环氧树脂与氰酸酯共固化反应的研究

应用DSC、FT IR对乙酰丙酮过渡金属络合物催化促进的环氧树酯与氰酸酯共固化反应行为、历程以及固化物的结构特征进行了研究探讨 .结果表明 ,促进剂能够明显的降低固化反应温度 ,缩短固化反应时间 .反应历程首先是氰酸酯发生自聚反应形成二聚体或三聚体 (三嗪环 ) ,然后二聚体可进一步共聚形成三嗪环 ,此过程伴随着环氧基的聚醚反应 ,最后是三嗪环与剩余的环氧基反应形成唑烷酮 .在氰酸酯欠量的条件下 ,固化树脂中主要是唑烷酮和聚醚结构 ,三嗪环结构很少 ;在氰酸脂适量或过量条件下 ,固化树脂主要是三嗪环和唑烷酮结构 ,聚醚结构很少 .     

酚醛型氰酸酯与双酚A型环氧共固化反应的FTIR研究

在恒温固化条件下,通过FTIR跟踪方法,研究了酚醛型氰酸酯与双酚A型环氧共固化反应的路径及其反应机理.共固化体系的反应过程包括在150℃及其以下温度,主要发生的是氰酸酯的三嗪环化固化反应,其中三嗪环化固化反应由于环氧的加入,反应速率被极大地提高了;同时,酚醛型氰酸酯中的氨基甲酸酯类杂质与环氧发生开环聚合反应,引起环氧官能团产生弱而持续的消耗.但在此阶段,酚醛型氰酸酯与环氧之间没有化学反应发生;在180℃及其以上温度,三嗪环和环氧发生反应,异构为异氰脲酸环结构,并进一步反应生成唑啉酮环结构,由于该反应的发生,促进了环氧官能团的消耗速度,在环氧官能团的转化率-时间图中,出现倒S曲线;在三嗪环的转化率图中,出现一个极大值后再降落的曲线.反应温度的提高有利于促进酚醛型氰酸酯与环氧之间的共固化反应,特别是当反应温度为220℃时,氰酸酯官能团和环氧官能团的消耗、三嗪环和唑啉酮环的生成均以较快的速率进行,—OCN生成三嗪环的转化率可以较容易地达到1,而唑啉酮环的转化率不超过0.5.     

PVC与端噁唑啉聚环氧丙烷的热共混接枝

本文研究聚氯乙烯(PVC)与端-2-噁唑啉聚环氧丙烷(活性聚醚)在加工过程中的接枝反应,通过溶剂萃取、IR、DSC、GPC和SEM分析方法证实接枝反应的发生,并发现无催化剂存在时,在PVC加工温度下亦能较快的发生接枝共聚反应。     

端噁唑啉聚醚对环氧树脂的固化与增韧作用的研究

用IR、DSC等分析方法研究了端2-噁唑啉聚环氧丙烷(活性聚醚)与环氧树脂的固化反应,对固化机理作了讨论。并考察了不同分子量活性聚醚对环氧树脂的增韧作用。结果表明,此活性聚醚对环氧树脂增韧效果明显,固化树脂综合性能较好。     

含硅芳炔树脂/苯并噁嗪/氰酸酯三元聚合体系研究

以双酚A型氰酸酯(BADCy)和含炔丙氧基苯并噁嗪(P-appe)为改性剂,通过与含硅芳炔树脂(PSA)的溶液混合与浓缩制备了含硅芳炔树脂/氰酸酯/苯并噁嗪三元共混体系(PPB),研究了该共混体系的热固化过程、共混树脂的热稳定性和动态力学性能、弯曲性能和冲击性能.结果表明,开环后的苯并噁嗪能催化氰酸酯的环三聚反应,可降低氰酸酯的固化温度;PPB热固化中三嗪环可与噁嗪环反应形成氰酸酯与苯并噁嗪共聚;当PPB树脂中PSA树脂的质量分数为70%时,三元共混树脂浇铸体在氮气中质量损失5%的温度(Td5)高于500oC,玻璃化转变温度高于450oC;BADCy/P-appe改性PSA树脂的三元共混体系相容性好,共混树脂浇铸体PPB-5的弯曲强度较PSA树脂提高了115%,冲击强度提升了104%,断裂面出现明显的韧性断裂特征.     

邻苯二甲腈基联苯酚醛树脂中空微球的制备与性能研究

以苯酚及4,4′-二氯甲基联苯为单体,盐酸作催化剂经Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应,合成了联苯酚醛(BN)树脂,并在此基础上通过BN树脂和4-硝基邻苯二甲腈发生亲核反应合成了邻苯二甲腈基联苯酚醛(PBN)树脂,采用高温发泡法制备了邻苯二甲腈基联苯树脂中空微球.利用红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、核磁氢谱(~1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、热失重(TG)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对制备的PBN树脂以及PBN中空微球进行了结构与性能表征.研究结果表明,采用自固化和固化剂固化的PBN树脂中空微球均已完全固化,2种固化产物中都形成了异吲哚啉和酞菁环结构,固化剂固化产物中还有三嗪环结构的形成.PBN树脂的自固化产物和固化剂固化产物固化物在1000°C氩气氛围残炭率分别为67%和70%,在600°C空气氛围残炭率分别为70%和47%.PBN树脂中空微球粒径分布范围为350~800μm,数均粒径和体积平均粒径分别为562和583μm,单分散指数为1.04.     

含苯并噁唑环氧树脂的合成、固化动力学及热性能

通过两步法制备了两种含苯并噁唑结构的环氧树脂双苯并二噁唑型环氧(DAROH-O)树脂与双酚A型苯并噁唑环氧(HOH-O)树脂,采用红外光谱和氢核磁共振波谱分析对树脂的结构进行了表征。结果表明:当以二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM)为固化剂时,对于DAROH-O/DDM体系,采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算得到的表观反应活化能分别为176.92kJ/mol和175.36kJ/mol;对于HOH-O/DDM体系,采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算得到的表观反应活化能分别为198.45kJ/mol和196.15kJ/mol。热重分析结果表明这两种环氧树脂固化物的耐热性能均远高于普通双酚A环氧树脂/DDM固化物的耐热性能。固化物的失重过程包括两个阶段,第一阶段的分解出现在350～370℃,第二阶段的分解发生在600℃左右,属于苯并噁唑环的分解。     

升温与等温法非模型动力学研究环氧树脂固化反应

基于DSC数据,采用以Vyazovkin积分法为基础的升温法非模型动力学和等温法非模型动力学对双酚A型环氧树脂E51/4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)体系及多官能度环氧树脂AG80/DDS体系的固化过程进行了研究,并结合玻璃化转变温度的变化和原位红外测试技术,对比分析了升温与等温条件下的固化反应规律.结果表明,与传统的模型拟合法相比,非模型动力学更适合定量预测树脂固化反应过程,并能为固化过程中反应机理变化的研究提供重要依据;等温法非模型动力学能够更好地预测两种树脂体系在不同恒温条件下的固化反应历程,并且升温法与等温法非模型动力学所得到的反应活化能-固化度之间的变化关系不同,表明不同温度条件下树脂的反应机理不同,这与升温和恒温条件下玻璃化效应及环氧官能团的变化规律相吻合.     

手性聚醚催化烯烃的高对映选择性环氧化反应研究

以单噁唑啉和环氧氯丙烷为原料,可以成功制备一系列结构稳定的并带有可调节位阻侧链的均相聚醚催化剂。固载型聚醚结构保证了催化剂能均匀地分散在大多数有机介质中,增强了其对有机底物的吸附性和配位作用,显著提高了其在有机溶剂中的催化活性。聚醚催化剂成功催化了烯烃在四氢呋喃中的不对称环氧化反应,对映选择性好,收率高(对映体过量高达98%,收率高达96%)。此外,该聚醚催化剂可以很容易地被回收和循环使用至少十次,而不会出现显著的催化活性的降低。     

尼龙1010扩链反应的动力学模型和分析

双唑啉类化合物通过唑啉环与尼龙端羧基的开环加成反应使尼龙 10 10的分子量大幅提高 .以线性扩链反应的理想动力学模型为基础 ,通过对关键因素的修正使其更好地符合聚合物高粘度熔体扩链反应的实际过程 .通过数值积分方法 ,可以方便地模拟关键因素对扩链反应的影响 .理想线性模型与熔融扩链反应的前期规律相符合 ,但是其未考虑后期扩链产物的降解对偶联效果造成的影响 .通过基于降解的修正 ,该模型更好地符合了实际情况 .在扩链过程中 ,反应速率k和唑啉环与端羧基的比r是控制偶联效果的关键因素 ,温度和扩链剂加入量可以通过改变k和r进行方便的分析 .由于PA熔体反应体系的高粘性 ,2 ,2′ 双 (2 唑啉 ) (BOZ)和 1,4 双 (2 唑啉基 )苯 (PBO)的扩链效果的差别得以解释     

Preparation and characterization of novel cyanate ester/epoxy resin microspheres

A novel kind of cyanate ester (CE)/epoxy resin microspheres have been synthesized using the polymerization technology of cyanate ester and epoxy resin in anhydrous ethanol media; surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was used as an emulsifier, and imidazole was used as catalyst or curing agent. The morphologies, chemical structures, and thermal properties of microspheres were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy, optical microscope, differential scanning calorimeter, and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. The effects of process parameters such as the amount of imidazole and the weight ratio of epoxy resin to CE on the size and morphology of microsphere were discussed. Results indicate that the reactivity and surface morphology of microsphere can be adjusted by the amount of imidazole and the weight ratio of epoxy resin to CE. The prepared microsphere shows excellent thermal stability and good reactivity.     

FTIR isothermal cure kinetics and morphology of dicyanate ester resin/polysulfone blends

The isothermal cure of a dicyanate ester monomer by “in situ” Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been investigated. The degree of cyanate conversion and the kinetic parameters have been determined for cobalt catalyzed and uncatalyzed resin as well as for polysulfone (PSF) modified systems at different curing temperatures. The cyanate conversion increases with the increment of temperature and with the addition of a catalyst, but it does not vary with the addition of PSF. In all the systems studied, the rate of reaction showed a second-order dependence on the cyanate concentration in the kinetically controlled stage. Moreover, the addition of PSF generates a matrix with two-phases that changes in composition and morphology depending on the percent of added thermoplastic and curing temperature as observed by scanning electron microscopy.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyfunctional crosslinking agents for cyanate resins

An efficient crosslinking monomer for a mixed cyanate/epoxy resin system, bisphenol-A-monocyanate monoglycidyl ether 3 , has been synthesized and characterized. The intermediate compound, the monoglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A 2 , was also isolated and purified by extraction and chromatographic separation using a silica gel column. The cyanate functional group in the crosslinking monomer 3 can be cured easily by heat to form a triazine structure 8 , but the epoxy functional group in the crosslinking monomer 3 can not be cured without affecting the cyanate group because the latter is more reactive both under heat and basic conditions. A practical approach for the application of the crosslinking monomer 3 is discussed and tested. Most interestingly, under heat curing, a very tough and strong resin material was produced from this crosslinking mixed resin mixture. By using a secondary amine, diethylamine, as a curing agent, the cyanate groups in the crosslinking monomer 3 react to form the structures 11 or 12 , depending on the molar ratio of monomer 3 to diethylamine. A bifunctional crosslinking agent for a mixed cyanate (thermoset) and polyolefin (thermoplastic) resin system, 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 , has also been synthesized and characterized. Like 3 , 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 easily forms the crosslinking triazine compound 17 upon heating. 17 is a crystalline solid with mp = 110–111°C. As a crosslinking agent, 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 reacts not only with itself, but also with other cyanates to form heterogeneous triazine rings, exemplified by triazines 18 and 19 . Even though it does not self polymerize through the allyl double bond, it can copolymerize with an other olefinic monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, to form a crosslinked and insoluble polymer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

二维红外相关光谱在双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系中的应用

利用原位红外加热炉模拟双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系的固化反应过程,实时测试并记录反应过程中官能团结构的变化;将一维红外光谱和二维红外光谱相结合进行分析,给出固化过程中各官能团的变化顺序和趋势。 在双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系中,双氰胺首先分解成氰基胺,然后再和环氧树脂发生开环加成反应,生成亚胺结构,通过重排生成酰胺结构。 双氰胺分解为氰基胺的反应是可逆反应。 将原位红外、一维红外与二维红外三者结合是阐明热固性树脂固化反应机理的非常有效的手段。     

氰酸酯树脂改性热固性丁苯树脂的固化及其动力学

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了氰酸酯树脂改性热固性丁苯树脂的固化反应特性及其动力学.以温度-升温速率外推法计算得到固化反应起始温度(Ti0)、峰顶温度(Tp0)和终止温度(Tf0)分别为414.2、444.5、460.6 K,对改性树脂的固化过程进行优化.采用Freeman-Ca...     

Preparation and characterization of bismaleimide/1,3-dicyanatobenzene modified epoxy intercrosslinked matrices

An intercrosslinked network of cyanate ester (CE)-bismaleimide (BMI) modified epoxy matrix system was made by using epoxy resin, 1,3-dicyanatobenzene and bismaleimide (N,N^′-bismaleimido-4,4^′-diphenyl methane) with diaminodiphenylmethane as curing agent. BMI-CE-epoxy matrices were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) analysis. The matrices, in the form of castings, were characterised for their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and unnotched Izod impact test as per ASTM methods. Mechanical studies indicated that the introduction of cyanate ester into epoxy resin improves the toughness and flexural strength with reduction in tensile strength and glass transition temperature, whereas the incorporation of bismaleimide into epoxy resin influences the mechanical and thermal properties according to its percentage content. DSC thermograms of cyanate ester as well as BMI modified epoxy resin show an unimodal reaction exotherm. Electrical properties were studied as per ASTM method and the morphology of the BMI modified epoxy and CE-epoxy systems were studied by scanning electron microscope.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel low‐dielectric cyanate esters

For the purpose of increasing the mobility of residual bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCY) during the final stage of curing and achieving a complete reaction of cyanate groups, a small quantity of monofunctional phenol was added to BADCY to form an imidocarbonate, or a small quantity of monofunctional cyanate esters was added to form cyanate ester copolymers. The proposed structures were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the cured cyanate esters were measured with dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dielectric analysis. These data were compared with those for the cured BADCY resin. The cured modified cyanate esters exhibited a lower dielectric constant, a lower dissipation factor, and lower moisture absorption than the cured BADCY system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2589–2600, 2004     

NMR investigations of the possible cross reactions between cyanate and epoxy resins

The possible cross reactions indicated by solid-state NMR between cyanate functionalized resin and epoxy functionalized resin have been investigated by using both natural abundance and labeled monofunctional model compounds. These soluble products were isolated and purified by silica gel adsorption chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. They were fully characterized by high resolution ¹H-, ¹³C-, ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The major cross-reaction product is a racemic mixture of enantiomers, which contain an oxazolidinone ring formed by one cyanate molecule and two epoxy molecules. However, epoxy consumption lags cyanate consumption in the overall reaction as triazine formation from the cyanate is much faster than the two competing reactions, the cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy, and the self-polymerization of epoxy, under the conditions investigated. The cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy is limited. Approximately 12% of cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy was found in the overall reaction. In addition to the cross reactions of epoxy and cyanate, the reactions of epoxy and the carbamate, which is the major side product for the curing reaction of cyanate resin in solution, have also been investigated, and the mechanism of these reactions discussed. From the reactions of epoxy and carbamate, several products related to cross reaction between epoxy and cyanate have been isolated and identified. It is suggested that the reaction of epoxy and carbamate is one of the pathways in the overall cross reaction between epoxy and cranate resins. Finally, the mechanism of the overall cross-curing reaction between the diepoxy and dicyanate mixed resins is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

CURE OF A MICROGEL-EPOXY RESIN TWO-PHASE POLYMER WITH ETHYLENE DIAMINE

The curing of a microgel-epoxy resin two phase polymer prepared by in situ copolymerization of unsaturated polyester with acrylic monomer was studied. The unsaturated unit reacted with N—H during the cure of the resin with ethylene diamine. The Michael type reaction was ten times more rapid than the addition of N—H to epoxide.This was accounted for the lower apparent activation energy of the curing of the two phase resin.