EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH OXIDES ON PERFORMANCES OF Ni/Al_2O_3 CATALYSTS FOR METHANE STEAM REFORMING REACTION

The Catalytic performances for methane steam reforming reaction ofNi/Al_2O_3(commercial), Ni/Al_2O_3 (developed surface )and Ni/Al_2O_3-R_xO_y (R israre earth oxide) Catalysts were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction,TG, SEM/ X-ray analysis, pulse gas chromatography,BET and Mercuryporsiniter techniques. The distribution of rear earth oxides on the supports,themetal-support (additives) interaction and the influence of rare earth oxideadditives on the dispersion of active components,catulytic activities,variationof nickel crystallites size,CO chemisorption,formation of NiAl_2O_4 as well asthe reducibility of the catalysts were examined.The presence of rare earthoxides in the Ni/Al_2O_3 (developed surface) results in great improvement ofstubility through suppressing the growth of Ni crystallites,the oxidation of themetallic Ni and the formation of NiAl_2O_4. The effect of heavy rare earth oxidesis more distinct than that of the light ones.Strong metal support interaction(SMSI) exists in Ni/Al_2O_3- R     

CH4,CO2和O2制合成气反应中载体对Ni催化剂抗氧化性能的影响

在ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２ 催化氧化制合成气反应中, Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３ 催化剂在高温下生成ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４ 尖晶石,是导致催化剂失活的一个重要因素． 通过向载体（Ａｌ２Ｏ３）中添加各种氧化物, 使得催化剂的抗氧化性能得到改善． 并运用ＴＰＲ、ＸＲＤ对催化剂进行表征, 发现催化剂的抗氧化性顺序为： Ｎｉ／ＣａＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３ ＞ Ｎｉ／ＭｇＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３ ＞ Ｎｉ／ＣｅＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３ ＞ Ｎｉ／Ｌａ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３ ＞ Ｎｉ／Ｙ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３ ＞ Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞ Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞ Ｎｉ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３．     

甲烷部分氧化Ni催化剂及助剂的研究

考察了不同Ni担载量的Ni／a－Al_2O_3催化剂的催化性能，以8％Ni（质量分数）最佳．XRD分析表明，8％Ni催化剂表面NiO颗粒最小．TPR分析表明，催化剂表面主要有两种不同化学环境的NiO，当Ni担载量超过12％时，表面开始出现“游离态”NiO，这部分NiO易使催化剂积碳．添加稀土Ce有利于提高Ni催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性，并对Ce的助剂效应作了研究．     

掺杂助剂Ce和Zr的Ni/Al2O3催化剂的X光电子能谱分析

以Na2CO3为沉淀剂,在pH 9.0的沉淀条件下,采用并流沉淀法制备了Ni/Al2O3、Ni/CeO2-Al2O3、Ni/ZrO2-Al2O3和Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O34种催化剂,催化剂中Ni负载量(质量分数)为10%。采用XPS表征手段及常压固定床反应器对催化剂进行活性评价,考察了助剂Ce和Zr及二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂表面物种结合能的影响以及对甲烷自热重整制氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,助剂Ce和Zr的添加及二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂表面各物种的结合能均有一定的影响,结合评价结果可知,Ce和Zr二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂的催化性能提高最大。     

甲烷干重整催化剂Ni/Al2O3表面积炭表征与分析

用蒸发法制备了Ni/Al2O3催化剂及浸渍法制备了Ni/α-Al2O3和Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂, 并与商品天然气水蒸气重整催化剂Z118Y一起进行了甲烷干重整实验, 考察了各催化剂上表面积炭行为. 通过H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)比表面积分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、热重-差式扫描量热(TG-DSC)、程序升温氢化(TPH)等表征手段对催化剂表面沉积炭的特性进行了表征. 结果表明, 各催化剂上至少存在三种形式的碳物种: 无定形碳、丝状碳及石墨碳. 由于载体性质不同, 各催化剂上沉积炭的种类及其含量有所差别. Z118Y、Ni/Al2O3及Ni/α-Al2O3催化剂上主要沉积丝状炭, 而Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上则主要是石墨碳. Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒较小(小于15 nm)、粒径分布范围较窄、分散性较好, 能减少催化剂表面炭的沉积, 有效地抑制丝状碳的生长.     

EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH OXIDE ADDITIVES ON STABILITY OF Ni/Al_2O_3 CATALYSTS FOR METHANE STEAM REFORMING REACTION

The stability and the high temperature steam resistance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysis added with rare earth oxides were investigated. It was found that the addition of rare earth oxides resulted in great improvement in the stability and high temperature steam resistance of the catalysts through suppressing the growth of Ni crystallite, the oxidation of metal Ni and the formation of NiAl2O4.     

Hydrogen production from coke oven gas over LiNi/γ-Al2O3 catalyst modified by rare earth metal oxide in a membrane reactor

The performance of LiNi/r-Al2O3 catalysts modified by rare earth metal oxide (La2O3 or CeO2) packed on BCFNO membrane reactor was discussed for the partial oxidation of methane (POM) in coke oven gas (COG) at 875 ◦C. The NiO/r-Al2O3 catalysts with different amounts of La2O3 and CeO2 were prepared with the same preparation method and under the same condition in order to compare the reaction performance (oxygen permeation, CH4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity) on the membrane reactor. The results show that the oxygen permeation flux increased significantly with LiNiREOx/r-Al2O3 (RE = La or Ce) catalysts by adding the element of rare earth especially the Ce during the POM in COG. Such as, the Li15wt%CeO29wt%NiO/ -Al2O3 catalyst with an oxygen permeation flux of 24.71 ml·cm−2·min−1 and a high CH4 conversion was obtained in 875 ◦C. The resulted high oxygen permeation flux may be due to the added Ce that inhibited the strong interaction between Ni and Al2O3 to form the NiAl2O4 phase. In addition, the introduction of Ce leads up to an important property of storing and releasing oxygen.     

Methane reforming With CO2 to syngas over CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts Prepared Via a direct sol-gel process

CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 (Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2) catalysts were prepared by a direct sol-gel process with citric acid as gelling agent. The catalysts used for the methane reforming with CO2 was studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), microscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The catalytic performance for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas was investigated in a continuous-flow micro-reactor under atmospheric pressure. TGA, IR, XRD and microscopic analysis show that the catalysts prepared by the direct sol-gel process consist of Ni particles with a nanostructure of around 5 nm and an amorphous-phase composite oxide support. There exists a chemical interaction between metallic Ni particles and supports, which makes metallic Ni well dispersed, highly active and stable. The addition of CeO2 effectively improves the dispersion and the stability of Ni particles of the prepared catalysts, and enhances the adsorption of CO2 on the surface of catalysts. The catalytic tests for methane reforming with CO2 to synthesis gas show that the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 catalysts show excellent activity and stability compared with the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The excellent catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 are attributed to the highly, uniformly and stably dispersed small metallic Ni particles, the high reducibility of the Ni oxides and the interaction between metallic Ni particles and the composite oxide supports.     

COMBINED PARTIAL OXIDATION AND CARBONDIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE PROCESS TO SYNTHESIS GAS

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Autothermal reforming of methane over Ni catalysts supported over ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3

Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3, ZrO2-Al2O3, CeO2-Al2O3 and ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by coprecipitation method, and their catalytic performances for autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen were investigated. The Ni-supported catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and XPS. The relationship between the structures and catalytic activities of the catalysts was discussed. The results showed that the catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was better than those of other catalysts with the highest CH4 conversion, H2/CO and H2/COx ratio at 750 ℃. The catalyst showed a little deactivation along the reaction time during its 72 h on stream with the mean deactivation rate of 0.08%/h. The catalytic performance of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was also affected by reaction temperature, no2 ： nCH4 molar ratio and nH2O ： nCH4 molar ratio. TPR, XRD and XPS measurements indicated that the formation of ZrO2-CeO2 solid solution could improve the dispersion of NiO, and inhibit the formation of NiAl2O3, and thus significantly promoted the catalytic activity of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst.     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt/CeO2/Al_2O_3催化剂的研究(英文)

研究了Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化活性，发现Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３显示了比Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３更高的甲烷转化率和合成气选择性。用Ｈ２ＴＰＲ，Ｈ２ＴＰＤ，ＳＥＭ和ＸＲＤ等手段和技术对催化剂进行了表征。ＣｅＯ２与Ｐｔ之间存在较强的相互作用（ＳＭＳＩ），这种作用促进了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的分散，抑制了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的迁移，大大降低了催化剂在反应中的完全燃烧活性，提高了催化剂的部分氧化活性和选择性，避免了因催化剂床层局部温度过高而导致催化剂活性下降或失活，提高了催化剂的稳定性。同时，在反应过程中，ＣｅＯ２通过促进水蒸气变换反应（ＷＧＳＲ）的进行使反应体系迅速达到平衡，提高了催化剂对Ｈ２的选择性。     

CeO2和Pd在Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂中的助剂作用

采用脉冲微反技术研究了添加n型半导体氧化物CeO2及贵金属Pd对Ni/γ Al2O3催化剂上CH4积炭/CO2消炭反应性能的影响,并运用BET、TPR、CO2 TPSR及氢吸附等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明, n型半导体氧化物CeO2的添加可以降低Ni/γ Al2O3催化剂上CH4裂解积炭活性,提高CO2消炭活性,添加少量贵金属Pd可以进一步改变载体Al2O3、助剂CeO2和活性组分Ni之间的相互作用,从而改善Ni/γ Al2O3催化剂的抗积炭性能.通过Ni Ce Pd/γ Al2O3催化剂上CH4积炭/CO2消炭模型对上述作用机制作出了新的解释.     

添加碱金属对甲烷与空气制合成气的催化剂性能的影响

考察了添加在镍基催化剂中的碱金属助剂 ,对甲烷与空气制合成气的催化反应性能的影响 ;并用 TPO、TPR、CO2 程序升温脱附 (TPD)、XPS及 CO脉冲色谱技术 ,对催化剂进行了表征 .实验表明 ,碱金属助剂对降低催化剂结炭有一定的作用 ,催化剂的抗积炭性能为 Ni- K2 O/Ca O- Al2 O3>Ni- L i2 O/Ca O- Al2 O3>Ni- Na2 O/Ca O-Al2 O3>Ni/Ca O- Al2 O3.在实验中发现 ,碱金属的添加 ,可使催化剂的 Ni比表面积变小、吸附 CO2 的能力增强 ,且结合能可发生不同程度的改变 .从而解释了碱土金属助剂对催化剂活性和抗积炭性的影响 .实验显示 ,Ni-L i2 O/Ca O- Al2 O3具有较好的活性和抗积炭性能     

Methane Decomposition over Ni/α-Al2O3 Promoted by La2O3 and CeO2

The decomposition of methane on Ni/a-Al2O3 modified by La2O3 and CeO2 with differ-ent contents has been investigated and the ralationship between methane decomposition and removal of carbon by CO2 over these catalyst has also been studied by pulse-chromatography. The catalysts were characterized by TPR and XRD. It was shown that Ni/a-Al2O3 could be promoted by adding La2O3, and the carbon species produced over this catalyst was activated and eliminated by CO2. But CeO2 would suppress the decomposition of methane over Ni crystallite. Both La2O3 and CeO2 can inhibit aggregation of the Ni particles. Decomposition of methane over the Ni-based catalysts is structure sensitive to a certain extent.     

天然气和二氧化碳转化制合成气的研究 Ⅴ．甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征

采用ＴＧ、ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ、ＥＤＡＸ和脉冲色谱技术，研究了Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂的甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征。结果指出，甲烷脱氢反应的积炭行为与催化剂上镍的分散状态有关。Ｎｉ－２催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度小，晶粒大，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较长，主要以石墨型炭游离存在：而Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度大，镍晶粒小，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较短，主要覆盖在催化剂活性中心表面。甲烷脱氢主要产生无定型炭和石墨型炭，其中无定型炭可以被ＣＯ２部分消除。在催化剂制备时，通过提高镍在催化剂表面的分散度，减小镍的晶粒大小，不仅可以提高催化剂的活性，而且可以提高ＣＯ２对积炭的消炭性能。     

Methane Decomposition over Ni/α-Al_2O_3 Promoted by La_2O_3 and CeO_2

The decomposition of methane on Ni/a-Al2O3 modified by La2O3 and CeO2 with different contents has been investigated and the ralationship between methane decomposition and removal of carbon by CO2 over these catalyst has also been studied by pulse-chromatography. The catalysts were characterized by TPR and XRD. It was shown that Ni/a-Al2O3 could be promoted by adding La2O3, and the carbon species produced over this catalyst was activated and eliminated by CO2. But CeO2 would suppress the decomposition of methane over Ni crystallite. Both La2O3 and CeO2 can inhibit aggregation of the Ni particles. Decomposition of methane over the Ni-based catalysts is structure sensitive to a certain extent.     

STUDIES OF METHANE REFORMING WITH CARBON DIOXIDE TO PRODUCE SYNTHESIS GAS ?¤?¤CATALYST RESISTANCE TO CARBON DEPOSITION

Catalyst resistance to carbon deposition in methane reforming with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas was studied using fixed-bed pulse reactor chromatography, XRD, TPR and XPS. R was found that the addition of CeO2 and MgO to Ni/Al2O3 catalyst would increase the ability of catalyst resistance to carbon deposition, which might result from the increase in Ni dispersion and in the interaction between Ni active site and support.     

Additive effects of alkaline-earth metals and nickel on the performance of Co/γ-Al_2O_3 in methane catalytic partial oxidation

Nano-sized γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) was first prepared by a precipitation method. Then, active component of cobalt and a series of alkaline- earth metal promoters or nickel (Ni) with different contents were loaded on the γ-Al2O3 support. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The activity and selectivity of the catalysts in catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane have been compared with Co/γ-Al2O3, and it is found that the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability are enhanced by the addition of alkaline-earth metals and nickel. The optimal loadings of strontium (Sr) and Ni were 6 and 4 wt%, respectively. This finding will be helpful in designing the trimetallic Co-Ni-Sr/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with high performance in CPO of methane.     

钡改性的Ni/γ- Al2O3催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化的研究

800 ℃、80 000 h－1、CH4/O2/N2=14/7/79下比较了质量分数20%的Ni/γ- Al2O3和Ba改性的Ni/γ- Al2O3催化剂，用于甲烷部分氧化反应的活性和选择性。结果表明，Ba的添加提高了镍基催化剂的活性和稳定性。BET和XRD表明，Ba的加入有利于高温焙烧下抑制大颗粒的Ni Al2O4的形成，保持了高比例的活性镍组分，提高了催化剂催化活性。常压下，xCH4接近100%，sCO、sH2达到92.2%和98.1%，催化剂15 h内活性稍微下降。Ba的加入使Al2O3的晶型转化温度由800 ℃提高到900 ℃，提高了载体的稳定性。     

镍基催化剂上甲烷干气重整反应的优化(英文)

利用单一因子法、正交设计法以及均匀设计法深入考察了镍基催化剂上的甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的影响因子、催化剂组成、最佳反应条件以及助剂效应。研究发现,最佳催化剂组成为：Ｎｉ,８５ｗｔ％：ＭｇＯ,３ｗｔ％;ＣｅＯ２,３ｗｔ％;载体：Ａｌ２Ｏ３。助剂可有效抑制催化剂积碳,但同时由于覆盖部分金属活性位,一定程度上降低了催化剂的活性。该催化剂上５００ｈ甲烷二氧化碳重整反应稳定性试验表明该催化剂性能优越．有较高的开发潜力。