物理化学教学研究会第三次会议纪要

物理化学教学研究会第三次会议以物理化学实验教学改革与建设为主题,介绍了教指委制订的实验教学建议内容,并就今后的物理化学实验教学改革进行了交流和研讨。本文介绍了物理化学实验的特点、当前的改革进展及其局限性,总结了部分高校在实验的目标导向设计、教学模式改革、教学理念和方法改革、教学达成度考核设计、实验新原理新方法引入等方面的做法和经验。论述了近期需要开展的重点工作。对今后的物理化学实验教学改革和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

全国理科化学实验教学及教材改革研讨会

(1987.10.兰州) 全国理科化学实验教学及教材改革研讨会于1987年10月12日在兰州大学召开。出席会议的有44所高等院校的80多位代表。这次会议是在高等学校化学教育研究中心的“大学化学基础实验系统改革研究”课题组研讨的基础上,由国家教委二司召开的全国第一次研讨基础化学实验改革的大会。会议的目的是交流近年化学实验教学改革的经验;研讨化学实验教学改革方案和实验教学评估办法;讨论加强实验教学、提高     

材料表征方法理论与实践课程的改革与建设*

通过与超星专业慕课制作团队合作搭建网络教学平台,将线上慕课教学与线下实验教学相结合,对材料表征方法理论与实践课程进行了全方位的改革。与传统实验教学相比,改革后的课程不仅能够激发学生的学习兴趣,实现时间空间的相对自由,还可以完善考核机制,提升教学质量,从而为高校化学研究生实验课程的改革提供一定的借鉴意义。     

仪器分析实验教学内容改革与实践

针对现行的仪器分析实验教学内容中存在的验证性实验偏多、缺少条件实验、忽视样品的预处理等问题,提出了改革方案。以提高学生的实践能力为出发点,从筛选与生产、生活联系密切的实验,重视样品的预处理和实验条件的选择,加强综合性、设计性实验,开设开放性和创新性实验,吸引学生参与教师的科研工作等方面对仪器分析实验教学内容改革进行了探讨。     

化学类专业实验教学改革的进展、趋势与重点

综述了过去近20年我国化学类专业实验教学改革的主要内容和取得的主要成绩,分析了当前实验教学中存在的主要问题和挑战,采用目标导向的方式,对实验教学目标、教学内容、教学模式、管理模式的改革趋势进行了分析,提出了改革的要求和思路.对今后的实验教学改革和建设具有一定的指导意义.     

从化学实验竞赛探讨高校化学实验教学的改革和创新*——第11届全国大学生化学实验邀请赛理论试题的解析与思考

从命题思路、试题内容及特点和结果分析等3个方面对第11届全国大学生化学实验邀请赛的理论试题进行讨论分析和总结,同时对化学实验教学的改革提出几点思考和建议,以期促进高校化学实验教学的改革和创新。     

德国有机化学实验项目式教学实践与启示*——以康斯坦茨大学为例

对德国康斯坦茨大学的本科有机化学实验初级阶段和高级阶段的教学方式,从实验前准备、实验内容、实验教学模式、实验考核方式、实验室安全管理等方面进行了综合阐述,可为我国高校相关专业有机化学实验教学与改革提供参考,提高教学质量。     

大学基础化学实验系统改革第六次会议纪要摘登

参加《大学基础化学实验系统改革》课题组的10所高校的22名代表,于1989年9月21日-25日在厦门大学召开了第六次会议.对26所高校提交的近160篇新实验中初选出来的约70篇(近25万字)进行了全面细致的复审.代表们认为这些新实验实用性较强、覆盖面较广、具有一定的先进性,反映了近年来实验教学     

高分子科学实验教学培养学生创新能力的研究与实践

介绍了吉林化工学院高分子材料与工程专业基础实验的改革思路、改革方案与实施过程,讨论了如何通过专业实验教学大纲的重新编写和审定、实验教材的编写、实验用教学软件的开发、实验室开放方案和实施方案的制定等措施有效的培养和提高学生的创新能力。通过改革使得本专业的学生不仅在实验动手能力和相关实验技能方面得到加强,而且铸造了他们科学的实验思维和实验态度。     

浅谈有机化学实验教学模式

高校教学改革一直是高校教师关心的热点,也是高等学校教学工作的重要组成部分,实验教学是高等学校理科教学特别是化学教学中必不可少的一门课程,是培养学生动手能力、实际工作能力的重要环节。如何改革实验教学一直是教师们在不断探讨的问题。该文从学生兴趣的角度出发,提出一种以兴趣为中心的教学模式,就如何改革有机化学实验教学模式进行了初步探讨。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.