface layer rose to a maximum in late summer. Methylarsenicals did not increase in such a way that the total arsenic concentration increased during summer. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壳聚糖及其在分析化学中的应用

综述了壳聚糖、甲壳素在污水处理、电化学、原子吸收光谱、高效液相色谱、吸光光度法中的应用。引用文献28篇。     

Determination of Penicillins in Milk by a Dual-Optrode Biosensor

Penicillins are the most frequently found antibiotic residues in milk, as they are commonly used for the treatment of bacterial infections in cows. In the present study, we introduce a method for the rapid detection of penicillin residues in raw milk based on the determination of glucose concentration in milk with a dual flow-through biosensor. The molar concentration of glucose in milk is typically over 500 times lower than the concentration of lactose and is highly dependent on the rate of lactose hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by β-galactosidase. Glucose concentrations in milk change with variation in the β-galactosidase activity. β-Galactosidase is an enzyme produced in the microbiota in milk and its activity is inhibited by benzylpenicillin. Spiking milk with benzylpenicillin lowers glucose concentrations in comparison to high-quality milk after short storage intervals. The presence of penicillin in the milk of treated animals resulted in decreased glucose concentrations in comparison with high-quality milk that contained no antibiotics. The glucose concentration in milk samples was followed by the system enabling the elimination of the effects of bacterial respiration in the output with reliable results in less than 1?min.     

Evaluation of hydrogen ion concentrations in prostates from rats and dogs using fluorescent confocal microscopy

The knowledge of intracellular spatial distribution of pH in prostates in animal models reflective of human prostate may have implications for drug development upon pH dependent drug delivery and activity. Freshly dissected prostate tissues (in vitro) or the entire prostate gland (in vivo) were loaded with fluorescent dyes and viewed using confocal microscopy. Images were initially taken in tissues perfused with RPMI-1640 medium. Calibration in situ was performed with high potassium buffers of known pH containing nigericin. Acetoxymethyl ester carboxy-SNARF-1 was visible in epithelial cells (but not stroma) in rat and dog prostates. The pH of lysosomes in prostate epithelial cells was 5.2 as determined by fluorescence of Lyso Sensor Green DND-189. A method of in situ confirmation of tissue viability was developed by a secondary loading and visualization of the BCECF fluorescent dye. Besides the direct measurement of the pH in rat and dog tissues (pH ≈ 7.0), a method of pH measurement in prostate tissue (rather than in cell culture) was developed.     

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling in vivo: muscle and adipose tissue

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling were studied in the muscle and adipose tissue of rats. Both the delivery method and the no-net-flux method were used to determine the extraction efficiency (EE) of acetaminophen and caffeine in both tissues. There was no concentration dependence of the EE either in vitro or in vivo for either acetaminophen or caffeine. The EEs determined by the delivery and no-net-flux methods were not different. However, the EEs of both caffeine and acetaminophen determined in vitro were significantly higher than those determined in the muscle and adipose. This indicates that mass transfer in the tissue is the rate-determining factor for the EE in vivo. The relative difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the muscle was smaller than the difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the adipose. In addition, the EE in the muscle decreased more than the EE in the adipose after the animal was euthanized. This indicated that exchange between the extracellular fluid and plasma is the rate-determining step in mass transport relative to microdialysis sampling. This has a more significant effect on the EE in the muscle than the EE in the adipose. Both the delivery and no-net-flux methods can be used to calibrate microdialysis probes in the muscle and adipose.