学会选用食物,补充微量元素

补钙食物：畜类、虾类、谷类、黑色食品。补镁食物：蜂产品、昆虫类、叶菜类、水果类、鱼类。补锌食物：鱼类、贝类、豆类、蜂产品、昆虫类、禽类。补铁食物：禽类、黑色食品、叶菜类、菌类、昆虫类、动物血。补铜食物：虾类、贝类、瓜茄类、坚果类。     

微量元素既可载舟又可覆舟

元素科学、生命科学、关乎民生、关乎国运。 元素医学、平衡医学、无病不防、无病不治。 头发检测、活体检测、检测已病、检测未病。     

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4 February 1995 Volume 4 Number 1

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微量元素与食物

含钙高的食物:牛奶、黄豆、乳制品、海参、海带、蚕豆、豆制品、芝麻酱、虾皮、燕麦、小麦、酸奶、牛肉等。含镁高的食物:荷叶、香蕉、黄豆、蕃茄、绿豆、红小豆、蕃石榴、蜂蜜、燕麦等。含锌高的食物:牡蛎、猪肝、鱼类、高锌鸡蛋、板栗、核桃、红枣、黄鳝、海参等。含铁高的食     

不锈钢的 X射线荧光光谱分析

用高性能飞利浦PW2400X射线荧光光谱仪,测定不锈钢中Al、Si、P、S、Ti、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Sn、W、Fe15个元素。给出了各元素的干扰校正系数和基体效应校正系数。方法准确、灵敏、稳定性好、速度快。     

微量元素既可载舟又可覆舟

元素科学、生命科学,关乎民生、关乎国运。 元素医学、平衡医学,无病不防、无病不治。 头发检测、活体检测,检测已病、检测未病。 元素调理、食物调理,调理聪明、调理健康。     

微量元素与癌症

一、肝癌:肝癌患者体内硒、锌、锰、铁较低,铜、镍、铝升高。二、胃肠癌:胃肠癌患者体内锌、钼、钴等明显降低,铜、镍明显升高。三、食管癌:食管癌患者体内硒、锌、铁、锰、钼、镁等缺乏,铜和铜/锌升高。四、肺癌:肺癌患者体内锰、硒、锌、锶等明显降低,铜、镍、砷含量升高。五     

氟离子电极的应用Ⅱ.合金钢、合金、硅酸盐中铝的测定

本文报导用氟离子电极作指示电极、以氟化钠滴定,测定合金钢、合金、硅酸盐中铝的方法。大量铁、铬、镍、锰、铜、铅、钙、镁、硼、硅和少量铌、锡、钼无干扰,钛可用乳酸掩蔽。铝的适用范围为5×10~-3—X％。一般不需分离,操作简便,也有一定准确度。     

实验室认可的发展与体会

介绍实验室认可的发展过程与发展趋势。实验室认可的内涵是按章行事、全员参与、服务客户、实施预防、强化技术和不断完善。全面、灵活、文件资料多和要求严格是实验室认可的特点。组织落实、文件编制、人员培训、仪器档案整理、量值溯源、内审及管理评审是实施实验室认可的重要工作。     

微量元素既可载舟又可覆舟

元素科学、生命科学,关乎民生、关乎国运。 元素医学、平衡医学,无病不防、无病不治。 头发检测、活体检测,检测已病、检测未病。 元素调理、食物调理,调理聪明、调理健康。     

Research progress of graphene-based nanomaterials for the environmental remediation

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with huge surface area,high carrier mobility and high mechanical strength.Because of its great potential in nanotechnology and environmental protection,it has attracted much attention in environmental and energy fields since its discovery in 2004.Although graphene is a star material,many reviews have introduced its use in terms of energy,the research progress in the field of environment,especially water pollution control,has been rarely reported.Here,we review exhaustively the research progress of graphene-based materials in environmental pollution remediation in the past ten years.Firstly,the advantages and classification of graphene were introduced.Secondly,the research progress and main achievements of graphene and its composites in the fields of photocatalytic degradation,pollutant adsorption and water treatment were emphatically described,and the mechanism of action in the above fields was summarized.Finally,we discuss the problems existing in the preparation and summarize the application of graphene in the environment.     

大气臭氧化学研究进展

臭氧是大气化学中的核心物种。在平流层中，臭氧层可以吸收对生物有害的紫外辐射，对地球生命起保护伞作用。在对流层大气中，适量臭氧对清洁大气是有益的。但是，由于对流层中臭氧前体物排放量的增加，特别是在大城市，产生的高浓度臭氧会对大气环境造成严重污染，对人类、动植物和生态环境具有极大危害。臭氧的研究一般结合外场观测、实验室烟雾箱模拟和计算机数值模拟进行。深入开展大气臭氧化学研究，不仅有助于全面深入理解大气氧化过程以及全面掌握区域乃至全球大气自净能力，而且能为对流层污染控制提供科学依据和方案。本文总结了近年来有关臭氧化学的研究进展，论述了臭氧问题与人类当前面临的一些主要环境问题间的相互关系；重点综述了近年来有关南极臭氧空洞、中纬度地区臭氧低值和北极地区臭氧的损耗机理及其发展趋势；综述了臭氧与大气光化学和气溶胶间的耦合关系，并结合我国实际情况，提出了大气臭氧化学尚待深入开展研究的一些重要科学问题。     

Structure and electrokinetic study of nickel electrodeposition

Electrodeposited layers of nickel show different growth characteristics depending on the composition of the electrolyte, namely the type of the anion, the presence or the absence of boric acid and the pH. These process parameters are examined in the present work in order to elucidate their influence upon the growth texture and the related surface morphology of the electrodeposits. The relationship between process and structure is investigated by studying the transient electrochemical behavior during deposition, in order to discriminate between different interface conditions corresponding to different growth modes. The observed preferred orientations can be in this way linked to different reactive species, which are assumed to be present at the surface, and to their stability. The correlation between kinetics and structure in nickel electrodeposition reported in the present work and the similar correlation found in cobalt electrodeposition suggest a rationalization of the growth modes of ECD inert metals, based on the correspondence between the transient Tafel parameter and the growth texture observed in defined conditions. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 771–783. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Hydrogen bond and the structures of 2-, 3-and 4-biphenylmethanols

Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*) is applied to calculate structures, energy, dipole moment, polarizability, frequencies of normal vibrations in the harmonic approximation and intensities in vibrational spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-biphenylmethanol molecules and their H-complexes that can form in crystalline, amorphous, and liquid phases. Based on the analysis of simulation results, the effect of the position of a methanol group in the molecule on its vibrational spectrum is discussed. The structure forming role of a hydrogen bonds in biphenylmethanols and the possibility of realization of two polymorphic modifications in 2-biphenylmethanol are stated. These modifications are: metastable monoclinic, in which each of four molecules of the unit cell is a link of a chain H-associate; and stable triclinic, in which four molecules of the unit cell organize an H-complex in the form of a cyclic tetramer. It is found that crystalline samples of 3-and 4-biphenylmethanols consist of chain H-associates. A glass-like sample of 2BPhM being a mixture of H-complexes consisting of cyclic tetramers and chain associates contains crystalline nuclei of triclinic and monoclinic polymorphous modifications in the supercooled state. In a liquid sample of 2BPhm, chain H-associates and free molecules are realized.     

毛细管电泳技术在疾病预防控制领域的应用、发展与挑战

自1989年出现商品化的仪器以来,毛细管电泳（CE）技术在多个应用领域都取得了长足的进步与发展,重复性和准确性方面也有很大提升。能力验证样品分析的满意结果也显示了CE具备法规要求的准确定量能力。在疾病预防控制领域（简称"疾控"）CE也展现出很多独具特色的应用,成为不可或缺的技术之一。在聚合酶链式反应产物分析、核酸序列测定、DNA变异和分型分析、食源性致病微生物分析及疫苗分析等工作中CE发挥了重要作用。应对突发疫情或公共卫生事件如食物中毒时,除了通过非靶标分析尽快锁定目标物外,还需要对大量样品做出快速而准确的分析,高通量和高灵敏的CE就十分适合解决这一问题。在公共卫生理化检验以确保食品、保健食品、特殊医学用途食品、化妆品和消毒产品等的安全中,CE也发挥了不可或缺的作用。作为一种使用较少危险化学品的环境友好方法,在需要按照标准或规范进行的疾控实验室常规检测中,CE仍受制于标准方法的缺失,未能发挥其应有的作用。但简单、快速、经济、耐用、高效的CE分离一旦与高灵敏通用检测器联用,必将更加从容地应对疾控领域中的各种挑战,发挥更大的作用。本文综述了2010~2019年CE在疾控领域的应用,分析了CE在疾控领域发展的机遇和挑战,对CE在疾控领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

Crack Damage in Polymers and Composites: A Review

Polymer-based materials are extensively used in various applications such as aircrafts, civilian structures, oil and gas platforms and electronics. They are, however, inherently damage prone and over time, the formation of cracks and microscopic damages influences the thermo-mechanical and electrical properties, which eventually results in the total failure of the materials. This paper provides an overview of the principal causes of cracking in polymer and composites and summarizes the recent progress in the development of non-destructive techniques in crack detection. Furthermore, recent progress in the development of bio-inspired self-healing methods in autonomic repair is discussed.     

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric (ICP/MS) Determination of Thallium in Soils and Winter Rapeseeds

Abstract

The ICP/MS method with lutetium, bismuth and indium as internal standards was used for the determination of thallium and other elements, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, Cd, As and Pb, in soils and rapeseeds. Samples were collected in two thallium highly pedogeochemicaily contaminated areas situated in South Bohemia and in Czech-Moravian Highlands, in two river alluvia, in two control sites with low levels of TI and in one spot with anthropogenic contamination. Levels higher than 2.5 mg kg^?1 have been found in rapeseeds in the highly polluted areas (c. 2.8 mg kg^?1 in soils). High correlation coefficients, r > 0.81, between content of TI in top- and sub-soils and rapeseeds were obtained. Thallium concentrations exceed twice of Pb content and by one order of magnitude of Cd amounts. This finding are very important because of the high toxicity of TI and the absence of threshold limits for TI in soils, agricultural products and foodstuffs in the Czech Republic.     

黄鸣龙——我国有机化学的一位先驱

黄鸣龙院士(1898-1979)1919年浙江医药专科学校毕业,1924年德国柏林大学有机药物化学博士;1924-1934年任浙江医专教授、主任,卫生署化学部主任;1934-1940年在欧洲先灵公司等从事研究工作;1940年回国在昆明任中研院化学所研究员,兼任西南联大教授;1945年赴美在哈佛大学,默克公司从事研究工作。1952年绕道欧洲回国,先后在中国人民解放军医学科学院化学系和中国科学院上海有机化学研究所任研究员。1955年当选为中国科学院学部委员(院士)。黄先生一生从事有机化学的教育和研究工作,他在有机化学的“结构与机理”以及“反应和合成”二大方面都作出了在国内外具有深远影响的工作。20世纪40年代黄先生发现了变质山道年4个立体异构体的循环转变,堪称立体化学的经典之作;1948年发表了黄鸣龙还原反应;1952年归国后引领和发展了我国的甾体化学研究,带领了我国甾体药物的生产发展,是我国甾体药物工业的奠基人。黄先生治学严谨,既重视应用研究,又强调基础研究;关注学习新知识、新概念,又更重视实验技术。黄先生教书育人,身体力行,是我国有机化学发展的先驱者和奠基人。     

Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.     

Adsorption Behavior of Lysozyme and Tween 80 at Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Silica–Water Interfaces

Nonionic surfactants such as Tween 80 are used commercially to minimize protein loss through adsorption and aggregation and preserve native structure and activity. However, the specific mechanisms underlying Tween action in this context are not well understood. Here, we describe the interaction of the well-characterized, globular protein lysozyme with Tween 80 at solid–water interfaces. Hydrophilic and silanized, hydrophobic silica surfaces were used as substrates for protein and surfactant adsorption, which was monitored in situ, with ellipsometry. The method of lysozyme and Tween introduction to the surfaces was varied in order to identify the separate roles of protein, surfactant, and the protein–surfactant complex in the observed interfacial behavior. At the hydrophobic surface, the presence of Tween in the protein solution resulted in a reduction in amount of protein adsorbed, while lysozyme adsorption at the hydrophilic surface was entirely unaffected by the presence of Tween. In addition, while a Tween pre-coat prevented lysozyme adsorption on the hydrophobic surface, such a pre-coat was completely ineffective in reducing adsorption on the hydrophilic surface. These observations were attributed to surface-dependent differences in Tween binding strength and emphasize the importance of the direct interaction between surfactant and solid surface relative to surfactant–protein association in solution in the modulation of protein adsorption by Tween 80.