极谱法测定蒙药那如三味丸中锗的研究

采用差分脉冲极谱法,在pH 1.50、含3,4 –二羟基苯甲醛(DHB)的H2SO4中,测得无机锗的峰电位为Ep=-0.54 V,Ge(Ⅳ)浓度在1.04×10 5～1.05×10 4 mol·L 1范围内与峰电流呈线性关系,利用该法用于测定蒙药那如三味丸中总锗、无机锗和有机锗,得到了满意的结果.     

纳米CeO2修饰碳糊电极微分脉冲伏安法对盐酸克伦特罗的测定

研究了盐酸克伦特罗(CLB)在纳米CeO2修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为.结果表明:在0.10 mol·L-1的HClO4溶液中,CLB于+0.40 V(vs SCE)左右处产生1对准可逆的氧化还原峰.与裸碳糊电极相比,CLB在修饰电极上的电流响应明显增大,据此建立了尿样中CLB的微分脉冲伏安测定方法.线性范围为5.0×10-9 ～6.0×10-6 mol·L-1(r=0.998 2,n=7),检出限为2.5×10-9 mol·L-1(3sb),加标回收率为96% ～104%.     

杯[4]芳烃化学修饰玻碳电极对多巴胺的测定

研究了多巴胺在杯[4]芳烃化学修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为,建立了一种直接测定多巴胺的电化学方法.在0.1 mol·L-1KH2PO4-Na2HPO4(pH 7.4)底液中,开路搅拌富集300 s后,多巴胺在+0.158 V(vs SCE)处产生1个灵敏的准可逆氧化峰,电极反应主要受扩散控制,氧化峰电流Ip与多巴胺浓度在1.0×10-6 ～5.0×10-4 mol·L-1范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限达7.0×10-7 mol·L-1.同一支电极连续10次测定1.0×10-4 mol·L-1的多巴胺溶液,相对标准偏差为2.6%.该法用于盐酸多巴胺针剂中多巴胺含量的测定,结果令人满意.     

PCA/GC电极同时测定尿酸(UA)和抗坏血酸(AA)

制备聚肉桂酸(PCA)修饰电极(PCA/GC),研究尿酸(UA)和抗坏血酸(AA)在该电极上的电化学行为.结果表明,在UA和AA共存体系中,UA、AA在PCA/GC电极上氧化峰电流增大且峰电位分别负移至50mV、330mV,二者相差280mV,据此可同时检测UA和AA.在pH6.0磷酸盐缓冲液中,UA、AA的氧化峰电流与其浓度分别在2.0×10-6～1.0×10-4mol·L-1、2.0×10-5～6.0×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系.该电极重现性好,适用于尿样中UA的检测.     

间氨基苯酚修饰玻碳电极测定多巴胺

玻碳电极在含有2.0 mmol·L-1间氨基苯酚的0.1 mol·L-1的三水合高氯酸锂溶液中,于0～1.5 V的电位范围内进行电化学修饰,制备了间氨基苯酚修饰电极(m-AP/GCE).研究发现:间氨基苯酚修饰电极对多巴胺有良好的电催化作用,多巴胺在该电极上出现了一对氧化还原峰,相对于裸玻碳电极,氧化还原峰电位差为减至70 mV,提出了用循环伏安法测定多巴胺的方法.氧化峰电流与多巴胺的浓度在1.2×10-7～9.1×10-6和9.1×10-6～1.2×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈线生关系,检出限(3S/N)为3.2×10-8mol·L-1.     

香兰素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为及其循环伏安测定

在pH 7.5的Tris-HCl缓冲介质的底液中,在循环伏安图上在峰电位+0.54 V处可见到香兰素的灵敏的氧化峰.其峰电流Ip与香兰素的浓度在3.286×10-6～3.944×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为1.643×10-6mol·L-1.据此提出了循环伏安测定香兰素的方法,并应用于测定巧克力中香兰素的含量.在巧克力试样中加入不同浓度的香兰素标准,按方法测定以求测定方法的回收率,研究了香兰素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:香兰素的电极过程具有吸附性和不可逆性.     

银盘电极盐酸柔红霉素电化学行为及其与BSA的相互作用

应用线性扫描伏安法和循环伏安法研究盐酸柔红霉素在银盘电极上的电化学行为及其与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明,在pH6.50的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,盐酸柔红霉素有一灵敏的还原峰,峰电位Ep-0.64V(vs.SCE),缓冲液加入BSA后盐酸柔红霉素的还原峰峰电流下降,据此建立了BSA的电化学测定方法.在优化条件下,峰电流与BSA浓度于1.0×10-8～1.0×10-4mol·L-1(r=0.9965)范围内呈线性关系,检出限为5.0×10-9mol·L-1.同时还测定了盐酸柔红霉素与BSA的结合比和结合常数.     

6-羟基烟酸修饰电极的制备及应用研究

采用循环伏安法制备了6-羟基烟酸膜修饰炭糊电极(6-HNC/CPE),研究了多巴胺(DA)和肾上腺素(EP)在该修饰电极的电化学行为,结果表明该修饰电极对DA及EP具有明显的电催化效果。其电化学信号与DA的浓度在9.52×10-7~7.28×10-5mol·L-1和8.67×10-5~3.72×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。检出限为1.9×10-7mol·L-1(S/N=3),氧化峰电流与EP的浓度在1.74×10-6~4.41×10-5mol·L-1和5.58×10-5~1.01×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。检出限为3.6×10-7mol·L-1(S/N=3),利用差示脉冲伏安法(DPV),研究DA,UA和Trp的混合溶液电催化效果,结果该发现三者氧化峰电位在6-HNC/CPE上的能够完全分开,该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,可用于三者的选择性测定及实际样品中DA含量的测定。     

银掺杂聚L-精氨酸修饰电极同时测定芦丁和抗坏血酸

用循环伏安法制备银掺杂聚L-精氨酸修饰玻碳电极(Ag-PA/GCE),研究了芦丁和抗坏血酸在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,建立了芦丁和抗坏血酸同时测定的新方法。在pH=2.5的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,于140mV·s-1的扫速下,芦丁产生一对氧化还原峰,其氧化峰电位为0.552V,还原峰电位为0.491V;抗坏血酸产生一个氧化峰,峰电位为0.281V。芦丁和抗坏血酸的△Epa=0.271V,用氧化峰不需分离可直接对芦丁和抗坏血酸进行同时测定,在最佳条件下,芦丁和抗坏血酸的线性范围分别5.0×10-7~2.0×10-5 mol·L-1和2.5×10-5~5.0×10-3 mol·L-1,检出限分别为1.0×10-7 mol·L-1和1.0×10-5 mol·L-1。方法可用于复方芦丁片中芦丁和抗坏血酸的同时测定。     

司帕沙星在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为及其测定

运用循环伏安法和线性扫描伏安法研究了司帕沙星在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为,提出了一种简便、准确、灵敏的检测药物司帕沙星的电化学分析方法.在pH 6.0的0.1 mol·L-1Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲溶液中,司帕沙星在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上于1.06 V电位处有一峰形很好的氧化峰.在最佳的试验条件下,该氧化峰电流与司帕沙星的浓度分别在1.1×10-6～2.2×10-5mol·L-1和2.7×10-5～1.6×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系.在开路富集30 s的条件下测得方法的检出限(3S/N)为5.0×10-7mol·L-1.电极上的吸着物质经循环伏安扫描即可除去,从而使电极活性恢复,在SPFX浓度为4.0X10-5mol·L-1的浓度水平下用同一电极连续测定10次,求得相对标准偏差为5.1%,取片剂样品按提出方法分析,测定值与标示值相符.在此基础上用标准加入法作回收试验,测得回收率在97.6%～105.7%之间.     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展*

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).