环氧树脂与氰酸酯共聚反应研究

研究了催化剂对环氧树脂与氰酸酯树脂的共聚固化反应行为的影响,并初步探索氰酸酯／环氧固化的反应历程．研究表明,催化剂能明显地促进其固化反应,降低固化温度,缩短固化时间;氰酸酯与环氧共聚反应历程是首先氰酸酯三聚反应生成三嗪环结构,然后三嗪环开环与环氧共聚反应,最后是未能参与共聚反应的环氧官能团在唑啉结构和三嗪环的催化下发生聚醚化反应;在氰酸酯官能团欠量的条件下,固化树脂中主要是唑啉和聚醚结构,而三嗪环结构的含量很少．     

环氧树脂与氰酸酯共固化反应的研究

应用DSC、FT IR对乙酰丙酮过渡金属络合物催化促进的环氧树酯与氰酸酯共固化反应行为、历程以及固化物的结构特征进行了研究探讨 .结果表明 ,促进剂能够明显的降低固化反应温度 ,缩短固化反应时间 .反应历程首先是氰酸酯发生自聚反应形成二聚体或三聚体 (三嗪环 ) ,然后二聚体可进一步共聚形成三嗪环 ,此过程伴随着环氧基的聚醚反应 ,最后是三嗪环与剩余的环氧基反应形成唑烷酮 .在氰酸酯欠量的条件下 ,固化树脂中主要是唑烷酮和聚醚结构 ,三嗪环结构很少 ;在氰酸脂适量或过量条件下 ,固化树脂主要是三嗪环和唑烷酮结构 ,聚醚结构很少 .     

对炔丙氧基苯基噁唑啉的合成及改性苯并噁嗪树脂的研究

通过四步法合成了对炔丙氧基苯基噁唑啉(p-propynyloxyphenyl-2-oxazoline简称POPO),采用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和元素分析证实了其分子结构,以示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)揭示了其固化行为和热分解性质,该化合物熔点为120℃,起始固化温度为200℃,固化峰值温度为280℃,自固化产物5 wt%热失重温度为321℃.在此基础上,通过溶液共混法制备了双酚A型苯并噁嗪(BZ)/对炔丙氧基苯基噁唑啉(POPO)共聚树脂,且对其固化机理、固化产物的热分解性质和动态力学性能进行考察.结果表明,该噁唑啉作为交联剂,与苯并噁嗪发生开环聚合和自身炔基发生三聚成环反应,使固化产物的交联密度增加,DSC、TG和动态热机械分析(DMA)表明噁唑啉的引入提高了固化树脂的热性能和动态力学性能.且在噁唑啉含量为10 wt%时,固化树脂的综合性能较优,较之纯的双酚A型苯并噁嗪树脂,起始固化温度从215℃降低至180℃,残碳率从28%提高至44%,玻璃化转变温度从166℃提高至186℃.     

4,5-环氧环己烷1,2-二甲酸二缩水甘油酯的固化行为

本文用动态力学扭辨分析法,研究4,5-环氧环己烷1,2-二甲酸二缩水甘油酯与间苯二胺的热固化动态力学行为。结果表明:固化过程分两个阶段进行,低于100℃时,交联反应主要在缩水甘油酯链的环氧基上进行;100—130℃时为酯链环氧基反应趋近完全和酯环环氧基反应速率逐步增大的过渡区;130℃以上固化时,酯环环氧基才明显地参与固化交联反应。从Arrhenius关系曲线求得本固化体系凝胶点前表现反应活化能为13.2kcal/mol。     

含苯并噻唑环的芳香族二腈的聚合

研究了下列含苯并噻唑环的芳香族二腈的环化三聚反应: (?)通过聚合条件的选择,得到的聚合物在371℃、在空气中200小时的失重约为15％,优于一般耐高温高分子,形变温度可以达到400℃以上,通过红外光谱分析,认为由氰基三聚环化生成了对称三嗪环。     

三价铑催化N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮

含N杂环结构广泛存在于具有生物活性的药物或天然产物骨架中.本文开发了一个高效合成含N杂环骨架的方法,这类方法在近年来一直是研究热点.在最近几年,过渡金属催化C–H键活化并随后与不饱和键发生环化反应被认为是一种环境友好且原子经济性高的构建功能化杂环的方法.在这些金属催化的体系中,三价铑催化与炔烃的环化反应体系,被认为是一种高效且有实际意义的合成含N杂环的体系.在这类体系,特别是构建六元环的体系中,炔烃通常作为一个C2合成子被广泛应用.为了克服这一局限性,Chang课题组和本课题组分别独立报道了通过三价铑催化,炔烃与芳烃硝酮偶联合成吲哚啉化合物,其中炔烃作为一个C1合成子参与反应.另一方面,本课题组还报道了炔丙醇与吡咯烷苯甲酰胺通过C–H键活化合成1-异色满酮结构,其中由于电子效应,芳基-铑物种对于炔烃的插入是在炔烃的2位.基于上述工作,本文希望通过置换炔丙醇中芳基与烷基的位置,使芳基-铑物种对于炔烃插入的方向发生改变,进而生成联烯中间体,然后发生环化反应生成五元环内酰胺结构.异吲哚啉酮骨架结构也是一类重要的含N杂环结构,广泛存在于多种天然产物及药物分子中,其合成方法受到广泛关注.尽管此前已有三价铑催化C–H官能团化的方法来构建异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,但通常需要活性极高或易爆的化合物作为反应底物.因此,本文报道一类以简单的炔丙醇与N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺作为起始原料,通过一步[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮骨架结构.本文完成了32个不同官能团取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构的合成,反应均可以以中等到良好的收率得到目标产物.另外还进行了放大实验,结果表明可以以克级规模制备异吲哚啉酮化合物,反应剩余的Ag2CO3以及生成的单质银可以回收(收率78%).总之,我们将N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇在三价铑催化作用下通过C–H键活化的方法环化高效合成N-取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,且该骨架结构含有一个手性中心.催化体系温和,官能团容忍度好.     

三价铑催化N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮（英文）

含N杂环结构广泛存在于具有生物活性的药物或天然产物骨架中.本文开发了一个高效合成含N杂环骨架的方法,这类方法在近年来一直是研究热点.在最近几年,过渡金属催化C-H键活化并随后与不饱和键发生环化反应被认为是一种环境友好且原子经济性高的构建功能化杂环的方法.在这些金属催化的体系中,三价铑催化与炔烃的环化反应体系,被认为是一种高效且有实际意义的合成含N杂环的体系.在这类体系,特别是构建六元环的体系中,炔烃通常作为一个C2合成子被广泛应用.为了克服这一局限性,Chang课题组和本课题组分别独立报道了通过三价铑催化,炔烃与芳烃硝酮偶联合成吲哚啉化合物,其中炔烃作为一个C1合成子参与反应.另一方面,本课题组还报道了炔丙醇与吡咯烷苯甲酰胺通过C-H键活化合成1-异色满酮结构,其中由于电子效应,芳基-铑物种对于炔烃的插入是在炔烃的2位.基于上述工作,本文希望通过置换炔丙醇中芳基与烷基的位置,使芳基-铑物种对于炔烃插入的方向发生改变,进而生成联烯中间体,然后发生环化反应生成五元环内酰胺结构.异吲哚啉酮骨架结构也是一类重要的含N杂环结构,广泛存在于多种天然产物及药物分子中,其合成方法受到广泛关注.尽管此前已有三价铑催化C-H官能团化的方法来构建异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,但通常需要活性极高或易爆的化合物作为反应底物.因此,本文报道一类以简单的炔丙醇与N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺作为起始原料,通过一步[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮骨架结构.本文完成了32个不同官能团取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构的合成,反应均可以以中等到良好的收率得到目标产物.另外还进行了放大实验,结果表明可以以克级规模制备异吲哚啉酮化合物,反应剩余的Ag2CO3以及生成的单质银可以回收(收率78%).总之,我们将N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇在三价铑催化作用下通过C-H键活化的方法环化高效合成N-取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,且该骨架结构含有一个手性中心.催化体系温和,官能团容忍度好.     

8-羟基喹啉对V2O5催化氧化环己烯的调变作用

研究了8-羟基喹啉对丙酮中V2O5催化氧化环己烯合成环己烯酮的调变作用,考察了8-羟基喹啉的用量、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂和催化剂用量对环己烯氧化反应的影响,发现在该催化体系中生成的环己烯醇和环氧环己烷可转化成环己烯酮,在适当的反应条件下可抑制环己烯醇和环氧环己烷的生成.结果表明,当五氧化二钒的用量为1%,五氧化二钒与8-羟基喹啉之比为1∶2,在20℃以下反应时,过氧化氢几乎定向地将环己烯氧化成环己烯酮.认为是8-羟基喹啉与钒的配位作用促进了环己烯酮的生成.     

有机硅耐磨透明涂层的固化分析

ＦＴＩＲ、ＴＧ、ＴＢＡ等对有机硅耐磨涂料（有机硅溶胶）的热固化过程研究表明有机硅胶体中缔合羟基间的脱水缩合速率很高；羟基脱水程度与固化温度有关，温度越高，达平衡时羟基的浓度越低，在１０５～１３０℃间羟基的浓度变化最大，加入适当的固化剂，对羟基的脱水交联有促进作用，在较高的固化温度下，反应体系中出现了环氧环异构化产生的酮羰基的吸收峰     

光/电催化喹喔啉酮官能团化反应研究进展

喹喔啉酮作为重要的含氮杂环骨架,广泛应用于抗菌化合物、抗肿瘤药物、半导体材料中.因此,开发新方法合成不同官能团化喹喔啉酮以丰富其结构多样性在近年来广受关注.在众多合成方法中,喹喔啉酮的直接C–H官能团化是一类步骤经济性较高、简便高效地构建喹喔啉酮衍生物的重要方法.近年来,光催化、电催化和光电催化技术已发展成为现代有机合成中强有力的绿色合成工具,可以有效利用光能或者电能促进有机化学转化,减少传统有机反应中的高能耗.过去几年,化学工作者在光/电催化喹喔啉酮的直接C–H官能团化反应方面进行了大量研究,开发了系列不同官能团化喹喔啉酮的绿色合成方法.本文系统总结了喹喔啉酮的光/电催化官能团化研究最新进展,重点讨论了光/电催化下自由基历程的喹喔啉酮C–H键直接官能团化反应,反应类型主要包括喹喔啉酮的3-芳基化、3-烷基化、3-氟烷基化、3-烷氧基化、3-酰化、3-氨基化、3-膦酰化、3-巯基化、3-硅烷基化和环化反应等方面,这将有助于理解光/电催化喹喔啉酮官能团化反应.反应在温和条件下可以成功产生各种碳中心或杂原子为中心的自由基,这些自由基进一步与喹喔啉酮的3-位进行加成反应,进而开发出众多有效的方法来合成不同官能团化的喹喔啉酮.这些条件温和的反应方法已经有部分成功应用于合成具有重要生物活性的喹喔啉酮化合物.此外,药物中常见的一些重要官能团,例如三氟甲基和二氟甲基等可以顺利地引入到喹喔啉酮骨架结构,这些研究为喹喔啉酮衍生物的生物活性相关研究奠定了基础.本文还对当前光/电催化喹喔啉酮官能团化反应所面临的挑战和未来发展作了展望和总结,期待在不久的将来,有机合成工作者能基于喹喔啉酮的C–H键直接官能团化开发更多不同类型的新反应.另一方面,需要进一步开发新型的非均相可见光催化剂,实现光催化剂的回收与再利用,进一步降低反应成本,促进其在药物开发、功能材料合成等应用方面的发展.     

NMR investigations of the possible cross reactions between cyanate and epoxy resins

The possible cross reactions indicated by solid-state NMR between cyanate functionalized resin and epoxy functionalized resin have been investigated by using both natural abundance and labeled monofunctional model compounds. These soluble products were isolated and purified by silica gel adsorption chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. They were fully characterized by high resolution ¹H-, ¹³C-, ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The major cross-reaction product is a racemic mixture of enantiomers, which contain an oxazolidinone ring formed by one cyanate molecule and two epoxy molecules. However, epoxy consumption lags cyanate consumption in the overall reaction as triazine formation from the cyanate is much faster than the two competing reactions, the cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy, and the self-polymerization of epoxy, under the conditions investigated. The cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy is limited. Approximately 12% of cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy was found in the overall reaction. In addition to the cross reactions of epoxy and cyanate, the reactions of epoxy and the carbamate, which is the major side product for the curing reaction of cyanate resin in solution, have also been investigated, and the mechanism of these reactions discussed. From the reactions of epoxy and carbamate, several products related to cross reaction between epoxy and cyanate have been isolated and identified. It is suggested that the reaction of epoxy and carbamate is one of the pathways in the overall cross reaction between epoxy and cranate resins. Finally, the mechanism of the overall cross-curing reaction between the diepoxy and dicyanate mixed resins is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and properties of a cyanate ester containing dicyclopentadiene(II)

A 2,6‐dimethyl phenol‐dicyclopentadiene novolac (DCPDNO) was synthesized from dicyclopentadiene and 2,6‐dimethyl phenol, and the resultant DCPDNO was reacted with cyanogen bromide into 2,6‐dimethyl phenol‐dicyclopentadiene cyanate ester (DCPDCY). The structures of the novolac and cyanate ester were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance. For the purpose of increasing the mobility of residual DCPDCY during the final stage of curing and achieving a complete reaction of cyanate groups, a small quantity of a monofunctional cyanate ester, 4‐tert‐butylphenol cyanate ester (4TPCY), was added to DCPDCY to form the cyanate ester copolymer. The synthesized DCPDCY was then cured with 4TPCY at various molar ratios. The thermal properties of the cured cyanate ester resins were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis, dielectric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. These data were compared with those of the commercial bisphenol A cyanate ester system. Compared with the bisphenol A cyanate ester system, the cured DCPDCY resins exhibited lower dielectric constants (2.52–2.67 at 1 GHz), dissipation factors (0.0054–0.0087 at 1 GHz), glass‐transition temperatures (261–273 °C), thermal stability (5% degradation temperature at 406–450 °C), thermal expansion coefficients (4.8–5.78 × 10^?5/°C before the glass‐transition temperature), and moisture absorption (0.8–1.1%). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 671–681, 2005     

Investigations on the cure chemistry and polymer properties of benzoxazine-cyanate ester blends

Thermosetting polymer blends composed of bisphenol A based benzoxazine (BA-a) and cyanate ester (BACY) were prepared via co-curing of benzoxazine with cyanate ester. DSC results manifested a multiple curing pattern with associated heat of reaction implying a co-reaction between oxazine moiety and cyanate group. The catalysis during the co-curing of blend was ascribed to the cycloaddition reaction between the two groups followed by the ring-opening of benzoxazine and cyclotrimerisation of cyanate ester. The spectral and analytical data supported the possibilities of further polymerization through the insertion of the phenolic OH of polybenzoxazine to cyanate group to form the intermediate iminocarbonate, which further induce curing of cyanate ester to form polycyanurate. A co-reacted network composed of triazine ring as a part of polybenzoxazine matrix is postulated. The co-reaction temperature diminished with increase in cyanate ester content in the blend. A single T_g was observed in DMTA of the cured matrix that implied a linked homogeneous matrix containing both triazine and polybenzoxazine. This was substantiated by the TGA, DTA and SEM behavior of the cured polymer. The modulus of the cured blend was higher than those of the component resins of the blend. The co-reaction with cyanate ester enhanced the high temperature stability of polybenzoxazine.     

Studies on thermal and morphological properties of 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane-epoxy-bismaleimide matrices

A new cyanate ester monomer, 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane has been synthesized and characterized. Epoxy modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by weight) of cyanate ester were made using epoxy resin and 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane and cured by using diaminodiphenylmethane. The cyanate ester modified epoxy matrix systems were further modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by weight) of bismaleimide (N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenylmethane). The formation of oxazolidinone and isocyanurate during cure reaction of epoxy and cyanate ester blend was confirmed by IR spectral studies. Bismaleimide-cyanate ester-epoxy matrices were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) analysis. Thermal studies indicate that the introduction of cyanate ester into epoxy resin improves the thermal degradation studies at the expense of glass transition temperature. Whereas the incorporation of bismaleimide into epoxy resin enhances the thermal properties according to its percentage content. However, the introduction of both cyanate ester and bismaleimide influences the thermal properties according to their percentage content. DSC thermogram of cyanate ester modified epoxy and bismaleimide modified epoxy show unimodel reaction exotherms. The thermal degradation temperature and heat distortion temperature of the cured bismaleimide modified epoxy and cyanate ester-epoxy systems increased with increasing bismaleimide content. The morphology of the bismaleimide modified epoxy and cyanate ester-epoxy systems were also studied by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controlled synthesis and evaluation of cyanate ester/epoxy copolymer system for high temperature molding compounds

Epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) have become an integral component for high power electronics to work under harsh environment nowadays. For high temperature operation, polymer networks with high glass transition temperature (T_g) are required to ensure device stability. In this work, high T_g polymers were designed via controlled incorporation of in situ formed and thermally stable triazine structures into epoxy matrix. Reactions involved in the copolymer system of cyanate ester and epoxy (CE/EP) were investigated. Increasing ratio of cyanate ester dramatically promoted T_g of the copolymer up to 275 °C with improved heat resistance. High temperature aging and moisture absorption tests revealed that hydrolysis of polycyanurate network and rearrangement of cyanurate occurred during aging, especially for copolymers with higher than 75% of cyanate ester. Based on thermal properties and aging performance, the composition of CE/EP system was optimized. The formulated bisphenol A cyanate ester and biphenyl epoxy copolymer system has great potential to be applied as high temperature encapsulation materials in electronic packaging. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 1337–1345     

Epoxy-modified, unsaturated polyester hybrid networks

Hybrid polymer networks (HPNs) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and epoxy resins were synthesized by reactive blending. The epoxy resins used were epoxidised phenolic novolac (EPN), epoxidised cresol novolac (ECN) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Epoxy novolacs were prepared by glycidylation of the novolacs using epichlorohydrin. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the cured blends were compared with those of the control resin. Epoxy resins show good miscibility and compatibility with the UPR resin on blending and the co-cured resin showed substantial improvement in the toughness and impact resistance. Considerable enhancement of tensile strength and toughness are noticed at very low loading of EPN. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to study the thermal properties of the toughened resin. The EPN/UPR blends showed substantial improvement in thermal stability as evident from TGA and damping data. The fracture behaviour was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of EPN is found to be superior to other epoxy resins.     

Kinetics of thermoset cure and polymerization in the glass transition region

A theoretical approach to thermoset cure kinetics based on Arrhenius kinetics and mobility was developed by considering the activation of the reacting group and chain mobility as elementary steps for reaction. This extended kinetic equation was successfully applied to the curing of an epoxy by an amine, the trimerization of a cyanate, and to the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Full agreement between theory and experimental data was obtained in all cases. The activation energies for chain mobility were exceptionally low (0.3–1 kJ/mol for bisphenol-A-based epoxy and cyanate) which indicates that the structural units must undergo only small-angle rotational oscillations to allow a reaction. A theoretical time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagram is also presented. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel low‐dielectric cyanate esters

For the purpose of increasing the mobility of residual bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCY) during the final stage of curing and achieving a complete reaction of cyanate groups, a small quantity of monofunctional phenol was added to BADCY to form an imidocarbonate, or a small quantity of monofunctional cyanate esters was added to form cyanate ester copolymers. The proposed structures were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the cured cyanate esters were measured with dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dielectric analysis. These data were compared with those for the cured BADCY resin. The cured modified cyanate esters exhibited a lower dielectric constant, a lower dissipation factor, and lower moisture absorption than the cured BADCY system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2589–2600, 2004