镍负载硅酸铝催化剂上丙烯齐聚反应 3: 镍离子与丙烯分子的相互作用

为了探明在Ni(II)/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上丙烯齐聚反应诱导期的成因及活性中心的本质, 考察了反应过程中镍离子与丙烯分子的相互作用, 发现反应诱导期随着催化剂预抽空温度的升高而缩短, 也随着丙烯预处理及反应温度的升高而缩短。用ESR、XPS法跟踪考察发现, 随着丙烯在催化剂上反应的进行, 首先Ni(II)被丙烯还原成Ni(I)离子。之后, 丙烯与Ni(I)配位形成不饱和配位离子, 形成齐聚反应表面活性中间体, 并且在反应过程中, 二、三聚产物也可与Ni(I)离子配位, 形成三、、四聚反应面活性中间体。结果表明在Ni(II)/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上Ni(I)离子是丙烯齐聚反应的活性中心。     

镍负载硅酸铝催化剂上丙烯齐聚反应 Ⅲ.镍离子与丙烯分子的相互作用

为了探明在Ni(Ⅱ)/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂上丙烯齐聚反应诱导期的成因及活性中心的本质,考察了反应过程中镍离子与丙烯分子的相互作用,发现反应诱导期随着催化剂预抽空温度的升高而缩短,也随着丙烯预处理及反应温度的升高而缩短.用ESR、XPS法跟踪考察发现,随着丙烯在催化剂上反应的进行,首先Ni(Ⅱ)被丙烯还原成Ni(Ⅰ)离子.之后,丙烯与Ni(Ⅰ)配位形成不饱和配位离子,形成齐聚反应表面活性中间体,并且在反应过程中,二、三聚产物也可与Ni(Ⅰ)离子配位,形成三、四聚反应面活性中间体.结果表明在Ni(Ⅱ)/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂上Ni(Ⅰ)离子是丙烯齐聚反应的活性中心。     

NiSO/r-Al2O3对低级烯烃齐聚反应的催化作用

用ＮａＯＨ和ＣＯ中毒法，ＥＳＲ检测等方法研究了ＮｉＳＯ４／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上乙烯，丙烯和１－丁烯齐聚反应的催化作用。结果表明：催化剂的酸性对烯烃的齐聚反应起重要作用，并且反应活性主要与Ｈｏ≤－３．０的酸中心有关；乙烯二聚反应是通过配位催化进行的，其活性中心是Ｎｉ＋，丙烯聚是Ｎｉ＋上的配位催化和酸催化进行的，而１－丁烯齐聚则是通过酸催化机理进行。     

NiSO_4／γ－Al_2O_3对低级烯烃齐聚反应的催化作用

用ＮａＯＨ和ＣＯ中毒法、ＥＳＲ检测等方法研究了ＮｉＳＯ４／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上乙烯、丙烯和１－丁烯齐聚反应的催化作用．结果表明：催化剂的酸性对烯烃的齐聚反应起重要作用，并且反应活性主要与Ｈｏ－３．０的酸中心有关，乙烯二聚反应是通过配位催化进行的，其活性中心是Ｎｉ＋，丙烯齐聚是通过Ｎｉ＋上的配位催化和酸催化进行的，而１－丁烯齐聚则是通过酸催化机理进行     

无定形硅铝负载镍催化剂上乙烯齐聚反应的活性位点结构鉴定

镍(Ni)基催化剂在低碳烯烃聚合领域具有重要的地位,也是该领域研究的热点.自Johnson等报道(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1995,117,6414–6415)二亚胺配体络合的Ni(Ⅱ)催化剂可有效降低烯烃聚合度,降低产物中非线性烯烃的选择性,甚至可以生成α-烯烃以来,掀起了Ni基催化剂在烯烃聚合领域的研究热潮.从均相到负载型多相Ni基催化剂,从载体类型到配体性质,从Ni纳米粒子的粒径调控到金属表面价态,关于Ni活性中心的研究工作一直存在争论.本课题组之前研究结果表明,曾明确了无定形硅铝(ASA)载体负载的Ni催化剂,经惰性气氛(N2)预处理得到的一价Ni是烯烃齐聚反应的主要活性中心(J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun.,1991,126–127).本文进一步深入研究了不同Al2O3含量的ASA载体上Ni活性位点的结构及其在乙烯齐聚反应中的活性.27Al NMR结果表明,催化剂中的铝存在三种配位方式,分别为AlⅣ、AlⅤ和AlⅥ,其中AlⅣ含量随Al2O3含量的增加而增加.载体中铝配位方式的不同,导致其表面金属负载的金属Ni活性位点所处的结构亦不同.原位FTIR-CO和H2-TPR实验结果表明,催化剂表面存在两种不同结构分布的Ni位点,分别是接枝在弱酸性硅醇上的Ni2+阳离子和Si?(OH)?Al桥式羟基离子交换位置的Ni2+阳离子.多数研究者认为,位于离子交换位置处孤立的Ni阳离子是反应的活性中心.然而,近期有研究者提出负载在酸性硅烷醇表面孤立的Ni2+阳离子为反应的活性中心物质.本文研究发现,随着Al2O3负载量的降低,处于离子交换位置处的Ni2+离子含量逐渐减少,而处于硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子含量则逐渐增多.原位FTIR-CO分析结果表明,处于硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子物种在惰性气氛中更易于转化为活性中心Ni+.相应的催化反应结果表明,相比于离子交换位置的Ni2+物种,具有与硅醇缺陷位点相连的Ni2+离子结构更有利于表现出更高的乙烯齐聚化活性.由此可知,处于硅醇缺陷位点的Ni2+物种是乙烯齐聚反应的活性中心的前驱体.本文进一步研究了硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子物种更易于转化为活性中心Ni+的原因.H2-TPR结果表明,相比于离子交换位置的Ni2+物种,处于硅醇缺陷位点的Ni2+物种与载体之间的相互作用力更弱.C2H4-TPD结果进一步表明,具有这种相对较弱的金属载体间作用力结构的催化剂对反应物C2H4分子的吸附作用力相对更强,吸附量也相对增多,因此其乙烯齐聚的催化性能更优.本研究结果对理解活性中心结构和合理设计催化剂提供参考.     

Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2催化二氧化碳与丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的研究

 采用表面改性法制备了负载型Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2双核金属乙氧基配合物催化剂，利用示差量热、红外光谱和微反技术对催化剂的表面结构、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化活性进行了研究．结果表明，负载型双核金属乙氧基配合物Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2中的Ni2＋与载体SiO2表面的O2－以双齿配位形式键合；二氧化碳在催化剂表面存在桥式吸附态和碳酸单乙酯基物种两种吸附态，丙烯则只有一种分子吸附态；在适宜的反应条件下，二氧化碳和丙烯在Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2催化剂上的反应产物主要是甲基丙烯酸．根据实验结果，提出了二氧化碳和丙烯在Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2催化剂表面的反应机理，反应物分子共吸附于催化剂表面同一活性单元上，羧酸根和丙烯解离吸附态的形成是反应顺利进行的关键步骤．     

NiSO_4/γ-Al_2O_3对丙烯齐聚反应的催化行为

NiSO_4/γ-Al_2O_3的酸性强烈影响其催化丙烯齐聚的活性。CO中毒实验和ESR表征证明,在反应过程中有Ni~+产生,并成为反应的活性中心。推测NiSO_4/γ-Al_2O_3上丙烯齐聚反应除通过酸中心上酸催化进行外,还通过Ni~+上配位催化进行。     

多孔纳晶TiO2薄膜光催化剂的研制及其催化性能

 采用表面改性法制备了负载型Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2双核金属乙氧基配合物催化剂，利用示差量热、红外光谱和微反技术对催化剂的表面结构、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化活性进行了研究．结果表明，负载型双核金属乙氧基配合物Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2中的Ni2＋与载体SiO2表面的O2－以双齿配位形式键合；二氧化碳在催化剂表面存在桥式吸附态和碳酸单乙酯基物种两种吸附态，丙烯则只有一种分子吸附态；在适宜的反应条件下，二氧化碳和丙烯在Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2催化剂上的反应产物主要是甲基丙烯酸．根据实验结果，提出了二氧化碳和丙烯在Ni2（OEt）2／SiO2催化剂表面的反应机理，反应物分子共吸附于催化剂表面同一活性单元上，羧酸根和丙烯解离吸附态的形成是反应顺利进行的关键步骤．     

C2H4CnH2n

镍(Ni)基催化剂在低碳烯烃聚合领域具有重要的地位,也是该领域研究的热点.自Johnson等报道(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1995, 117, 6414–6415)二亚胺配体络合的Ni(II)催化剂可有效降低烯烃聚合度,降低产物中非线性烯烃的选择性,甚至可以生成α-烯烃以来,掀起了Ni基催化剂在烯烃聚合领域的研究热潮.从均相到负载型多相Ni基催化剂,从载体类型到配体性质,从Ni纳米粒子的粒径调控到金属表面价态,关于Ni活性中心的研究工作一直存在争论.本课题组之前研究结果表明,曾明确了无定形硅铝(ASA)载体负载的Ni催化剂,经惰性气氛(N2)预处理得到的一价Ni是烯烃齐聚反应的主要活性中心(J.Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1991, 126–127).本文进一步深入研究了不同Al2O3含量的ASA载体上Ni活性位点的结构及其在乙烯齐聚反应中的活性.27AlNMR结果表明,催化剂中的铝存在三种配位方式,分别为AlⅣ、AlⅤ和AlⅥ,其中AlⅣ含量随Al2O3含量的增加而增加.载体中铝配位方式的不同,导致其表面金属负载的金属Ni活性位点所处的结构亦不同.原位FTIR-CO和H2-TPR实验结果表明,催化剂表面存在两种不同结构分布的Ni位点,分别是接枝在弱酸性硅醇上的Ni2+阳离子和Si-(OH)-Al桥式羟基离子交换位置的Ni2+阳离子.多数研究者认为,位于离子交换位置处孤立的Ni阳离子是反应的活性中心.然而,近期有研究者提出负载在酸性硅烷醇表面孤立的Ni2+阳离子为反应的活性中心物质.本文研究发现,随着Al2O3负载量的降低,处于离子交换位置处的Ni2+离子含量逐渐减少,而处于硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子含量则逐渐增多.原位FTIR-CO分析结果表明,处于硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子物种在惰性气氛中更易于转化为活性中心Ni+.相应的催化反应结果表明,相比于离子交换位置的Ni2+物种,具有与硅醇缺陷位点相连的Ni2+离子结构更有利于表现出更高的乙烯齐聚化活性.由此可知,处于硅醇缺陷位点的Ni2+物种是乙烯齐聚反应的活性中心的前驱体.本文进一步研究了硅醇缺陷位点处的Ni2+离子物种更易于转化为活性中心Ni+的原因.H2-TPR结果表明,相比于离子交换位置的Ni2+物种,处于硅醇缺陷位点的Ni2+物种与载体之间的相互作用力更弱.C2H4-TPD结果进一步表明,具有这种相对较弱的金属载体间作用力结构的催化剂对反应物C2H4分子的吸附作用力相对更强,吸附量也相对增多,因此其乙烯齐聚的催化性能更优.本研究结果对理解活性中心结构和合理设计催化剂提供参考.     

改性Ag/α-Al_2O_3催化丙烯气相环氧化反应

制备了以分子氧为氧化剂,对丙烯气相环氧化具有较好催化性能的改性负载银催化剂,并利用氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)技术研究了氧在其表面上的脱附行为.实验结果表明:Ag/α-Al2O3催化剂只能使丙烯完全氧化成二氧化碳和水;当该催化剂用K2O改性后,可获得少量的环氧丙烷;Y2O3改性的Ag/α-Al2O3催化剂,可获得极少量的丙醛和丙酮;将0.1%(w)Y2O3添加到Ag-K2O/α-Al2O3后,可以显著提高催化剂的丙烯环氧化性能.在0.1MPa、245℃、20%C3H6/8%O2/72%N2和气体空速2000h-1的反应条件下,通过20%(w)Ag-0.1%Y2O3-0.1%K2O/α-Al2O3催化剂时,丙烯转化率为4.0%,环氧丙烷的选择性为46.8%.O2-TPD研究表明,少量的Y2O3、K2O或Y2O3-K2O作为助剂添加到20%Ag/α-Al2O3催化剂中时,减少了高温区与丙烯完全氧化有关的吸附氧物种的量,低温区余下的吸附氧物种量不变,有利于丙烯环氧化反应,提高了环氧丙烷的选择性.     

Formation and nature of catalysts based on nickel(0) phosphine complexes active in lower alkene dimerization and oligomerization

The catalytic properties and formation mechanism of alkene dimerization-active complexes in systems based on Ni(PPh₃)₄ and boron trifluoride etherate are considered. The nature of the modifying action of Brønsted acids on the properties of metal complex catalysts for propylene dimerization is reported. The interaction between Ni(PPh₃)₄ and BF₃ · OEt₂ is influenced by water. Depending on the water concentration, the reaction can proceed via formally one-electron oxidation to yield cationic Ni(I) complexes or via two-electron oxidation to yield Ni(II) hydrides. The catalytically active species in alkene dimerization and oligomerization in these systems are Ni(II) hydrido complexes.     

Influence of the order of introduction of protonic acids on the formation of active complexes in the Ni(PPh3)4/BF3 · OEt2 catalytic system

The influence of the order of introduction of promoters (complex protonic acids) on the formation of active complexes in the Ni(PPh₃)₄/BF₃ · OEt₂ catalytic system and the activity of these systems in ethylene oligomerization have been studied. The activity of the systems in which nickel exists mainly as cationic Ni(I) complexes is more than one order of magnitude higher than the activity of the systems where nickel exists mainly in the form of Ni(II) hydride complexes. The role of alcohols as promoters in the Ni(PPh₃)₄/BF₃ · OEt₂ catalytic system is elucidated. The alcohols are the source of Ni(II) hydrides and, more importantly, the source of strong Brønsted acids, which efficiently ensure the coordinative unsaturation of the cationic Ni(I) complexes.     

Reactions of Aluminium Tribromide with Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0) and Tetrakis(triethylphosphite)nickel(0) Complexes

Reactions of aluminium tribromide with the Ni(0) phosphine and phosphite complexes are studied by EPR method. AlBr₃was found to cause the oxidation of the transition metal in the (PPh₃)₄Ni complex to the univalent state with the formation of the tetracoordinated (PPh₃)₃NiBr complex. With an excess of AlBr₃, the phosphine ligands are eliminated from the coordination sphere of Ni(I), and the coordinatively unsaturated complexes are destroyed to give the colloidal nickel. In the reaction of (P(OEt)₃)₄Ni with AlBr₃, Ni(0) is also oxidized to Ni(I), but the acido ligand is not eliminated even with a 15-fold excess of the Lewis acid. The activity of catalytic systems on the basis of the Ni(0) phosphine complexes and the Lewis acids in the low-molecular oligomerization reactions of olefines is determined by the cationic coordinatively unsaturated Ni(I) complexes formed in these systems.     

1,5-环辛二烯阳离子型跨环齐聚合反应

本文系统地研究了1,5-环辛二烯(COD)在BF3.OEt2和AlCl3催化下的阳离子型跨环聚合. 考察了引发剂、助催化剂以及溶剂等因素对单体转化率的影响. 得到的齐聚物数均分子量为1000左右, 软化温度为140-160℃. 采用裂解色谱-质谱证明产物具有1的结构.     

配位化学中的直线自由能关系XXI: 铜(II)-13-取代苄基-1, 4, 8, 11-四氮杂环十四烷-12, 14-二酮配合物的生成及酸分解行为研究

采用pH法, 在25.0±0.1℃, I=0.1 mol.dm^-^3 (KNO3)条件下, 测定了13-取代苄基-1, 4, 8, 11-四氮杂环十四烷-12,14-二酮的质子化常数及其与Cu(II)配位的平衡常数。讨论了配体与金属离子的配位方式。在25.0±0.1℃, 离子强度为0.1mol.dm^-^3 (KNO3)下, 采用分光光度法, 研究了这些配体铜(II)配合物的酸分解动力学行为。探讨了配合物酸分解机理,得到了速控步的速率常数。发现配位反应平衡常数与配体的质子化常数及配合物酸分解反应速率常数之间存在较好的Hammett型和Bronsted型直线自由能关系。同时探讨了取代基对配合物生成及酸分解的影响情况。     

Studies on some salicylaldehyde Schiff base derivatives and their complexes with Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II)

The formation constants of some transition metal ions Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) binary complexes containing Schiff bases resulting from condensation of salicylaldehyde with aniline (I), 2-aminopyridine (II), 4-aminopyridine (III) and 2-aminopyrimidine (IV) were determined pH-metrically in ethanolic medium (80%, v/v). The formation constants were determined for all binary complexes. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the four ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal dehydration and decomposition of these complexes were studied kinetically using the integral method applying the Coats-Redfern equation. It was found that the thermal decomposition of the complexes follow second order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition are also reported. The electronic absorption spectra of the investigated ligands were carried out to determine the pK(a) values spectrophotometrically.     

Mass spectral behavior of some homoleptic and mixed aryldichalcogenide bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenenickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II), and bis(diisopropylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) complexes

The mass spectral behavior of a number of organometallic complexes containing the Group 10 metals Ni, Pd, and Pt, together with various thiolate ligands were studied. For Pd, two main types of complexes, differing by the substituents on the phosphorus atom were studied. Types I and II were substituted with bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and bis(diisopropylphosphino)ferrocene ligands, respectively. The Ni complexes, except for one, and the Pd Type I complexes had no molecular radical cations (M(+.)) in their EI spectra. On the other hand, all the Pt complexes showed intense M(+.) ions in their EI spectra indicating that these complexes were more stable as radical cations than those of Ni and Pd. The FAB and MALDI spectra of all the complexes displayed intense quasi-molecular ions (MH(+)) and the fragmentations in both modes were similar. The MALDI spectra of several complexes displayed only M(+.) ions while one gave evidence of both MH(+) and M(+.) ions. Several Pd Type II complexes yielded intense M(+.) in their EI spectra.     

Investigation of radionuclide 63Ni(II) sequestration mechanisms on mordenite by batch and EXAFS spectroscopy study

The sorption behavior and microscopic sequestration mechanisms of radionuclide 63Ni(II) on mordenite as a function of aging time,ionic strength,initial 63Ni(Ⅱ) concentrations,solid content and coexistent electrolyte ions were investigated by the com-bination of batch and EXAFS techniques.Macroscopic experiment results show that the sorption of 63Ni(Ⅱ) is dependent on ionic strength at pH<7,and independent of ionic strength at pH>7.The sorption percentage of 63Ni(Ⅱ) on mordenite increases with increasing solid content,while the sorption capacity decreases as solid content increases.The presence of different elec-trolyte ions can enhance or inhibit the sorption of Ni(II) on mordenite in various degrees.EXAFS analysis results of the sam-ples under three different ionic strengths suggest that the retained 63Ni(Ⅱ) in these samples exists in an octahedral environment with six water ligands.In the initial period of rapid uptake,the sorption of 63Ni(Ⅱ) is dominated by the formation of in-ner-sphere surface complexes.As aging time increases,63Ni(Ⅱ) sequestration behavior tends to be mainly controlled by the formation of Ni phyllosilicate co-precipitates and/or Ni(OH)2(s) precipitates.Results for the second shell fit of the sample pre-pared at an initial 63Ni(Ⅱ) concentration of 100 mg/L indicate the possible formation of Ni polynuclear surface complexes.Both the macroscopic sorption data and the molecular level evidence of 63Ni(Ⅱ) surface speciation at the mordenite/water in-terfaces should be factored into better predictions of the mobility and bioavailability of 63Ni(Ⅱ) in environment mediums.     

New dinuclear nickel(II) complexes: synthesis, structure, electrochemical, and magnetic properties

The reaction of [NiBr(2)(bpy)(2)] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) with organic phosphinic acids ArP(O)(OH)H [Ar = Ph, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (Mes), 9-anthryl (Ant)] leads to the formation of binuclear nickel(II) complexes with bridging ArP(H)O(2)(-) ligands. Crystal structures of the binuclear complexes [Ni(2)(μ-O(2)P(H)Ar)(2)(bpy)(4)]Br(2) (Ar = Ph, Mes, Ant) have been determined. In each structure, the metal ions have distorted octahedral coordination and are doubly bridged by two arylphosphinato ligands. Magnetic susceptibility measurements have shown that these complexes display strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two nickel atoms at low temperatures, apparently similar to binuclear nickel(II) complexes with bridging carboxylato ligands. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ EPR spectroelectrochemistry show that these complexes can be electrochemically reduced and oxidized with the formation of Ni(I),Ni(0)/Ni(III) derivatives.     

1-丁烯齐聚反应——Ⅵ.羧酸镍/乙基氯化铝催化体系活性物种的测定

本文利用羧酸镍/乙基氯化铝催化体系催化1-丁烯齐聚反应,用核磁共振和红外光谱技术测定了该体系的催化活性物种。对2-乙基已酸镍/倍半乙基氯化铝体系,在~1H—NMR谱上,于—30.2——33.5 ppm处出现一组信号。对2-乙基己酸镍/乙基二氯化铝体系,在~1H—NMR谱上,分别于-30.2和-34.4ppm处出现信号,在IR谱上,在1955.7cm~(-1)处出现吸收峰。确证具有催化活性的物种为镍氢配合物。