环氧树脂与氰酸酯共聚反应研究

研究了催化剂对环氧树脂与氰酸酯树脂的共聚固化反应行为的影响,并初步探索氰酸酯／环氧固化的反应历程．研究表明,催化剂能明显地促进其固化反应,降低固化温度,缩短固化时间;氰酸酯与环氧共聚反应历程是首先氰酸酯三聚反应生成三嗪环结构,然后三嗪环开环与环氧共聚反应,最后是未能参与共聚反应的环氧官能团在唑啉结构和三嗪环的催化下发生聚醚化反应;在氰酸酯官能团欠量的条件下,固化树脂中主要是唑啉和聚醚结构,而三嗪环结构的含量很少．     

酚醛型氰酸酯与双酚A型环氧共固化反应的FTIR研究

在恒温固化条件下,通过FTIR跟踪方法,研究了酚醛型氰酸酯与双酚A型环氧共固化反应的路径及其反应机理.共固化体系的反应过程包括在150℃及其以下温度,主要发生的是氰酸酯的三嗪环化固化反应,其中三嗪环化固化反应由于环氧的加入,反应速率被极大地提高了;同时,酚醛型氰酸酯中的氨基甲酸酯类杂质与环氧发生开环聚合反应,引起环氧官能团产生弱而持续的消耗.但在此阶段,酚醛型氰酸酯与环氧之间没有化学反应发生;在180℃及其以上温度,三嗪环和环氧发生反应,异构为异氰脲酸环结构,并进一步反应生成唑啉酮环结构,由于该反应的发生,促进了环氧官能团的消耗速度,在环氧官能团的转化率-时间图中,出现倒S曲线;在三嗪环的转化率图中,出现一个极大值后再降落的曲线.反应温度的提高有利于促进酚醛型氰酸酯与环氧之间的共固化反应,特别是当反应温度为220℃时,氰酸酯官能团和环氧官能团的消耗、三嗪环和唑啉酮环的生成均以较快的速率进行,—OCN生成三嗪环的转化率可以较容易地达到1,而唑啉酮环的转化率不超过0.5.     

噁唑烷酮环氧树脂的研究进展

含噁唑烷酮结构的树脂具有优良的耐热性、电性能及物理机械性能等。将噁唑烷酮环引入环氧树脂,可提高固化物的玻璃化转变温度、粘结性、介电性和阻燃性等。本文综述了噁唑烷酮环氧树脂的一般合成方法,探讨了原料配比、反应温度、催化剂种类及用量对噁唑烷酮环氧树脂合成过程的影响,分析了固化剂与噁唑烷酮环氧树脂固化产物性能之间的联系,对噁唑烷酮环氧树脂在绝缘材料、涂料、粘合剂、印刷电路板以及高性能树脂基体等领域的应用情况进行了详细介绍,并对其发展前景予以展望。     

含环氧端基酚酞聚芳醚酮E-PEK的合成及表征

由酚酞和4,4′-二氯二苯酮经亲核缩聚制得了一系列不同分子量的含—OK端基的聚醚酮低聚物,将其与环氧氯丙烷反应得到了分子量为1000～8000的含环氧端基聚芳醚酮(E-PEK)。用IR和~1H NMR表征了E-PEK的分子链结构,测定了T_g、溶解性和熔融粘度。研究了E-PEK/DDE体系的固化,固化后树脂的T_(g∞)=183～215℃,与低聚物的初始分子量有关。     

酮-过氧化氢体系对烯烃的环氧化

过氧化酮是优良的烯烃环氧化试剂,可将烯烃氧化成环氧化物。在这些反应中,所用的氧化剂都是过硫酸氢钾或商品Oxone^[1-6]。用其它氧化剂与酮生成过氧化酮使烯烃环氧化的报道很少^[7,8],只有一例是使用过氧化氢作氧化剂的,但其只研究了一种酮与过氧化氢对烯烃的环氧化^[8]。本文使用价格便宜,且没有污染的过氧化氢取代Oxone,与酮反应形成的过氧化酮使烯烃环氧化,并首次研究了一系列酮化合物与过氧化氢组成的催化体系对烯烃的环氧化反应,考察了各种酮的催化活性。     

2-苯基/环己基环十二酮的还原选择性及trans-1,2-二取代环十二烷的构象分析

通过研究2-苯基/环己基环十二酮在不同还原剂和温度下的还原反应证实了2-取代环十二酮的还原反应具有cis-选择性.在此基础上,通过2-取代环十二酮的Na BH4还原反应、1,2-环氧环十二烷的开环反应及cis-2-苯基环十二醇的Mitsunobu反应和水解反应制备了一系列trans-1,2-二取代环十二烷;采用1H NMR、13C NMR、X射线衍射和量子化学计算等方法对其优势构象进行了分析.结果表明,trans-1,2-二取代环十二烷的优势构象为[3333]方形构象,1个取代基位于边碳外向位(Side-exo),另1个位于角碳反向位(Corneranti).cis-2,12-二取代环十二酮的Li Al H4还原产物的X射线衍射分析结果表明,生成的1,2,3-三取代环十二烷保持了环十二烷的[3333]方形构象,2个取代基位于边碳外向位,羟基位于角碳顺向位(Corner-syn),取代基呈现出cis-cis关系.     

含硅芳炔树脂/苯并噁嗪/氰酸酯三元聚合体系研究

以双酚A型氰酸酯(BADCy)和含炔丙氧基苯并噁嗪(P-appe)为改性剂,通过与含硅芳炔树脂(PSA)的溶液混合与浓缩制备了含硅芳炔树脂/氰酸酯/苯并噁嗪三元共混体系(PPB),研究了该共混体系的热固化过程、共混树脂的热稳定性和动态力学性能、弯曲性能和冲击性能.结果表明,开环后的苯并噁嗪能催化氰酸酯的环三聚反应,可降低氰酸酯的固化温度;PPB热固化中三嗪环可与噁嗪环反应形成氰酸酯与苯并噁嗪共聚;当PPB树脂中PSA树脂的质量分数为70%时,三元共混树脂浇铸体在氮气中质量损失5%的温度(Td5)高于500oC,玻璃化转变温度高于450oC;BADCy/P-appe改性PSA树脂的三元共混体系相容性好,共混树脂浇铸体PPB-5的弯曲强度较PSA树脂提高了115%,冲击强度提升了104%,断裂面出现明显的韧性断裂特征.     

苯甲酮不对称还原反应的理论研究

本文用AM1分子轨道方法研究了1,3,2-噁唑硼烷对苯甲酮的不对称催化还原.反应经历了噁唑硼烷-硼烷配合物的形成及其与苯甲酮的结合、氢转移及脱去噁唑硼烷形成手性产物二级醇-硼烷配合物四步过程.获得了各步的反应热、速度控制步骤的过渡态结构和位能曲线及其相应的反应活化能,计算发现反应机理中的第3步氢转移产物有四员环结构特征.     

聚氨酯/环氧树脂互穿网络硬质泡沫塑料反应过程和微观结构

聚氨酯／环氧树脂互穿网络(PU／EPIPN)硬泡中异氰酸根的消耗速度较纯PU硬泡高，是由于环氧树脂的固化荆同时也是异氰酸根反应的催化荆。而PU／EP IPN硬泡中环氧基的反应速度和反应程度均较纯EP网络低，归因于互穿网络对基团扩散的阻碍。在互穿网络硬泡形成过程中，存在环氧开环中所新产生的羟基与异氰酸根的反应、大分子多元醇中羟基与环氧基的反应以及异氰酸根与环氧基形成嗯唑烷酮的反应三种形成网络间的化学键的途径。同时由于PU／EPIPN硬泡高度的交联，使得IPN硬泡中两个网络具有良好的相容性。动态力学性能表明所有IPN样品都只有一个玻璃化温度。透射电镜表明IPN样品无明显的相界面。     

噁唑硼烷催化前手性酮肟醚不对称还原反应的密度泛函研究

对噁唑硼烷催化前手性酮肟醚不对称还原反应进行了密度泛函理论(DFT)研究. 在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下对反应主要中间体和过渡态结构进行了完全优化, 并通过振动分析确认了过渡态. 结果表明, 该不对称还原反应的手性控制步骤是氢从BH3向酮肟醚羰基碳和肟基碳的转移, 还原产物的手性由这两步反应所决定. 在所有的反应途径中, 第一个氢的转移都是通过一个六元环的过渡态完成, 而第二个氢的转移则是通过一个五元环或四元环的过渡态完成.     

环氧树脂与氰酸酯共固化产物性能的研究

环氧树脂是一类综合性能优良并获广泛应用的热固性树脂基体 .但是通常的环氧树脂基体中含有大量反应生成的羟基等极性基团 ,吸湿率高 ,使其复合材料在湿热环境下力学性能和介电性能显著下降 .应用氰酸酯改性固化的环氧树脂等热固性树脂 ,将赋予以其为基体的复合材料以优异的耐热性能、力学性能和介电性能[1 ,2 ] .这类复合材料的研究开发对特种电子电气绝缘材料和先进复合材料的发展具有重要意义 .作者曾应用ＦＴ ＩＲ、ＤＳＣ等分析技术对氰酸酯与环氧树脂 (氰酸酯在欠量、适量和过量条件下 )的共固化反应机理和固化物结构特征等进行过深入…     

Synthesis and characterization of polyfunctional crosslinking agents for cyanate resins

An efficient crosslinking monomer for a mixed cyanate/epoxy resin system, bisphenol-A-monocyanate monoglycidyl ether 3 , has been synthesized and characterized. The intermediate compound, the monoglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A 2 , was also isolated and purified by extraction and chromatographic separation using a silica gel column. The cyanate functional group in the crosslinking monomer 3 can be cured easily by heat to form a triazine structure 8 , but the epoxy functional group in the crosslinking monomer 3 can not be cured without affecting the cyanate group because the latter is more reactive both under heat and basic conditions. A practical approach for the application of the crosslinking monomer 3 is discussed and tested. Most interestingly, under heat curing, a very tough and strong resin material was produced from this crosslinking mixed resin mixture. By using a secondary amine, diethylamine, as a curing agent, the cyanate groups in the crosslinking monomer 3 react to form the structures 11 or 12 , depending on the molar ratio of monomer 3 to diethylamine. A bifunctional crosslinking agent for a mixed cyanate (thermoset) and polyolefin (thermoplastic) resin system, 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 , has also been synthesized and characterized. Like 3 , 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 easily forms the crosslinking triazine compound 17 upon heating. 17 is a crystalline solid with mp = 110–111°C. As a crosslinking agent, 2-allylphenyl cyanate 16 reacts not only with itself, but also with other cyanates to form heterogeneous triazine rings, exemplified by triazines 18 and 19 . Even though it does not self polymerize through the allyl double bond, it can copolymerize with an other olefinic monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, to form a crosslinked and insoluble polymer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermoplastic modification of monomeric and partially polymerized Bisphenol A dicyanate ester

Bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) was modified with different amounts of an engineering thermoplastic, polysulfone (PS) to improve impact strength of the parent resin. Differential scanning calorimetry of the blends suggested that addition of PS widens the curing exotherm of the BADCy considerably. FTIR of cured neat resins indicated total conversion of cyanate functional groups into triazine rings by cyclotrimerization. The cured neat resins showed phase separated morphology with cyanate ester as the continuous phase. The modified resins were shown to have better thermal, hygrothermal and impact strength properties. However, when glass fiber reinforced composites were made using partially polymerized BADCy and PS, very little or no phase separation in the resin was noticed. Flexural and impact strength measurement of composites showed that PS modification has compromised the flexural properties and only retained the impact strength of the parent resin containing composite. This study thus suggests that improvements realized in thermoplastic modification of monomeric BADCy are not directly transferable to composites using a partially prepolymerized BADCy.     

NMR investigations of the possible cross reactions between cyanate and epoxy resins

The possible cross reactions indicated by solid-state NMR between cyanate functionalized resin and epoxy functionalized resin have been investigated by using both natural abundance and labeled monofunctional model compounds. These soluble products were isolated and purified by silica gel adsorption chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. They were fully characterized by high resolution ¹H-, ¹³C-, ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The major cross-reaction product is a racemic mixture of enantiomers, which contain an oxazolidinone ring formed by one cyanate molecule and two epoxy molecules. However, epoxy consumption lags cyanate consumption in the overall reaction as triazine formation from the cyanate is much faster than the two competing reactions, the cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy, and the self-polymerization of epoxy, under the conditions investigated. The cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy is limited. Approximately 12% of cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy was found in the overall reaction. In addition to the cross reactions of epoxy and cyanate, the reactions of epoxy and the carbamate, which is the major side product for the curing reaction of cyanate resin in solution, have also been investigated, and the mechanism of these reactions discussed. From the reactions of epoxy and carbamate, several products related to cross reaction between epoxy and cyanate have been isolated and identified. It is suggested that the reaction of epoxy and carbamate is one of the pathways in the overall cross reaction between epoxy and cranate resins. Finally, the mechanism of the overall cross-curing reaction between the diepoxy and dicyanate mixed resins is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Free volume hole size of Cyanate ester resin/Epoxy resin interpenetrating networks and its correlations with physical properties

Cyanate ester (CE) resin was blended with epoxy resin (EP) at different mass ratios (CE/EP: 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100). The curing process of the blend system was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Examination of the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the blend systems showed that addition of epoxy resin resulted in improved toughness but a little sacrifice in thermal stability when compared with neat CE. The free volume size of the blend system determined by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) decreased with the epoxy resin content, which is consistent with the chemical structure changes for the copolymerization between CE and EP. The crosslinking units of curing products (oxazoline, oxazolidinone, and polyether network) of the blends are all smaller in size than those of triazine ring structure from neat CE. Therefore, the free volume size of the blends decreases with increase of EP content. The correlations between the free volume properties and other physical properties (thermal stability and mechanical properties) have also been discussed.     

混合条件对环氧有机土纳米复合材料插层剥离行为及性能的影响

采用X 射线衍射仪、透射电镜 (TEM )研究了混合条件 ,即混合温度和时间 ,对环氧 /16 烷基胺有机蒙脱土体系在固化前的混合物以及加入固化剂、促进剂固化后有机土的插层与剥离行为的影响 .同时采用拉伸试验机、冲击试验机和热机械分析仪测定了插层与剥离型纳米复合材料的物理力学性能 .从X 射线衍射看出 ,有机土很容易在混合过程被环氧所插层 .混合物经固化后可以形成插层型或剥离型纳米复合材料 .存在一个混合温度 时间 插层剥离转变的 3 T图 .只有在一定的混合条件的区域内才能形成剥离型纳米复合材料 .剥离型比插层型纳米复合材料具有较高的力学性能     

Curing of dicyanate ester/epoxy copolymers modified with polysiloxane and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers

The cyanate ester (CE) and epoxy (EP) resins were cured together at various mass compositions. The curing behavior of CE and CE/EP systems was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in non-isothermal conditions. The DSC measurements indicated that the curing reactions were dependent on the stoichiometric ratio of the mixtures and showed the dilution effect of the EP resin in the cyclotrimerization of the catalyzed CE resin. The CE and CE/EP (70/30) systems were modified using reactive liquid butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer (ETBN) and polysiloxane core?Cshell (PS) elastomer. The influence of ETBN and PS on the curing process and glass transition temperature (T _g) of CE/EP systems was determined. The impact resistance characteristics of the completely cured systems indicated the influence of the modifiers and the EP content in the mixtures on its impact resistance.     

Studies on thermal and morphological properties of 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane-epoxy-bismaleimide matrices

A new cyanate ester monomer, 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane has been synthesized and characterized. Epoxy modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by weight) of cyanate ester were made using epoxy resin and 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane and cured by using diaminodiphenylmethane. The cyanate ester modified epoxy matrix systems were further modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by weight) of bismaleimide (N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenylmethane). The formation of oxazolidinone and isocyanurate during cure reaction of epoxy and cyanate ester blend was confirmed by IR spectral studies. Bismaleimide-cyanate ester-epoxy matrices were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) analysis. Thermal studies indicate that the introduction of cyanate ester into epoxy resin improves the thermal degradation studies at the expense of glass transition temperature. Whereas the incorporation of bismaleimide into epoxy resin enhances the thermal properties according to its percentage content. However, the introduction of both cyanate ester and bismaleimide influences the thermal properties according to their percentage content. DSC thermogram of cyanate ester modified epoxy and bismaleimide modified epoxy show unimodel reaction exotherms. The thermal degradation temperature and heat distortion temperature of the cured bismaleimide modified epoxy and cyanate ester-epoxy systems increased with increasing bismaleimide content. The morphology of the bismaleimide modified epoxy and cyanate ester-epoxy systems were also studied by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.